Current Status of Implementation and Future Perspectives of the Guidelines for Waste Treatment and Recycling by Commodity and Business Summary September 17, 2004 Recycling Promotion Division Industrial Science and Technology Policy and Environment Bureau Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Guidelines for Waste Treatment and Recycling by Commodity and Business were established and released for the first time in 1990. The guidelines intend to promote each s voluntary 3R-related efforts and summarize waste disposal/recycling measures considered as necessary for each to implement and promote. The guidelines have been repeatedly revised up to the present, gradually increasing coverage of commodities and businesses as well as expanding measures to be implemented for each commodity and business. Last year s revision was particularly substantial, improving the quality and quantity of measures to enhance the guidelines. Specifically, measures for waste reduction and reuse have been substantially increased, and 3R goals and targets have been expanded and raised, to reflect 2-year 3R-related efforts and achievements since the inauguration of the Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources, which covers a wide variety of 3R measures in each stage from production to consumption, up to final disposal. The guidelines by commodity and business cover about 70% of the total MSWs (municipal solid wastes) and about 40% of the total industrial wastes in terms of volume. The guidelines also aim to provide businesses with practical guidance for the implementation of 3R measures for commodities and businesses to which recycling laws are applicable. The follow-up on the progress of guideline-stipulated 3R measures, which we conducted this time in response to the extensive revision made last year to the guidelines, intends to review and evaluate achievements and performances in the past year for each commodity and business and also confirm with future plans. Revision of targets PET bottles Targeted collection rate for PET bottles of beverages and liquid seasoning products such as soy sauce < Current target > < New target > 50% (by FY2004) 80% (by FY2014) Fire extinguishers Targeted rate of collection by manufacturers, etc. < Current target > < New target > 53% (by FY2003) 60% (FY2004) - 1 -
Factory-made housing Targeted reduction rate for wastes to be generated in the production process (to be attained during 2001 and 2010) < Current target > < New target > -15% -30% Current Status and Progress 1. Recycling measures have been expanded and improved Automobiles To facilitate the unhindered inauguration of the End-of-Vehicle Recycling Law, which will be fully operational in January 2005, automakers and other relevant businesses have been making efforts to establish a reliable, practical recycling system that is highly efficient, in cooperation with relevant industries. Automakers are divided into two groups which are working on the improvement of the recycling system for shredder dust. A corporation has been established to organize nationwide recycling activities of CFC, airbags, etc. and is to supervise 9 CFC disposal facilities and 5 airbag recycling facilities nationwide. Standardized automobile recycling fees, determined by the domestic automobile, were released to the public in July 2004. Orientation was given to recycling businesses nationwide (during April and June 2003) and educational brochures have been widely distributed to inform relevant bodies and businesses of the government s recycling policy for automobiles. Motorbikes Four domestic manufacturers of two-wheel vehicles are playing the central role in promoting -wide voluntary efforts for the establishment of a recycling system, in cooperation with 11 importers. The system is expected to start operating on October 1, 2004. A total of 190 collection sites for end-of-life motorbikes, approx.15,000 dealers that accept end-of-life motorbikes and 14 facilities for disposal and recycling of end-of-life motorbikes have been designated. Once the system starts, all motorbikes to be marketed are required to carry a recyclability identification mark. As for motorbikes which have already been distributed to users before inauguration of the system, a recycling fee shall be charged at the time of disposal. Home electric appliances Freezers for home use have recently been included in the list of designated products for recycling under the Home Appliance Recycling Law. Collection of insulation CFC has 2
