An Asian Journal of Soil Science Volume 7 Issue 1 June,

An Asian Journal of Soil Science Volume 7 Issue 1 June, 2012 Research Article Integrated nutrient management practices on soil NPK nutrient balance under organic cultivation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown in vertisol of northern dry zone of Karnataka S.V. PATIL, S. I. HALIKATTI, M.N. THIMME GOWDA, S. B. GURUMURTHY AND M. S. LOKESH MEMBERS OF RESEARCH FORUM : Corresponding author : S.V. PATIL, Deparment of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Sirsi, UTTARA KANNADA (KARNATAKA) INDIA Email: sangappavpatil@gmail.com Co-authors : S.I. HALIKATTI, Deparment of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, DHARWAD (KARNATAKA) INDIA Email:halikattisi@gmail.com M.N.THIMMEGOWDA, Department Agronomy, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V.C.Farm, Mandya, U.A.S., BENGALURU (KARNATAKA) INDIA Email:mnthimmegowda@gmail.com Received : 09.03.2012; Revised : 13.05.2012; Accepted : 28.05.2012 Summary A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years to study the Influence of Integrated nutrient management practices on soil NPK nutrient balance under organic cultivation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown in vertisol of northern dry zone of Karnataka, at Agricultural Research Station, Annigeri, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka during Rabi season of 2009-2010 and 2010-2011.The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications. There were 18 treatment combinations consisting of four different organic manures in combination viz., farmyard manure (FYM), vermi compost (VC), glyricidia leaf manure (GLM), enriched compost EC, neem cake (NC) and four different liquid manures viz., panchagavya, biodigester, cow urine and vermiwash with two control treatments RDF and absolute control (water spray). Soil nutrient balances were worked for major nutrients (NPK) taking the initial soil status, nutrient addition, crop uptake and nutrient left in the soil after harvest. The maximum gain of NPK nutrients in soil over initial recorded with the treatment EC 1/3 rd + VC 1/3 rd + G/3 rd equivalent to 100% RDN + panchagavya @ 3 % spray at flower initiation and 15 days after flowering(daf) during both the years. Key words : Nutrient management, Liquid manure, Nutrient balance, Chickpea How to cite this article : Patil, S.V., Halikatti, S.I., Thimmegowda, M.N., Gurumurthy, S.B. and M.S. Lokesh (2012). Integrated nutrient management practices on soil NPK nutrient balance under organic cultivation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown in vertisol of northern dry zone of Karnataka. Asian J. Soil Sci., 7(1):. S.B.GURUMURTHY, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Horticulture, Sirsi, UTTARA KANNADA (KARNATAKA) INDIA Email:sbgurmurthy@yahoo.com M.S. LOKESH, Deparment of Plant Pathology. AICRP on Spices. Horticulture Research Station, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Sirsi, UTTARA KANNADA (KARNATAKA) INDIA Email:lokeshsirsi@rediffmail.com Introduction Chickpea is the premier Rabi pulse crop of India, grown over an area of 7.54 Mha with an annual production of 5.7 million tonne (FAO, 2008). The productivity of the crop is remained low because of several biotic and abiotic constraints. Among abiotic constraints, imbalance use of nutrients is major one. Although, chickpea is a leguminous pulse, it responds positively for the application of nutrients. Use of chemical fertilizers has increased the crop yield, but caused many environmental problems including soil, air and water pollution and finally human health hazards and making the crop productivity unsustainable (Eid et al., 2006). There is a need to reduce the ill effects of these chemicals on environment and human health. In this direction, efforts were made to produce crops with reduced / sidestepped synthetic chemical inputs (Singh et al., 2011). The nutrient demand of the crop can be supplemented organically through many sources in solid as well as liquid form. Application of solid organic sources basally and top dressing with liquid manures at critical stages for moisture stress (flower initiation and pod development stage) might solve the dual problem of nutrient HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

