The effects of parking facilities on urban structures Sjoerd Stienstra Based on an earlier presentation on 26 november 2010 (CVS) Sjoerd Stienstra & Dagmar Bisschops-Severens 1
Agenda Theory Examples (Future) developments Questions 2
Agenda Theory Examples (Future) developments Questions 3
Theorie: Model Schoemaker TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION: 3 LAYERS TRAFFIC AND PARKING ARE A RESULT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES Human activities influence traffic/parking Accessibility (traffic/ parking) influence human activities 4
Theory: Model Schoemaker The sources of transportation 5 Urban structure
Theory: Model Schoemaker Transportation demand 6 Transportationdemand Urban structure
Theory: Model Schoemaker Services to meet transportation demand private commercial Transportation services 7 Transportation demand Urban structure
Theory: Model Schoemaker Interface: transport market Transportation services 8 Transportation demand Urban structure
Theory: Model Schoemaker Traffic services Traffic services Transportation services 9 Transportation demand Urban structure
Theory: Model Schoemaker Interface: Traffic market Traffic services Transportation services 10 Transportation demand Urban structure
Theory: Model Schoemaker Traffic and transport system Traffic services Transportation services 11 Transportation demand Urban structure
Theorie: Model Schoemaker ACCESSIBILITY/PARKING ARE A FINAL RESULT OF: Urban structures Economic structures Socio-geographic patterns Transportation patterns 12
Theory: Hierarchy of Retail areas National level Regional level Local + Local level CUSTOMER s TRENDS Neighbourhood shopping 13
DECISION PROCESS SACRIFICE demand (customer) Transportation/ traffic/ Parking supply (retail) PROFIT Transportationresistance (perception) TRAFFIC Choose location for activity Choose transport mode Activities/ purchases Turnover Real Estate values Urban Structure 14
Theory: Direct effect -> increasing turn-overs DIRECT EFFECT: When the attraction of an area is high, but the transportation resistance is too, some customers will choose for an other destination Increasing the parking situation may decrease the transportation resistance This will lead to more customers and increasing turnovers 15
Theory: Indirect effect -> higher real estate values INDIRECT EFFECT: Parking is one of the locational values Increasing the parking situation will lead to investments of entrepreneurs and property-owners in their real estate properties This will lead to higher real estate values 16
Theory: division of parking costs Sufficient parking capacity of good quality is important Building and maintaining parking spaces costs money Income from parking needed -> financial feasability WHO PAYS? CUSTOMER, entrepreneur, real estate developer, investor, municipality or other involved parties Find a (by all parties) agreed DIVISION of parakign costs 17
Agenda Theory Examples (Future) developments Questions 18
Praktijkvoorbeelden EXAMPLE: DEVENTER 19
Praktijkvoorbeelden PROBABLE LOCATIONS FOR A NEW MULTI-STORY PARKING FACILITY 20
Praktijkvoorbeelden ECONOMIC SPIN-OFF TWOFOLD: Direct -> expenditures in shops etc. Indirect -> real estate values - investments in the inner city - structure of shopping area. 21
Praktijkvoorbeelden DIRECT SPIN-OFF EXPENDITURES ARE DEPENDANT OF: Capacity / Occupancy Location Accessibility Walking distances and barriers User groups 22
Praktijkvoorbeelden RETAIL TURN-OVERS BY LOCATION 23
Praktijkvoorbeelden INDIRECT SPIN-OFF DETERMINED BY EFFECT OF LOCATION ON REAL-ESTATE VALUE Better parking situation More customers Better opinion on the location More investmenst LEAD TO HIGHER REAL/ESTATE VALUE 24
Praktijkvoorbeelden INTERVIEWS Retailers/property/owners were asked to give their opinion on the different locations abd the added value on the value of their real/estate property Indirect effect 25
Praktijkvoorbeelden INDIRECT SPIN-OFF PER LOCATION 26
Praktijkvoorbeelden SELECTION ASPECTS: Technical feasibility Infrastructure Economic spin-off TWO LOCATIONS Brink Wilhelminabrug 27
Examples: Study Profit/Tax and Parkinggarages OCCASION: Planning of new multi/story parking structures (max. 5) Financial participation of retailers by profit-tax PROBLEM: How to achieve a fair system for division of costs? 28
Profit-tax PROPOSAL 29
(Toekomst)ontwikkelingen ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CAR/TRAFFIC (PARKING) Customers by car spend more (per visit) 30
(Toekomst)ontwikkelingen MODAL SPLIT AND TURN/OVER 31
Examples: Parking at the office Annual costs for parking at offices From 250 tot 2400 Average: 758 8.8% of total annual office building expenditure Used by employee Paid for by employer Source: Jos van Ommeren; The (hidden) cost of employer parking policies (2009) 32
Examples: Parking at the office Elasticity of parking demand Annual cost of parking +1% Parking demand: -0.6% When employee gets taxed for the benefit of free parking at the office: Parking demand decreases by ~30% 33
Examples: Residential parking Study in Amsterdam Estimation of resident s cost of cruising looking for a vacant on-street parking space Based on difference in selling prices of residences with or without private parking places Costs of cruising capitalise into housing prices 34
Examples: Residential parking Costs of cruising: 1.30/ day Residents (without private parking) are prepared to pay 7 to 8/day for a parking permit Actual parking fees Amsterdam On-street visitors parking: 1.40 to 5.--/hr Resident s permits: 24 to 365/year ( 0.065 to 1/day) Source: Jos van Ommeren; The real price of parking policy (2009) 35
Agenda Theory Examples (Future) developments Questions 36
(Toekomst)ontwikkelingen PARKING IN THE FUTURE Parking will (again) become an integral part of inner city development 37
(Toekomst)ontwikkelingen TRENDS Stagnating (or decreasing) population) Increasing orientation on central hubs Decreasing workforce (+ teleworking ) Less commuting (the end of peak hour congestion?) Older population Used to mobility Other mobility (less commuting, more leisure-related) Concentration of services Greater distances (car-use) Urbanisation Parking demand on new locations Network-towns 38 38
(Toekomst)ontwikkelingen EFFECTS ON PARKING More parking Concentration of services Network/towns Multiple destinations Or less? Car ownership in urban areas is lower Shorter distances (bicycle) More opportunities for PT Parking influences urban structure, and vice versa 39 39
Agenda Theory Examples (Future) developments Questions 40
41 Questions?