started (since April 2004). Personal computers Personal computers for home use have recently been included in the list of designated products for recycling under the Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources. A manufacturer-operated collection/recycling system has been inaugurated (since October 2003). Number of units collected between October 2003 and March 2004 was 79,278. In order to promote collection of illegally discarded computers of unknown ownership, a limited liability company (3R promotion centers for personal computers) obtained government approval (in July 2004) for the operation of nationwide collection activities. 2. 3R measures have been promoted (1) Waste reduction measures have been promoted. As a result of successful implementation of measures stated in the guidelines, the following achievements have been attained. <Representative indices showing successful implementation of waste reduction measures> Reduction of final disposal volume of industrial wastes (volume in 2001volume in 2002) Chemical 993,000 tons785,000 tons (Target originally set for 2010 was 786,000 tons) Nonferrous metal Japan Brass Maker s 4,600 tons3,700 tons(target originally set for 2010 was 3,800 tons) Japan Electric Wire and Cable Maker s 26,800 tons22,800 tons(target originally set for 2010 was 22,800 tons) Car parts 103,000 tons69,000 tons(target originally set for 2010 was 90,000 tons) Coal mining 1,538,000 tons405,000 tons(target originally set for 2010 was 465,000 tons) (2) Reuse measures have been promoted Glass bottles A total of 17.3 million standardized returnable glass bottles carrying an R mark (intending to stimulate attitudes toward recycling) have been shipped during FY2003 (up 42.7% from the previous year). Single-use cameras Reuse measures have been aggressively promoted for single-use cameras. Recently, reuse efforts have been further intensified through the introduction of the Ecoleaf Type III environmental labeling program. (3) Recycling measures have been promoted In addition to ongoing measures, the following additional measures have been introduced during FY2003 among others. 3
Monomer recycling methodology has been introduced to PET bottles, and recycled PET bottles have been widely used as a result. As for fire extinguishers, advanced technologies to recycle collected chemicals have been established. Accordingly, designing of an effective collection system has been completed. In addition, the introduction of eco fire extinguishers which use recycled chemicals has been expanded. As for lubrication oils, the shift to easily recyclable non-chlorine lubrication oils has been promoted, through publicity and educational activities such as distribution of informative booklets. <Representative indices showing successful implementation of recycling promotion measures> Glass bottles(use rate of cullets) 83.8% (2002)90.3% (2003) PET bottles(collection rate) 53.4% (2002)60.9% (2003) Motorbikes(recyclability rate) All 10 new models which were introduced to the motorbike market in 2003 reached the targeted recyclable rate of 90% or higher. Extinguishers(collection rate) 27% (2000)44% (2003) Pachinko game machines(material recycling rate) 41.4% (FY2001)51.9% (FY2002) Labeling rate of recyclable identification mark on paper containers of beverage products 64.5% (as of September 2002)98.7% (as of May 2003) (4) Introduction of environment-friendly designs and measures to reduce the use of harmful substances have been promoted. Automobiles All 26 models, which were introduced to the market in FY2003, fulfill -wide objectives to reduce the volume of lead used (to one tenth of the volume used in 1996) and discontinue the use of sodium azide. (In FY2002, 28 out of 30 new models fulfilled the objectives.) Motorbikes The Industry has been making efforts to reduce the use of PP resins, actually reducing quantity of use from 35 to 15 between 1995 and 2003. 3. Technical development activities have been promoted In an effort to find effective countermeasures against harmful substances, technological development and experiment programs have been implemented in automobile and carpet businesses. A recycling business to use waste PVC materials as an ingredient for blast furnace has commenced (since May 2004). Monomer recycling methodology has been introduced to PET bottles, and recycled PET bottles have been widely used as a result. 4
4. Other Various organizations and associations in the textile released action plans specifying 3R targets and measures to be implemented (FY2003). Measures planned for implementation in the future In addition to ongoing measures, additional measures, mentioned below, will be implemented aiming to further promote 3R initiatives. (1) Establishment of new collection and recycling systems will be further promoted. Publicity and educational measures will be implemented to facilitate the unhindered inauguration of newly-established recycling systems for automobiles and two-wheel vehicles. Deliberation will be promoted for the establishment of recycling systems for tires, spring mattresses and fire extinguishers, while utilizing widespread recycling schemes designed for legally designated items. Deliberation will be promoted for the establishment of a new effective recycling system designed for domestic and imported lead batteries for automobiles. Establishment of a reuse/recycling system for fire extinguishers