S.V. PATIL, S.I. HALIKATTI, M.N. THIMME GOWDA, S.B.GURUMURTHY AND M.S. LOKESH management and alleviation of moisture stress at critical stages of crop growth. Further, there is a need for studying the soil sustainability specially in relation to the nutrient balance. Keeping these in view, an experiment was conducted to study the influence of integrated nutrient management strategies on nutrient uptake and soil nutrient balance under organic cultivation of chickpea. Resources and Research Methods The experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Annigeri, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka during Rabi season of 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. The soil of the experimental plot was clayey in texture, alkaline in reaction (ph 7.9), medium in organic carbon (0.51%), low in available nitrogen (202 kg/ha), and phosphorus (18.90 kg/ha) and medium in available potassium (347 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications. There were 18 treatment combinations consisting of four different organic manures in combination (OM 1 : Farm yard manure (FYM) (1/3rd) + vermi compost (VC) (1/3rd) + glyricidia leaf manure (GLM) (1/3rd) equivalent to 100% RDN, OM 2 : Enriched compost(ec) (1/3rd) + VC (1/3rd) + GLM (1/3rd) equivalent to 100% RDN, OM 3 : FYM (1/3rd) + VC (1/3rd) + neem cake (NC) (1/3rd) equivalent to 100% RDN, OM 4 : EC (1/ 3rd) + VC (1/3rd) + NC (1/3rd) equivalent to 100% RDN and foliar spray of four different liquid manures viz., : Panchagavya @ 3 % at flower initiation and 15 days after flower initiation (DAF), : Biodigester @ 10 % at flower initiation and 15 DAF, LM 3 : cow urine @ 10 % at flower initiation and 15 DAF, LM 4 : Vermiwash @ 10 % at flower initiation and 15 DAF. Two control treatments RDF and absolute control (water spray) were considered in the study additionally for comparision. The crop was shown on 10-10- 2009 and 13-10- 2010 with a spacing of 30 cm 10 cm. The recommended dose of nutrients for chickpea were supplemented through different combination of organic manures on nutrient equivalent basis and additional phosphorus was balanced through application of rock phosphate with PSB as per the treatment details. The required quantity of organic manures and rock phosphate with PSB as per treatment was incubated for 30 days before sowing of crop under shade with regular watering and were applied at the time of sowing as per the treatments, and for RDF treatments, DAP was applied at the time of sowing. Soil samples were analysed for major nutrients before sowing and after harvest of the crop and the plant samples for calculating the nutrient uptake at the time of harvest. The difference in the initial status including external addition and crop uptake with left over soil nutrients were considered to work out the net gain / loss as nutrient balance (Piper, 1942). Research Findings and Discussion The results of the present study as well as relevant HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 67 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2012) 7 (1) : discussions have been presented under following sub heads: Nitrogen balance: The higher N status of soil after harvest was observed over the initial status except under absolute control and RDF. The computed N balance was negative under all the treatments. The maximum negative balance was recorded under OM 2 (-149.9 and -102.4 kg N, respectively) during both the years (2009-2010 and 2010-2011). However, the minimum negative balance was recorded under water spray (C 2 ) of - 62.60 kg N and -54.80 kg N during 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 followed by RDF (-76.10 and -53.50 kg N) during 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, respectively (Table 1). Phosphorus balance : The P status of soil after harvest was observed higher over