Fujikura PANDA fiber products and Basics of PM fibers

Fujikura PANDA fiber products and Basics of PM fibers Fiber Optics components Engineering Department Fujikura Ltd. 1

Fujikura PANDA fiber solutions Fujikura has been developing below new PANDA fibers for customer solutions. For Visible LD,Blue LED products designers SC40-P,SC48-P,SM53-P, SM63-P series For RoHS Directive PANDA cord users Lead-free, non-halogen PANDA cord series For Laser diode or modulator for 10G telecom designers UV coating series For flame retardant users such as telephone office users Flame-retardant series <15mm winding radius users 80 microns cladding diameter series, SR-PANDA fibers(125 microns cladding) For lower temperature dependence users as coupler manufacturers Low birefringence series Fujikura is challenging for customer solutions to meet various needs. 2

3 Specifications for UV/UV PANDA fibers 245+/-15 SM15-PS-U25A 400+/-15 1.29-1.45 3.0-5.0 0.5 10.5 1.55 SM15-PS-U40A 245+/-15 SM14-PS-U25A 400+/-15 1.20-1.38 2.8-4.7 1.0 9.8 1.40-1.49 SM14-PS-U40A 245+/-15 SM13-PS-U25A 400+/-15 1.10-1.29 2.5-4.0 1.0 9.5 1.3 SM13-PS-U40A 245+/-15 SM98-PS-U25A 400+/-15 0.80-0.95 1.5-2.7 2.5 6.6 0.98 SM98-PS-U40A 245+/-15 SM85-PS-U25A 400+/-15 UV/UV 0.65-0.80-30 1.0-2.0 3.0 5.5 0.85 SM85-PS-U40A Max. db/100m Mm Max. db/km +/-1.0 Coating diameter Coating Structure Cut-off Wavelength Crosstal k Beat Length Attenu -ation MFD λc

Bend performance of 125 cladding PANDA No significant performance degradation in a bend diameter 40 mm of 2% proof test PANDA fibers. 1% proof should be bent D60mm due to life time. Polarization crosstalk (db/4m) -50-45 -40-35 -30-25 -20 Crosstalk for Y-polarization Bend loss for Y-polarization 10 20 30 40 50 60 Bend diameter (mm) 4 λ=1.55 SM15-PS 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Bend loss (db/m)

Flame retardant PANDA fiber UL94-V-0 Polyester-elastomer Resin over coating UL1581-VW1 Flame retardant Alternative from Nylon coating fiber Wavelength:0.85,0.98,1.3,1.45,1.55, DSF 5

6 Specifications for 900 PANDA fibers UV/Polyamide(Black) UV/Polyesrerelastomer(Black) UV/Polyamide(Black) UV/Polyesrerelastomer(Black) UV/Polyamide(Black) UV/Polyesrerelastomer(Black) UV/Polyamide(Green) UV/Polyesrerelastomer(Green) UV/Polyamide(Black) UV/Polyesrerelastomer(Black) Coating Structure SM15-PS-N90A 1.29-1.45 3.0-5.0 0.5 10.5 1.55 SM15-PS-H90A SM14-PS-N90A 1.20-1.38 2.8-4.7 1.0 9.8 1.40-1.49 SM14-PS-H90A SM13-PS-N90A 1.10-1.29 2.5-4.0 1.0 9.5 1.3 SM13-PS-H90A SM98-PS-N90A 0.80-0.95 1.5-2.7 2.5 6.6 0.98 SM98-PS-H90A SM85-PS-N90A 900 +/- 100 0.65-0.80-25 1.0-2.0 3.0 5.5 0.85 SM85-PS-H90A Max. db/100m mm Max. db/km +/-1.0 Diam eter Cut-off Wavelength Cross talk Beat Length Attenuation MFD λc

Lead and Halogen free PANDA cords Polyolefin coating for RoHS directive compatible Best alternative for PVC coating IEC60332-3-C flame-retardant 2 fiber ribbon type available λc MF Diameter Attenuation Beat Length Cross talk Cut-off Wavelength Coating Structure Diam eter SC40-PS-G20A SC48-PS-G20A SM53-PS-G20A SM53-PS-G20A 0.41 0.48 0.53 0.63 3.5 +/-0.7 4.0 +/-0.7 4.2 +/-0.5 4.5 +/-0.5 Max. db/km 50 30 15 12 Max. mm 1.7 2.0 Max. db/100m -25-30 0.33-0.40 0.40-0.47 0.45-0.53 0.50-0.62 UV/Polyamide(Black)/ Polyolefin(Gray) mm 2.0 +/- 0.2 7

