State of Oceans and Coasts: RO Korea Dr. Dong-Oh CHO Korea Ocean Foundation
Ocean economy Sectors GVA (US$, in billions, in constant prices) Fisheries and aquaculture 5.5 Ports and shipping 4.9 Marine tourism 2.9 Offshore oil and gas NA Marine manufacturing 18.5 Marine construction 1.2 Marine services 0.9 Marine research and education 0.4 Government Etc. 2.8 0.7 TOTAL 37.8 Source: Chang, 2016 Year: 2010 Contribution of ocean economy to GDP (3.3%) share of employment in ocean economy to total employment (6.6%: 1,542,684 (2007))
Ocean economy Value added of the ocean industry (unit: KRW bi)(1998) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Direct effect Trigger effect Total ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shipping industry 5,435 2,843 8,278 Port industry 1,366 1,450 2,786 Fisheries industry 5,505 2,642 8,147 Shipbuilding industry 3,478 2,787 6,265 Ocean tourism 918 582 1,500 Ocean mining, etc. 2,930 1,857 4,787 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 19,602 12,161 31,763 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: MOMAF. Oceans Korea 21. 2000. Contribution of ocean economy to GDP: 7.0%
Ocean economy Trend of Korean ocean industry (unit: KRW bi, %) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fisheries Shipbuilding Shipping Port Ocean Whole industry industry industry industry industry industry A/B (A) (B) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1990 Amount 4,522 2,742 2,676 1,276 11,217 416,965 2.7 Ratio (40.3) (24.4) (23.9) (11.4) (100.0) 1995 Amount 6,283 6,806 7,023 2,212 22,325 841,519 2.7 Ratio (28.1) (30.5) (31.5) (9.9) (100.0) 2000 Amount 8,010 12,711 13,345 2,836 36,901 1,392,918 2.6 Ratio (21.7) (34.4) (36.2) (7.7) (100.0) 2005 Amount 9,715 23,223 19,984 3,790 56,712 2,068,808 2.7 Ratio (17.1) (40.9) (35.2) (6.7) (100.0) 2007 Amount 10,879 36,504 26,190 5,609 79,181 2,396,329 3.3 Ratio (13.7) (46.1) (33.1) (7.1) (100.0) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Annual increasing rate 5.3 16.4 14.4 9.1 12.2 10.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Choi et al., 2010.
Ocean health Coastal and marine ecosystems Habitat Status Beach Tidal swamps Estuaries MPA Marine water quality Parameters Rating DO Good Nitrates Good Phosphates Good Heavy metals Good TSS Good Value of ecosystem services (US$, in millions) 40,460-42,544 Marine protected areas (% of territorial waters) 4.3% ICM (% of coastline) 100% Environmental cost (US$, in millions) Fisheries affected
Ecological value of coastal wetlands in Korea Value of pollution purification services: $17,021/ha/yr Ecotourism value: $6,205/ha/yr Fish resource production value: $4,250/ha/yr Habitat preservation value: $18,074/ha/yr Total annual ecological value of Korean coastal wetlands : $45,550/ha/yr * 248,720 ha =$11.33 billion/yr Source: Pyo, 2016
Blue economy initiatives Examples Habitat restoration and conservation MPA; Wetland Conservation Sites -Coastal zone -Consultation with stakeholders, including fishermen and residents -SDG 14 (life below water) Fishery Resources Protection Zone -Lakes/rivers & coast waters -Consultation with stakeholders, including fishermen and residents -SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production)
Marine Protected Area 12 areas with 254.3 square kilometers for protecting marine ecosystems, one area with 91.2 square kilometers as Areas for protecting marine landscape. Prohibition in the MPAs: Capturing, collecting, transplanting or damaging marine organisms; Newly constructing or extending building or other structures; Changing the structure of public waters, or increasing or decreasing the water level or quantity of the sea water; Changing the quality of public waters or land; Collecting the sea san, quarts sand, soil and stones; Throwing away specific substances harmful to the water quality.
Wetlands Conservation Sites In 1997, ratified the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. In 1999, enacted the Wetlands Conservation Act. First Basic Plan for Wetlands Conservation (2007-2011) Second Basic Plan for Wetlands Conservation (2013-2017) A total of 14 sites with the size of 235.8 square kilometers of tidal wetlands have been designated as the Wetlands Conservation Sites based on the Act. Prohibition of activities in in the Wetlands Conservation Sites: New construction and extension of a building or other structures; Act that brings about increase or decrease in level or volume of waters in wetlands; Gathering earth, sand, pebbles, stones, etc.; Extraction of minerals; Artificial introduction and cultivation, capturing or gathering of animals and plants.