the initial status except under the absolute control and RDF in both the years 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 However, a positive P balance was computed under all the treatments except absolute control (water spray) which has negative balance of P. The positive balance computed was less under OM 2 (27.40 and 32.30 kg P, respectively) during 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 compared to other treatment combinations (Table 2). Potassium balance: The K status of soil after harvest was observed lower over initial status except OM 2, OM 2, OM 2 LM 4 and RDF during 2009-2010. However, during 2010-2011 all the treatments had observed higher K status in soil over initial status except OM 1, OM 2, OM 3 LM 4, RDF and water spray. However, a negative K balance was observed in OM 2 in both the years. The lowest negative K balance was recorded in OM 3 LM 3 (-25.50 kg K 2 O) during 2009-2010 and OM 2 (-22.86 kg K 2 O) during 2010-2011(Table 3). Effect of organic sources of nutrient on soil nutrients (NPK) balance : The application of various sources of organics like enriched compost, FYM, vermicompost, GLM application in soil and spraying of liquid organic manures during different growth stages of chickpea helps to provide a good substrate for growth of many microorganisms and maintain a favourable nutritional balance and soil physical properties (Hati et al., 2006). In the present investigation on NPK balance, organic manures application to soil and spraying of liquid organic manures at flower initiation and 15 DAF were recorded higher available N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O in soil except under RDF and water spray in both the years of 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 (Table 1,2 and 3). The maximum gain of NPK nutrients in soil over initial recorded with the treatment OM 2 during both the years. However, in computed NPK balance, the maximum negative balance was recorded under OM 2 (-149.90 and -102.40 kg)

INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON SOIL NPK NUTRIENT BALANCE UNDER ORGANIC CULTIVATION OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) GROWN IN Table1: Balance sheet of N (kg/ha) as influenced by integrated nutrient management practices under organic cultivation of chickpea Treatments Initial soil N status (a) N added (b) N uptake by crop (C) Soil N status after harvest (d) Actual gain/loss over initial soil status(d-a) N balance (a+b) - (c+d) 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 OM 1 202.4 232.3 25 25 122.1 104.9 232.3 237.3 29.9 5-127 -84.9 OM 1 202.4 232.7 25 25 102.4 95.5 232.7 236 30.3 3.3-107.7-73.8 OM 1LM 3 202.4 222 25 25 81.7 77.1 222 227.7 19.6 5.7-76.3-57.8 OM 1LM 4 202.4 229.7 25 25 114.5 100.1 229.7 234 27.3 4.3-116.8-79.4 OM 2 202.4 242 25 25 135.3 121.4 242 248 39.6 6-149.9-102.4 OM 2 202.4 236 25 25 111.4 108.2 236 240.3 33.6 4.3-120 -87.5 OM 2LM 3 202.4 225.3 25 25 87.1 84.1 225.3 229 22.9 3.7-85 -62.8 OM 2LM 4 202.4 237.3 25 25 118.8 114.3 237.3 242.3 34.9 5-128.7-94.3 OM 3 202.4 228.3 25 25 106.4 95 228.3 234.7 25.9 6.4-107.3-76.4 OM 3 202.4 226 25 25 103.1 88.5 226 232.3 23.6 6.3-101.7-69.8 OM 3LM 3 202.4 226 25 25 85.3 76.7 226 231.7 23.6 5.7-83.9-57.4 OM 3LM 4 202.4 225.3 25 25 113.4 96.7 225.3 231.7 22.9 6.4-111.3-78.1 OM 4 202.4 232.3 25 25 114.5 98.2 232.3 237.7 29.9 5.4-119.4-78.6 OM 4 202.4 229 25 25 100.9 96.8 229 234.3 26.6 5.3-102.5-77.1 OM 4LM 3 202.4 222.7 25 25 87.3 81.6 222.7 227 20.3 4.3-82.6-60.9 OM 4LM 4 202.4 226.3 25 25 121.2 102.8 226.3 235 23.9 8.7-120.1-86.5 Control C 1 RDF 202.4 209.7 25 25 93.8 74.5 209.7 213.7 7.3 4-76.1-53.5 C 2 Water 202.4 196.3 0 0 68.6 55.1 196.3 196-6.1-0.3-62.5-54.8 spray OM 1 : FYM 1/3 rd + VC 1/3 rd + G/3 rd equivalent to 100% RDN OM 2 : EC 1/3 rd + VC 1/3 rd + G/3 rd equivalent to 100% RDN OM 3 : FYM 1/3 rd + VC 1/3 rd + NC 1/3 rd equivalent to 100% RDN OM 4 : EC 1/3 rd + VC 1/3 rd + NC 1/3 rd equivalent to 100% RDN : Panchagavya @ 3 % at flower initiation and 15 DAF : Biodigester @ 10% at flower initiation and 15 DAF LM 3: Cow urine @ 10% at flower initiation and 15 DAF LM 4: Vermiwash @ 10% at flower initiation and 15 DAF HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 68 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2012) 7 (1) :

