Achieving Agenda 2030: Livestock research and the transformation of small-scale production

Achieving Agenda 2030: Livestock research and the transformation of small-scale production Jimmy Smith, Director General, ILRI ACIAR, Canberra, Australia, April 2017

Key messages Global demand for meat, milk and eggs continues to rise rapidly Almost all the increased demand is in developing countries Smallholders are currently producing much of the animal-source foods in these regions Many SDGs can be addressed by transforming smallholder production into a vibrant, productive and resilient food system... with particular opportunities for women and youth Livestock research plays a key role in such transformation

Animal-source food: 5 of 6 highest value global commodities (total value of these five: US Int $ 715 billion) Net production value (Int $) billion Production (MT) millions Cow milk has overtaken rice net production value (Int $) billion production (MT) 250 2500 200 2000 150 1500 100 1000 50 500 0 0 FAOSTAT 2015 (values for 2013)

Production (millions of tonnes) Demand for animal-source foods LMICs HICs Year

On 25 September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly formally adopted the universal, integrated and transformative 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, along with a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 associated targets

Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock: Livestock and the SDGs Image courtesy of Henning Steinfeld, FAO

Livestock and the SDGs Livestock development relates to almost all SDGs It can make both positive and negative contributions It is highly diverse, depending on location, system, commodity It is complex, involves hard trade-offs It is highly dynamic and in big transition It is conspicuously absent from SDGs/indicators Insufficient attention to this fastest growing, often controversial agricultural sector could threaten attaining the SDGs

Opportunities and challenges in the livestock sector Provides food and nutritional security BUT overconsumption can cause obesity Powers economic development BUT equitable development can be a challenge Improves human health BUT animal-human/emerging diseases and unsafe foods need to be addressed Enhances the environment BUT pollution, land/water degradation, GHG emissions and biodiversity losses must be greatly reduced

Livestock and livelihoods Almost a billion people rely on livestock for livelihoods Over 100 million landless people keep livestock. For the vulnerable, up to 40% of benefits from livestock keeping come from nonmarket, intangible benefits, mostly insurance and financing. In the poorest countries, livestock manure comprises over 70% of soil fertility amendments. Many people are employed in local informal livestock product markets. 90% of animal products are produced and consumed in the same country or region Over 70% of livestock products are sold informally

Smallholders still dominate livestock production in many countries Region (definition of smallholder ) East Africa ( 6 milking animals) Bangladesh (< 3ha land) India (< 2ha land) Vietnam (small scale) Philippines (backyard) Beef % production by smallholder livestock farms Chicken meat Sheep/goat meat Milk Pork Eggs 60-90 65 77 78 65 77 75 92 92 69 71 80 50 35 Various sources: BMGF, FAO and ILRI

Smallholders: Central to development Smallholders are not subsistence farmers Smallholders are central to: increasing food supplies to poor consumers enhancing rural development and livelihoods Smallholders produce the bulk of livestock and half of crop products in developing countries Smallholders continue to be competitive Investing in smallholders does not detract from investing in larger commercial systems

Livestock and inclusive, sustainable economic growth Livestock and equitable livelihoods Animal source foods for nutrition and health Livestock and sustainable ecosystems Also from the Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock

Livestock and inclusive, sustainable economic growth Livestock and equitable livelihoods Animal-source foods for nutrition and health Livestock and sustainable ecosystems

Demand for livestock commodities in developing economies will be met Scenario #1 Meeting livestock demand by importing livestock products Scenario #2 Meeting livestock demand by importing livestock industrial production know-how Scenario #3 Meeting livestock demand by transforming smallholder livestock systems

Replacing the 90% of locally produced animal commodities with imports is unfeasible Economically Africa s food import bill (2013): USD44 billion About one-fifth is livestock (highest after cereals): Meat: USD5 billion Milk: USD4 billion Business as usual: The import bill doubles

Livestock and inclusive, sustainable economic growth Transforming livestock VCs: Opportunities for business, youth, SMEs Not all smallholders will be part of the solution Robust productivity solutions: existing and new science Delivery Markets Institutions

Smallholder beef sector in Botswana This recent 3.5-year (2012 2016) ACIAR-funded project found great scope for enhancing smallholder livestock competitiveness in Botswana through better: Market-oriented policies Disease control and governmentsupported private animal health services in rural areas Control of FMD for increased livestock marketing in southern Africa Meat quality for the lucrative EU market

Livestock and inclusive, sustainable economic growth Livestock and equitable livelihoods Animal-source foods for nutrition and health Livestock and sustainable ecosystems

Women in livestock raising, processing, trading gender transformative approaches Livestock and equitable livelihoods Inclusive dairy development: Target: 10 million smallholders in East Africa Increased economic value $260 million per annum Insuring the never-before insured against catastrophic drought in the Horn

Smallholder pig value chains in Vietnam This current 9-month (2016 2017) ACIARfunded project is assessing the scope for smallholder pig competitiveness by ethnic minorities in northwest Vietnam. Findings BREEDS: Farmers are beginning to switch from local to cross-bred pigs. FEEDS: Farmers can feed their pigs too much maize, which increases their fat and reduces market interest. SOILS: Traditional maize cultivation of the hill slopes have degraded soils and reduced maize yields, causing farmers to reduce areas planted to maize to feed their household pigs.

