King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia From the SelectedWorks of Dr. Abdul-Sattar Nizami Summer June 22, 2016 Development of algae biorefinery in Saudi Arabia: a source of bioenergy and bioproducts.pdf Abdul-Sattar Nizam Mohammad Rehan, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia Khurram Shahzad Iqbal Mohammad Ismail This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC_BY International License. Available at: https://works.bepress.com/abdul-sattar_nizam/15/
1st RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES - RESEARCH AND BUSINESS CONFERENCE CONFERENCE PROCEEEDINGS - BOOK OF ABSTRACTS June 22-24, 2016, Wrocław, Poland 1
ORGANISER Wrocław University of Science and Technology Faculty of Environmental Engineering Department of Air Conditioning, Heating, Gas Supply and Air Protection Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland PATRONS Polish Federation of Engineering Associations - NOT Wrocław Committee, Wrocław, Poland Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development (RESD) Group Wrocław, Poland 2
Scope The Renewable Energy Sources - Research and Business (RESRB) 2016 conference is designed as a platform for reporting, discussing, improving and disseminating recent developments in renewable energy science, technology and business. Participants from academia, NGOs, associations, industry and other business are invited. It is an international event with ambitions to share leading research and business expertise and to be one of the most influential renewable energy communication channel in Poland, Eastern Europe and beyond. The conference is a must for research groups at the cutting edge of renewable energy science and technology as well as for business participants seeking innovations and expanding to new markets. It will facilitate synergies between research and business participants. Business delegates may benefit from sponsoring, exhibiting and networking. RESRB 2016 is particularly focused on developed and developing countries applying green growth policies. The attendees may communicate either through oral or poster presentations within dedicated conference sessions. The participation mode can be either in-person or virtual. The conference will make available to participants digital Conference Proceedings including all accepted contributions. Draft manuscripts will be reviewed by RESRB international referees and review outcomes communicated to authors before the conference. After the conference all contributions will be invited for submittal to Special Issues of journals or an Edited Book associated with the conference. 5
Themes The RESRB 2016 conference focuses on four key areas: (1) bioenergy, (2) wind, (3) solar and (4) renewable energy business. The themes include: Bioenergy Wind power Hydro power Photovoltaics Solar thermal Concentrated solar power Geothermal energy Wave, tide and other marine energies Biofuels Renewable heating and cooling Societal issues Renewable energy policy Renewables in transport Renewables in buildings Agricultural and land use issues Biomass production Agronomy Biorefineries Renewables in industrial symbiosis Energy systems Planning Road maps Hydrogen and fuel cells Desalination Software tools Environmental impact Life cycle assessment Decarbonisation Sustainability Standards Infrastructure Materials Resources 6
Micro scale renewables Power grids, requirements, international connections Grid stability, power generation flexibility Renewables in developed, developing and underdeveloped countries Business development: business models and strategies, innovations, venture capital and financing, intellectual property, licensing, economic feasibility of projects, incentives, legislation, markets, merger and acquisitions, outsourcing, consumer behaviour, entrepreneurial finance. Other topics of critical importance for the development of renewable energy science, technology and business 7
Preface This the first RESRB conference is aiming at most important areas of renewable energy research and business. This first event fills the gap existing in the current portfolio of international conferences by focusing on business aspects of renewable energy innovative research. The 1st RESRB brings together about 50 active participants, participating both in-person and virtually. The total number of abstracts in the Conference Proceedings is 32 with 85 different authors. Virtual participation enables to hear voices on renewable energy topics also from developing countries from where authors rarely can attend conferences in-person mainly from economic reasons. The conference model relying on combining in-person and virtual participations is innovative. It is very suitable for very busy people of the modern world and for people from developing countries where there is huge unexploited potential for harvesting renewable energy. RESRB may therefore have a real impact on science, technology and business, both in developed and developing countries. 8
RESRB2016.0021 Development of algae biorefinery in Saudi Arabia: a source of bioenergy and bioproducts Abdul-Sattar Nizami 1,*, Mohammad Rehan 1, Khurram Shahzad 1, Iqbal M. I. Ismail 1 1 Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; *corresponding author e-mail: nizami_pk@yahoo.com Abstract The current electricity demand of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is around 55 GW, which is projected to reach upto 120 GW by 2032. This energy is mainly produced from fossil fuels, posing a serious risk to human health and environment. Moving towards a sustainable model, KSA government has initiated a plan called King Abdullah City of Atomic and Renewable Energy (KACARE) to utilize the indigenous renewable energy resources to generate a further 54 GW energy from solar, wind, nuclear, geothermal and waste-to-energy (WTE). The arid nature of the KSA increases the importance of water in daily life and makes the country the third-largest per capita water user worldwide. There are about 12 thousand industries working in different sectors, which produce large quantities of wastes and waste sludge on daily basis. It has been estimated that 2.4 and 0.77 billion m3/ year of municipal and industrial wastewater respectively is produced in KSA, totalling to 3.17 billion m3/ year. Therefore, there is a huge potential of producing bioenergy and bioproducts, if this wastewater is treated in algae biorefinery. Algae as a natural chemical factory has gained significant attention to produce several energy carriers, including starches for alcohols, lipids for diesel fuel, and bio-hydrogen (H2) for fuel cells and valuable materials and chemicals. A considerable progress has been made in recent years to optimize the production of energy and value-added products by utilizing algae under algae biorefinery concept. Biorefinery is a multi-process and multi-product system, similar to petroleum refinery. It utilizes various feedstock to produce useful materials, chemicals and bioenergy in the form of fuel, power and heat in an integrated system. Algae contains natural oils, carbohydrates and proteins for the production of biodiesel, ethanol and H2. The leftover or residues of algae after oil extraction can be digested anaerobically to produce methane (CH4) as an energy carrier. Furthermore, the AD 56
digestate can be a source of animal feed and organic fertilizer. Although, theoretically algae can produce various fuels, an array of valuable materials and capture carbon emissions, but in practice profitable algal biofuel production has proven to be quite challenging. Most of these challenges lie in algae production methods, including selection of suitable algae strain, its cultivation, harvesting and extraction of value-added materials for energy and bioproducts along with their conversion pathways. The aim of this paper is to review the potential of algae biorefinery in KSA for the treatment of wastewater and production of bioenergy and bioproducts. Keywords algae; biorefinery; bioenergy 57