S.V. PATIL, S.I. HALIKATTI, M.N. THIMME GOWDA, S.B.GURUMURTHY AND M.S. LOKESH Table 2: Balance sheet of P 2O 5 (kg/ha) as influenced by integrated nutrient management practices under organic cultivation of chickpea Treatments Initial soil P 2O 5 status (a) P 2O 5 added (b) P uptake by crop (C) Soil P 2O 5 status after harvest (d) Actual gain/loss over initial soil status (da) P 2O 5 balance (a+b) - (c+d) 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 OM 1 18.9 20.0 50.0 50.0 13.8 11.4 20.0 22.8 1.1 2.8 35.1 35.8 OM 1 18.9 19.8 50.0 50.0 11.4 9.9 19.8 21.2 0.9 1.4 37.7 38.7 OM 1LM 3 18.9 20.8 50.0 50.0 8.4 7.8 20.8 22.3 1.9 1.5 39.7 40.7 OM 1LM 4 18.9 19.0 50.0 50.0 12.8 10.9 19.0 21.8 0.1 2.8 37.1 36.3 OM 2 18.9 24.0 50.0 50.0 17.5 15.3 24.0 26.4 5.1 2.4 27.4 32.3 OM 2 18.9 21.7 50.0 50.0 14.0 12.7 21.7 22.2 2.8 0.5 33.2 36.8 OM 2LM 3 18.9 18.3 50.0 50.0 9.3 8.4 18.3 21.2-0.6 2.9 41.3 38.7 OM 2LM 4 18.9 22.3 50.0 50.0 16.0 14.2 22.3 25.0 3.4 2.7 30.6 33.1 OM 3 18.9 19.4 50.0 50.0 12.3 10.7 19.4 22.0 0.5 2.6 37.2 36.7 OM 3 18.9 17.7 50.0 50.0 11.5 9.3 17.7 18.7-1.2 1.0 39.7 39.7 OM 3LM 3 18.9 18.3 50.0 50.0 8.6 8.1 18.3 20.3-0.6 2.0 42.0 39.9 OM 3LM 4 18.9 18.7 50.0 50.0 12.9 10.1 18.7 20.8-0.2 2.1 37.3 37.8 OM 4 18.9 20.8 50.0 50.0 13.2 11.2 20.8 22.2 1.9 1.4 34.9 37.4 OM 4 18.9 19.5 50.0 50.0 11.0 9.3 19.5 21.0 0.6 1.5 38.4 39.2 OM 4LM 3 18.9 19.2 50.0 50.0 9.1 7.9 19.2 21.7 0.3 2.5 40.6 39.6 OM 4LM 4 18.9 20.5 50.0 50.0 13.7 11.2 20.5 22.0 1.6 1.5 34.7 37.3 Control C 1 RDF 18.9 16.2 50.0 50.0 10.9 8.3 16.2 15.3-2.7-0.9 41.8 42.6 C 2 Water 18.9 14.3 0 0 7.5 5.8 14.3 12.8-4.6-1.5-2.9-4.3 spray OM 1 : FYM 1/3 rd + VC 1/3 rd + G/3 rd equivalent to 100% RDN OM 2 : EC 1/3 rd + VC 1/3 rd + G/3 rd equivalent to 100% RDN OM 3 : FYM 1/3 rd + VC 1/3 rd + NC 1/3 rd equivalent to 100% RDN : Panchagavya @ 3 % at flower initiation and 15 DAF : Biodigester @ 10% at flower initiation and 15 DAF LM 3: Cow urine @ 10% at flower initiation and 15 DAF OM 4 : EC 1/3 rd + VC 1/3 rd + NC 1/3 rd equivalent to 100% RDN HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 69 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2012) 7 (1) : LM 4: Vermiwash @ 10% at flower initiation and 15 DAF

INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON SOIL NPK NUTRIENT BALANCE UNDER ORGANIC CULTIVATION OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) GROWN IN Table 3: Balance sheet of K 2O (kg/ha) as influenced by integrated nutrient management practices under organic cultivation of chickpea Initial soil K 2O status K 2O added K uptake by crop Soil K 2O status after Actual gain/loss over K 2O balance (a) (b) (C) harvest (d) initial soil status (d-a) (a+b) - (c+d) Treatments 2009-2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2010-11 10 OM 1 347.0 345.7 20.3 20.3 73.6 63.06 345.7 350.3-1.3 4.63-52.0-47. OM 1 347.0 345.0 20.3 20.3 63.5 50.11 345.0 344.3-2.0-0.67-41.2-29.1 OM 1LM 3 347.0 339.3 20.3 20.3 53.2 60.22 339.3 347.3-7.7 8.03-25.2-48.0 OM 1LM 4 347.0 341.7 20.3 20.3 70.0 57.30 341.7 349.0-5.3 7.30-44.4-44.3 OM 2 347.0 354.0 19.7 19.7 81.6 72.31 354.0 360.0 7.0 6.00-68.9-58.6 OM 2 347.0 352.0 19.7 19.7 69.5 52.89 352.0 341.7 5.0-10.33-54.8-22.9 OM 2LM 3 347.0 336.3 19.7 19.7 56.7 66.91 336.3 357.3-10.7 21.03-26.3-68.2 OM 2LM 4 347.0 352.3 19.7 19.7 73.5 64.53 352.3 357.0 5.3 4.70-59.1-49.5 OM 3 347.0 329.0 18.5 18.5 68.1 61.91 329.0 333.7-18.0 4.67-31.6-48.1 OM 3 347.0 330.0 18.5 18.5 64.7 48.91 330.0 344.3-17.0 14.33-29.2-44.8 OM 3LM 3 347.0 339.0 18.5 18.5 52.0 57.24 339.0 344.3-8.0 5.33-25.5-44.1 OM 3LM 4 347.0 338.7 18.5 18.5 72.5 54.79 338.7 335.3-8.3-3.37-45.7-32.9 OM 4 347.0 336.3 17.9 17.9 70.3 62.18 336.3 341.0-10.7 4.70-41.7-49.0 OM 4 347.0 335.3 17.9 17.9 63.9 49.03 335.3 343.0-11.7 7.70-34.3-38.8 OM 4LM 3 347.0 338.7 17.9 17.9 56.4 60.45 338.7 344.3-8.3 5.63-30.2-48.2 OM 4LM 4 347.0 338.7 17.9 17.9 