should be completed by the end of FY2004, and collection sites, which can be conveniently used by citizens, should also be established in the system. A manufacturer-operated collection system for pachinko game machines has been established in the Kanto area. It is necessary to promote the establishment of a similar collection system for other areas. Achievements and results obtained in the Kanto area should be carefully reviewed and studied so that they can be utilized in the planning of systems for other areas. (2) Introduction of environment-friendly designs and development of 3R-oriented recycling technologies will be further promoted. Necessary revision or follow-up will be made on the assessment guidelines for bicycles, bath tubs/bathroom units, kitchen components and vending machines, while aiming to promote 3R-oriented standardization of products. Electric wires----a draft amendment on JIS classification for copper scraps is planned to be prepared by the end of FY2005. Plastics----Development of recycling technologies for FRP will be promoted. Large furniture---for the purpose of promoting long-term use of products, it is planned to expand the functions of the JOIFA number (labeled on products) so that such number can be conveniently referred to for arranging repairs or confirmation of product warranty. Home electric appliances---deliberation will be made for the promotion of DfE ( Design for Environment ) which requires manufacturers 3R efforts in the stages of designing and 5
development of products to introduce easily recyclable features. Iron and steel ---It is expected that the JIS regulations on iron slag to be used for roads construction will be revised to reflect 3R initiatives. Glass sheet ---Flat Glass Manufacturing of Japan will organize an in-house recycling team, that is expected to help unify -wide efforts for promoting 3R measures and facilitate effective discussions and implementation of the measures. 6
Progress toward guideline-stipulated targets by commodity Appendix 1 Item or commodity 1.Paper Description of Targets Target Year by which target should be attained Recycling rate of disused papers (in the paper/pulp Performance as of the end of FY2003 Performance as of the end of FY2002 60% FY2005 60.4% 59.8% 2.Glass bottles Use rate for cullets 85% FY2005 90.3% 83.3% 3.Steel cans Recycling rate 85% or higher 87.5% 86.1% 4.Aluminum Collection/recycling rate 85% FY2006 81.8% 83.1% cans Use rate of recycled cans 55% FY2006 47.9% 50% for PET bottlesof beverages FY2004 80% or and liquid seasoning such as soy sauce FY2014 higher 61.0% 53.4% Recycling rate of EPS (expanded polystyrene) 5.Plastics containers and packaging used for agricultural or fishery products and home electric appliances 40% FY2005 39.3% 39.1% Recycling rate of PVC films used for FY2003 at 60% agricultural purposes. 48%(2001) 48%(2001) Material recycling rate of PVC tubes and joints 80% FY2005 52% 52% Reported separately by respective manufacturers as their recycling Recyclable rate of new models 90% or higher determine -wide performance quantitatively. FY2002 at index, since it is difficult to 6.Automobil es 7.Motorbikes Volume of lead to be used for new models (excluding batteries) Recycling rate of end-of-life vehicles Recyclable rate of new models Volume of lead to be used in new models (excluding batteries) about one tenth of the 1996 performance 85% or higher 95% or higher 90% or higher 60 grams or lessfor 210kg-grade models end of 2005 2002 at 2015 at 2002 at 2006 at All models reached the target of 50% reduction from 1996 (This target was supposed to be reached by the end of 2000) 84% to 86% as an estimate All ten models introduced to the market in 2003 reached the target of 90% or higher. All ten models introduced to the market in 2003 reached the target. Recycling rate of end-of-life motorbikes 85% or higher 2002 at 95% or higher 2015 at 8.Tires Recycling rate 90% or higher 2005 87% 87% 9.Bicycles Recyclable rate 67% 7
Item or commodity 10.Home electric appliances 13.Carpets 14. Futons 16.Small secondary batteries Description of Targets Target Year by which target should be attained Rate of commercially-recycled disused air 60% or higher as prescribed conditioners Rate of commercially-recycled disused 55% or higher as prescribed television sets Rate of commercially-recycled disused 50% or higher as prescribed refrigerators Performance as of the end of FY2003 Performance as of the end of FY2002 81% 78% 78% 75% 63% 61% Rate of commercially-recycled disused 50% or higher as prescribed clothes-washers 65% 60% 20% reduction Reduction of wastes to be generated in the from the 2001 process performance FY2006 9.8% 3.6% rate of generation should be Reduction of wastes to be generated from raw reduced to 4% materials in the process or less from the current performance of 4.5% increase to 60% from the Use rate of recycled wastes for cotton filling current performance of 50% Recycling rate of small small-sized seal lead as prescribed 50% batteries 50% 50% Recycling rate of small as prescribed 55% nickel metal-hydride batteries 77.6% 80.0% Recycling rate of as prescribed 30% lithium secondary batteries 56.1% 53.8% Recycling rate of nickel-cadmium batteries 60% as prescribed 73.5% 72.3% of nickel-cadmium batteries 45% or higher FY2005 26.7%(FY2000) 26.7%(FY2000) of small-sized seal lead batteries 75% FY2005 8