Lead and Halogen free PANDA cords for PVC alternative(2) λc MFD Attenuation Beat Length Cross talk Cut-off Wavelength Coating Structure Diam eter +/-1.0 Max. db/km mm Max. db/100m mm SM85-PS-G20A 0.85 5.5 3.0 1.0-2.0 0.65-0.77 UV/Polyamide(Black)/ Polyolefin(Gray) SM98-PS-G20A 0.98 6.6 2.5 1.5-2.7 0.80-0.95 UV/Polyamide(Green)/ Polyolefin(Gray) 2.0 SM13-PS-G20A 1.3 9.5 1.0 2.5-4.0-25 1.10-1.29 UV/Polyamide(Black)/ Polyolefin(Gray) +/- 0.2 SM14-PS-G20A 1.40-1.49 9.8 1.0 2.8-4.7 1.20-1.38 UV/Polyamide(Black)/ Polyolefin(Gray) SM15-PS-G20A 1.55 10.5 0.5 3.0-5.0 1.29-1.45 UV/Polyamide(Black)/ Polyolefin(Gray) 8

Specifications for Dispersion Shift PANDA fibers λc MFD Attenuation Beat Length Cross talk Cut-off Wavelength Coating Structure Diamete r +/-1.0 Max. db/km mm Max. db/100m DS15-PS-U40A 1.55 8.0 0.5 3.0-5.0-30 1.53 UV/UV 400 +/- 15 DS15-PS-H90A DS15-PS-N90A -25 +/- UV/Polyesterelastomer(Blue) UV/Polyamide(Blu e) 900 100 DS15-PS-G20A UV/Polyamide(Blu e)/polyolefin(gray) 2000 +/- 200 9

Small radius PANDA fiber line-up 80 micron cladding PANDA fibers Suitable for several hundreds meters or 80 micron SMF connecting usages. SR15 series SM fibers have been released and widely spread as standard telecom cable. Fujikura release SR15 type PANDA fibers. Widely spread 125 micron parts and accessories usable. Properties to SR15 series splices are very good. Suitable for several meters usages. 10

125micron Small radius PANDA SRSM15-PX-H specifications Items Mode field diameter at 1550nm Units microns SRSM15-PX-H Specifications 9.5+/-0.4 Attenuation at 1550nm db/km Less than 0.50 Bending loss (30mm, 10turns at 1550nm) Fiber cutoff wavelength db nm Less than 0.50 Less than 1440 (Typical 1330) Beat length (1.55 microns) mm 2.0-5.0 Polarization crosstalk (1.55 microns) db/100m Less than -30 Bending polarization crosstalk (1.55microns) Coating db microns Less than -30 at 30mm diameter x10turns 400 microns UV/UV fiber, 900 microns Flame-retardant hytrel Proof level % More than 2.0 11

SRSM15-PX-H bending properties -50 SRSM15-PX-U40A-H Crosstalk and Bending Loss vs Bend Diameter 3.0 Crosstalk (db at 10Turn) -45-40 -35-30 Fast axis Bending Loss Slow axis 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 Bending Loss (db/m) -25 0.5-20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Bend Diameter(mm) 0.0 12

Features of RC-PANDA fibers 1 1.Higher birefringence for lateral pressure endurance r f B f f 1 f 1 = 4C r B= 2C( 1 Cosθ Sin θ) π E r π E r C:Photo Elastic constant E:Young s modulus 2. Attenuation and MFD non-circularity optimization θ Re-design Stress applying parts B 2 O 3, OH absorption increase MFD non-circularity increase To improve above, reduce slightly MFD diameter. 13

Features of RC-PANDA fibers 2 3. Smaller bending radius tolerance r B = 2 1 r C 2 R 4. Splice loss optimizing R 2 For good bending property, Bending loss Bending crosstalk should be small both. Higher aperture design and achieve good results Telecom component Need low splice loss with different major fiber splices Requirement: Splice loss < 0.1dB MFD differences with other fibers are designed within slight level 14