75.3 57.76 338.7 340.0-8.3 1.30-49.1-41.2 Control C 1 RDF 347.0 349.0 0 0 58.9 47.15 349 344.7 2-4.33-60.9-42.8 C 2 Water 347.0 333.3 0 0 46.6 37.33 333.3 323.0-13.7-10.30-32.9-27.0 spray OM 1 : FYM 1/3 rd + VC 1/3 rd + G/3 rd equivalent to 100% RDN : Panchagavya @ 3 % at flower initiation and 15 DAF OM 2 : EC 1/3 rd + VC 1/3 rd + G/3 rd equivalent to 100% RDN : Biodigester @ 10% at flower initiation and 15 DAF OM 3 : FYM 1/3 rd + VC 1/3 rd + NC 1/3 rd equivalent to 100% RDN LM 3: Cow Urine @ 10% at flower initiation and 15 DAF OM 4 : EC 1/3 rd + VC 1/3 rd + NC 1/3 rd equivalent to 100% RDN LM 4: Vermiwash @ 10% at flower initiation and 15 DAF during both the years of 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. This unaccountable N might have come through symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Pal and Shehu, 2001). However, a positive P balance was computed under all the treatments except absolute control (water spray) which has negative balance of P. The positive balance computed was less under OM 2 (27.4 and 32.30 kg,respectively) during 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 compared to other treatment combinations. This positive balance might be due to mobilization of phosphorus in soil is very slow and whatever applied phosphorus will not be taken up by the plant, it may fixed in the soil (Tyagi, 2011). However, the lowest positive balance of P was recorded in OM 2 compared to other treatment combinations which indicated better P mining. The maximum negative K balance was observed in OM 2 in both the years of 2009-2010 and 2010-11. The lowest negative balance was recorded in OM 3 LM 3 and during both the years 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, respectively. This unaccountable K negative balance due to higher K content in entire plant and increased biological yield and better K mining in the soil. It was observed that growing of chickpea had HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 70 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2012) 7 (1) :

S.V. PATIL, S.I. HALIKATTI, M.N. THIMME GOWDA, S.B.GURUMURTHY AND M.S. LOKESH either maintained or enhanced the available nutrients of N, P, K status in soil in all the treatments except water spray (C 2 ). Thus, it can be concluded that, the maximum gain of NPK nutrients in soil over initial recorded with application of enriched compost(1/3 rd ) + vermicompost(1/3 rd )+ glyricidia leaf manure (1/3 rd ) equivalent to 100% RDN + panchagavya @ 3 % at flower initiation and 15 DAF. Further, growing of chickpea had either maintained or enhanced the available nutrients of N, P, K status in soil. Literature Cited Eid, R.A., Sedera, A. and Attia, M. (2006). Influence of nitrogen fixing bacteria incorporation with organic and / or inorganic fertilizers on growth, flower yield and chemical composition of Celosia argentia. World J. Agric. Sci., 2(4): 450-458. Fao (2008). Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Hati, K.M., Mandal, K.G., Misra, A.K., Ghosh, P.K. and Bandyopadhyay, K.K. (2006). Effect of inorganic fertilizers and farm yard manure on soil physical properties, root distribution and water use efficiency of soybean in Vertisols of central India. Bio- Resource Tech., 97: 2182-2188. Pal, U. R. and Shehu, Y. (2001). Direct and residual contribution of symbiotic nitrogen fixation by legumes to the yield and nitrogen uptake in maize in Nigeria savannah. J. Agron. & Crop Sci., 187(1): 53-58. Piper, C.S. (1942). Soil and plant analysis, Hans Publishers, Bombay, M.S. (India). Singh, Y.V., Dhar, D.W. and Agarwal, B. (2011). Influence of organic nutrient management on Basmathi rice wheat greengram cropping system. Indian J. Agron.,56(3): 169-175. Tyagi, S., Saini, S.K. and Kumar, Vinod (2011). Yield and soil nutrient balance of sugarcane plant ratoon system under integrated nutrient management. Indian J. Agron., 56(3): 247-253. Webliography www.fao.org.in. ******** ****** **** HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 71 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2012) 7 (1) :