Item of commodity 21. Fire extinguishers 22.Pachinko game machines Description of targets Target Year by which target should be attained 53% 2003 60% 2004 35% FY2001 Material recycling rate 55% FY2005 Performance as of the end of FY2003 Performance as of the end of FY2002 44% 27%(FY2000) 51.9% (FY2002) 41.4% (FY2001) 23.Personal computers and peripherals 29.Constructi on materials 32.Cellular phones and PHS Recycling rate of desktop computers 50% FY2003 78.0% 76.2% Recycling rate of laptop computers 20% FY2003 50.3% 44.6% Recycling rate of CRT displays 55% FY2003 72.8% 68.2% Recycling rate of LCD displays 55% FY2003 64.8% 58.7% Use rate of recycled materials from disused desktop computers (including CRT displays) Reduction of waste wooden construction materials Improvement of use rate of recycled wooden construction materials generated in the process of dismantling buildings Recycling rate of plasterboards Use rate of recycled stencil papers for plasterboards Recycling rate of waste plastic board materials generated at plants Ratio of recycled materials such as glass sheet wastes to the entire ingredients of glass wool Ratio of recycled materials from disused PVC products to the entire ingredients of PVC floor Cellular phone or PHS units Batteries Chargers 60% FY2005 74.8% 71.2% 20% reduction (from the 1998 volume) improve by 60% (compared to the 1998 performance) about 60% should be used as ingredients 2005 54% reduction 2005 improved by 55% 63% 100% 100% 100% 100% maintain or exceed the 2002 performance of 84% 85.3% 84.1% 30% approx. 25% No targets have been set. 24% Recycling rate 19% 21% Recycling rate 55% 9% Recycling rate 24% 29% Recycling rate 19% 25% Recycling rate 53% 9% Recycling rate 23% - 9 -
Progress toward guideline-stipulated targets by business 1 2 Type of business Iron and steel Paper/pulp 3 Chemical 4 6 Glass sheet Nonferrous metal 7 Electric 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 Automobile Car parts Electronic/electric device Oil refinery Distribution Cement Rubber product Coal mining 17 Gas Relevant organizations The Japan Iron and Steel Federation Japan Paper Japan Chemical Industry Glass Sheet Japan Mining Industry Japan Brass Maker s Japan Aluminum Japan Electric Wire and Cable Maker s The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan Japan Automobile Manufacturers Japan Automobile Parts Industry (JAPIA) Four organizations consisting of electronic/electric device manufacturers, etc. Petroleum of Japan Japan Department Store Japan Cement The Japan Rubber Manufacturers Japan Coal Energy Center Japan Gas Targets Note: The below-mentioned targets are all defined as reduction rates of final disposal volume of wastes in comparison with the 1998 volume, unless otherwise noted. Final disposal volume in 1998 Reduction rate Target of final disposal volume to be attained by 2010 Final disposal volume in 2002 Final disposal volume 1 million tons 50% 500,000 tons 720,000 tons 720,000 tons 1.054 million tons 57% 450,000 tons 486,000 tons 554,000 tons 1.638 million tons 52% 786,000 tons 785,000 tons 993,000 tons 52,700 tons 42% 29,800 tons 4,100 tons 32,300 tons 705,000 tons 37% 441,000 tons 569,000 tons 570,00 tons 9,900 tons 61% 3,800 tons 3,700 tons 4,600 tons 19,800 tons 14% 17,000 tons 14,400 tons 15,900 tons 38,100 tons 40% 22,800 tons 22,800 tons 26,800 tons 2001 performance of final disposal rate 18.6%should be maintained until 2010. 1.41 million tons 1.5 million tons 85,200 tons 87% 11,000 tons 19,900 tons 32,800 tons 188,000 tons1999 50% 90,000 tons 69,000 tons 103,000 tons 215,300 tons 21% 170,000 tons 79,100 tons 93,900 tons 53,000 tons 38% 32,800 tons 24,000 tons 25,000 tons Use of packaging materials should be reduced by 30%, in terms of volume, from 1993 to 2010. 43.9% reduction 31.5% reduction Ratio of recycled papers to total packaging/wrapping papers should be increased to 80% or higherby 2010 54.5% 55.7% Use of wastes and by-products for the production of one-ton 375 kilograms 361kg cement should be increased to 400 kilograms or more by FY2003 FY2002 FY2010 45% 47,100 tons (FY2001) (from 25,900 tons 33,600 tons 47,000 tons FY2001) 224,700 tons 79.3% 465,000 tons 40,500 tons 1.538 million tons 1,600 tons 25% 1,200 tons 700 tons 700 tons 10