Fishery Resources Protection Zone Since 1975 Korean government began to designate the Fisheries Resources Protection Area based on the National Land Planning and Utilization Act to protect and foster fishery resources. 30 areas with 3,161 square kilometers have been designated as the Fisheries Resources Protection Areas: Water areas: 2,760 square kilometers Land areas: 401 square kilometers Coastal waters: 2,864 square kilometers Inland waters: 297 square kilometers, respectively.
Blue economy initiatives Sustainable fisheries TAC Program - Coast waters - Consultation with fishermen - SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production) Marine Ranch Program - Coast waters - Consultation with fishermen - SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production)
TAC Program Fisheries Resources Protection Act Step 1: Map exercise (Sep 16 Oct 30, 1998) Target fish: mackerel Step 2: Pilot project (1999 2001) Target fishes of 4 kinds: mackerel, horse mackerel, sardine, red crab Step 3: Fully fledged project (since 2002) Target fishes: 11 kinds of fishes & 12 types of fishing business TAC : 392,347 tons (2015)
Marine Ranch Program Since 2006, Introduced Marine Ranch Program Coastal area 20 meters deep Installation of artificial fish-reef; Installation of marine ranch, Installation of marine afforestation, Discharge of aquatic species 30 areas (2013) 36 areas (2015) 50 areas (2020)
Marine Ranch Program Chlorosis: 6,954ha (2014) 14,317ha (2010); 1,200ha annually Afforestation: 3,334ha(2013) 8,986HA(2015) 24,000ha(2020)
Blue economy initiatives Examples Pollution reduction Coastal Total Pollutant Load Control System - Masan Bay - Consultation with business, residents, experts, NGOs - Water Quality Management Act; Marine Environment Management Act - SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation) Climate change response Comprehensive Plan for Green Busan Port - Port of Busan - Establishment of Green Growth TF - SDG 7(affordable and clean energy); - SDG 13 (climate action)
Coastal Total Pollutant Load Control System Masan Bay Densely developed area with Industrial complexes, a large port Most closed sea and circulation is very limited Closed Gapo Beach in 1975; Prohibited catching fish and shellfish in 1979; Frequent red-tide in 1982 one of 5 SMAP: Siwha-Incheon, Masan, Gwangyang, Ulsan, Busan, totaling 1,127 of sea,1,065 of land MASAN Bay: Coastal Total Pollutant Load Control System In 1995, 85 researched participated in a study for introducing a precautionary approach. 1995-2008: 32 official meetings, 3 public hearings, 14 official meetings In 2008, introduced the Coastal Total Pollutant Load Control System Improved: COD 2.7mg/l (2009) COD 1.4mg/l (2014) MASAN Bay(2008) Siwha-Incheon(2013) Busan(2015) Ulsan(2017) Gwangyang(2019)
Green Busan Port Program 92 units of Diesel-RTGC to e-rtgc Energy and expenses reduced by 90%, GHG reduced by 74% Under replacement of 150 units of Diesel-Y/T to LNG-Y/T by 2020 Reducing GHG by 38% Changed 23,568 indoor lighting devices to LED Reduced GHG by 1,203 tons & To change 100% of indoor lighting system by LED by 2020; Since 2014, introduced ESI(Environment Ship Index) to give incentive of reducing entry/departure charges by 15% In 2014, 423 eco-friendly vessels called and KRW 603 million reduced for entry/departure charges)
References Chang JI. A preliminary assessment on the ocean economy and marine ecosystem services in Korea. In: PEMSEA EAS Congress 2015. Cho DO. Korea s Ocean Korea. Garden Above The Sea. 2016. Choi et al. A Strategy for Creating a New Ocean-based National Wealth towards Realizing Ocean-GNP Era. Korea Maritime Institute. 2010. MOMAF. Oceans Korea 21. 2000. MOMAF et al. The First Basic Plan for Marine and Fisheries Development (Oceans Korea 21). May 2000. MOF. The Second Plan for Marine and Fisheries Development (2011-2020). December 2010. Pyo HD. Estimating the value of coastal wetland ecosystems in Korea. In: 2016 China-Korea Symposium on Marine Policy Cooperation. April 20, 2016.
Thank you.