Smallholder crop-livestock systems in Zimbabwe This current 5-year (2012 2017) ACIAR-funded project is enhancing mixed farming practices through better technologies and practices. Farmers growing legumes for feed are significantly increasing their dairy and beef profits. Farmers switching from maize stover to thatch grass for mulching are generating more dry-season stover feed supplements for ruminants. Farmers feeding their stock home-grown fodder & crop residues are reducing pressure on communal rangelands.

CGIAR research program on Livestock and Fish: more meat, milk and fish by and for the poor 1st Phase: 2012-2016: focus on nine selected value chains, supported by IPG research on productivity drivers (genetics, health, feed) and social sciences, to design value chain interventions together with national stakeholders and development actors Strong, consistent support from ACIAR: $600-700K/year 2nd phase 2017-2022: Two separate CRPs: Fish and Livestock Highlights: Demonstrating potential for smallholder pig production in Uganda Benefits of small-scale aquaculture in Bangladesh

Needed beyond technology New models to enable one billion people to take part in the transformation of the livestock sector or to exit from it positively Means of ensuring that women, men and young people all have opportunities to engage in new livestock business solutions Support for vulnerable people to secure their livestock assets

Livestock and inclusive, sustainable economic growth Livestock and equitable livelihoods Animal-source foods for nutrition and health Livestock and sustainable ecosystems

Nutritional divides among 7 billion people today Less than one third well fed and nourished 11% of GNP lost annually in Africa and Asia from poor nutrition Hungry people stunted children insufficient nutrients overweight/obese Healthcare for obesity economic cost: $2 trillion balanced diets

Most (75%) emerging diseases come from animals and cost up to USD6 billion annually ILRI report to DFID: Mapping of Poverty and Likely Zoonoses Hotspots, 2012 Emerging zoonotic disease events, 1940 2012

5 million consumers in Kenya and 1.5 in Assam are benefiting from safer milk Worldwide livestock antimicrobial consumption is expected to rise by 67% between 2010 and 2030. New research: MERS in camels Animal-source foods for nutrition and health

Food safety in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Vietnam This ACIAR-funded research finds: Animal-source foods (ASFs) are valued highly by poor people in these countries. The riskiest ASFs are also the most nutritious. Taboos and beliefs influence food choices by and for pregnant women and infants. The urban poor have high concerns about food safety and low trust in food systems and official quality assurance programs. Choices in food consumption are increasingly driven by media stories and food scares. Enhancing traditional food processing is an overlooked opportunity for providing better nutrition, health, income and gender equity for poor people.

Livestock and inclusive, sustainable economic growth Livestock and equitable livelihoods Animal source foods for nutrition and health Livestock and sustainable ecosystems

Improve livestock efficiency to produce more product per unit of input land, water, labour, capital and causing less environmental harm Good grazing management for rangelands: potential to sequester 8.6 million tonnes carbon/year Potential to double productivity and halve methane emissions. In India that means I million tonnes less methane per year from dairy Livestock and sustainable ecosystems

Fodder markets in Indonesia This recent 2-year (2015 2016) ACIARfunded project determined ways to improve feed/fodder markets: Most smallholders buy feed and fodder on occasion, mostly from livestock markets. Half of those buying feed are dairy producers. Household herd size and income, as well as distance to livestock markets and access to market information, influence feed purchases. Feed quality (amount of protein and crude fibre) and price are highly correlated. Some feeds are over- or under-priced, creating opportunities for designing more costeffective ways of feeding smallholder livestock.

Reduce the environmental footprint of livestock by improving productivity Generate reliable livestock greenhouse gas emission indices to inform appropriate policies in tropical countries Manage rangelands and improve pastures to sequester carbon

Livestock research capacity building at the BecA-ILRI Hub Livestock productivity: Feeds, breeds, health Capacity to undertake high-end livestock research to solve challenges Support from Australia for the Africa Biosciences Challenge Fund (ABCF) is critical

Key messages Global demand for meat, milk and eggs continues to rise rapidly Almost all the increased demand is in developing countries Smallholders are currently producing much of the animal-source foods in these regions Many SDGs can be addressed by transforming smallholder production into a vibrant, productive and resilient food system... with particular opportunities for women and youth Livestock research plays a key role in such transformation

Map by Catherine Pfeiffer and Samuel Itheria, ILRI

Map by Catherine Pfeiffer and Samuel Itheria, ILRI

Peter Doherty on international livestock research and ILRI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8quypr5bv5k

better lives through livestock ilri.org ILRI thanks all donors and organizations who globally supported its work through their contributions to the CGIAR system This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.