Type of business Relevant organizations Targets Note: The below-mentioned targets are all defined as reduction rates of final disposal volume of wastes in comparison with the 1998 volume, unless otherwise noted. Final disposal volume in 2002 Final disposal volume 18 Factory-made housing Japan Prefabricated Construction Suppliers & Manufacturers *Targets specified in Eco Action 21 have been reviewed and partly revised. (Eco Action 21 is the 3R-oriented housing guidelines established voluntarily by the housing and is separate from the Guidelines for Waste Treatment and Recycling.) Recycling rate in the in-plant process wood chips 60%(2005) 95% 79% concrete and asphalt metallic wastes plaster boards 60%(2005) 93% 82% 100%(2005) 100% 99% 30%(2005) 97% 93% Recycling rate of wastes generated in processes (both in-plant and on-site) should be increased to 80% or higher by 2010. Before the revision, targets were set at 80% or higher for in-plant processes and 50% or higher for on-site processes Volume of wastes to be generated in the process should be reduced by 30% between 2001 to 2010. Before the revision, targeted reduction rate was 15% 11
Appendix Circumstances leading to the establishment and revision of the Guidelines for Waste Treatment and Recycling by Commodity and Business December 1990: Waste Treatment and Recycling Committee of the Industrial Structure Council established the Guideline for Waste Treatment and Recycling for 10 businesses and 15 commodities. The guidelines, which stipulate rules and objectives for businesses to follow, are intended to facilitate voluntary 3R-related efforts of all relevant industries. At this time, the committee declared that they would make it a rule to review the guidelines and follow up progress every year for necessary improvement and revision. July 1994: The guidelines were extensively revised, about which a report called Visions of our future systems of waste treatment and recycling was written. Through this revision, measures and objectives under the Guidelines have been expanded and intensified, and new commodities, such as nickel-cadmium batteries, motorbikes, tires, lead batteries for automobiles, small gas cylinders and fire extinguishers, were added. March 1996: The guidelines were revised again, aiming to facilitate the unhindered inauguration of the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law planned to be enforced from April 1997. In the guidelines by commodity, for instance, targeted recycling rates were raised for glass bottles, steel cans and aluminum cans. The distribution was also added to the list of businesses covered by the guidelines. April 1997: Extensive revisions were made to the Guidelines for automobiles and motorbikes, including the raising of targets, for the purpose of promoting proper disposal and recycling of shredder dust. June 1998: In response to a report on perspectives of future recycling systems for electric and electronic machinery, which was submitted in September 1997 by Planning Sub-committee under the Waste Treatment and Recycling Committee of the Industrial Structure Council, the guidelines were revised again. Pachinko game machines, personal computers and peripherals were then added to the list of commodities covered by the guidelines. At the same time, a follow-up study was made on the progress of measures. November and December 1999: In response to a report called Vision for a Recycling-oriented Economy submitted in July 1999 by a joint subcommittee of the Waste Treatment and Recycling Committee, the guidelines were revised to include an additional five commodities (ex. copiers, gas and kerosene equipment and textile 12
products) and another seven businesses as well (ex. leasing, cement and construction materials ). Furthermore, objectives and targets of waste reduction and reuse were introduced, in addition to recycling, resulting in the substantial improvement of environmental initiatives to 3R instead of 1R. Accordingly, the guidelines by business were reinforced to introduce concrete targets for the reduction of industrial wastes. July 2001:In response to the inauguration of the Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources, seven additional commodities were added, including cellular phones/phs and fluorescent tubes. (Three out of seven were transferred from the guidelines by business). Also, 3R measures were expanded and reinforced to introduce objectives for the reduction in use of harmful substances as well as higher objectives and targets were set for wider range of products. As for the guidelines by business, targeted reduction rates of final disposal volume were thoroughly reviewed for expansion and enhancement of objectives. September 2003: While reviewing two-year efforts and achievements made since the inauguration of the Law for Promotion of Effective utilization of Resources, the guidelines were revised to include a guidance to manufacturers 3R-oriented approaches in the stages of designing and products for various industries such as automobiles and home electric appliances as well as objectives regarding the release of information on industrial efforts. In addition, a decision was made to introduce new recycling systems for motorbikes and lead batteries for automobiles. 13