Attenuation and Crosstalk in 4m length bending -40 980nm RC-PANDA 0.8-40 1550nm RC-PANDA 0.8 0.7 0.7 Crosstalk [db/4m] -35-30 -25 : Fast axis :Slow axis 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Bending Loss [db/m] Crosstalk [db/4m] -35-30 -25 : Fast axis : Slow axis 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Bending Loss [db/m] 0.1 0.1-20 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Bending Diameter [mm] 0.0-20 0.0 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Y: Fast axis Bending Diameter [mm] X: Slow axis 15

16 Specifications for RC-PANDA fibers 1.29-1.45 2.5-4.5 2.0 9.5 1.55 RCSM15-PS- U17C 1.20-1.38 2.3-4.2 2.0 9.0 1.40-1.49 RCSM14-PS- U17C 1.10-1.29 2.0-3.5 2.0 8.2 1.3 RCSM13-PS- U17C 165+/-10 UV/UV 0.80-0.95-25 1.4-2.6 2.5 6.0 0.98 RCSM98-PS- U17C Max. db/100m Mm Max. db/km +/-1.0 Diameter Coating Structure Cut-off Wavelength Cross Talk Beat Length Attenuation MFD λc

PANDA fibers for sensors Stable sensing against external perturbations Connecting fiber to sensor light source Suitable for faraday effect sensing fibers (UV/UV coating type of 0.63, 0.53, 0.48, 0.40 were started to release ) Blue laser cutoff wavelength is also available 17

Typical wavelength characteristics of sensor 0.48,0.63 PANDA Typical Spectral Attenuation of SM48-P Typical Spectral Attenuation of SM63-P 30 10 25 8 Loss(dB/km) 20 15 10 Loss(dB/km) 6 4 5 2 0 0 450 500 550 600 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength(nm) Wavelength (nm) 18

19 Specifications for sensor PANDA fibers (1) 400+/-15 UV/UV SM53-PS-U40A 900+/-100 UV/Polyamide (Black) 0.45-0.53-30 2.0 15 4.2 +/-0.5 0.53 SM53-PS-N90A 400+/-15 UV/UV SM63-PS-U40A 900+/-100 UV/Polyamide (Black) 0.50-0.62 12 4.5 +/-0.5 0.63 SM63-PS-N90A 165+/-10 0.65-0.80 3.5 3.5 +/-0.5 0.85 RCHA85-PS- U17C 245+/-15 UV/UV 1.00-1.29 2.5 2.0 5.5 +/-1.0 1.3 HA13-PS-U25A Max. db/100m Max.mm Max. db/km Diameter Coating Structure Cut-off Wavelength Crosstalk Beat Length Attenuation MF diameter λc

20 Specifications for sensor PANDA fibers (2) 245+/-15 SC48-PS-U25A 400+/-15 UV/UV SC48-PS-U40A 900+/-100 UV/Polyamide (Black) 0.40-0.47-30 2.0 30 4.0 +/-0.7 0.48 SC48-PS-N90A 900+/-100 UV/Polyamide (Black) 0.33-0.40 1.7 50 3.5 +/-0.7 0.41 SC40-PS-N90A 400+/-15 UV/UV SC40-PS-U40A 245+/-15 SC40-PS-U25A Max. db/100m Max.mm Max. db/km Diameter Coating Structure Cut-off Wavelength Crosstalk Beat Length Attenuation MF diameter λc

Low birefringence PANDA fiber Optimized birefringence for polarization devices Suitable for temperature sensitive polarization devices SAPs (Stress applying parts) interval is widely located Lower birefringence than standard PANDA SAP thermal expansion coefficient is less effective that temperature dependence should be stable 21

22 Specifications for low birefringence PANDA fibers 1.10-1.29 3.8-5.6 1.0 9.5 1.3 SM13-PR-U25A-H 1.29-1.45 4.4-7.8 0.5 10.5 1.55 SM15-PR-U25A-H 1.20-1.38 4.1-7.3 1.0 9.8 1.40-1.49 SM14-PR-U25A-H 245+/-15 UV/UV 0.80-0.95-25 2.8-4.9 3.0 6.6 0.98 SM98-PR-U25A-H Max. db/100m mm Max. db/km +/-1.0 Diameter Coating Structure Cut-off Wavelength Cross talk Beat Length Attenuation MFD λc

PANDA fiber tail assembly PANDA Connectors FC connector SC connector Custom-made Assembly Special ferrule Special tail assembly -Rounded-end, Taper-end -Metallic coating, AR coating 23

PANDA connectors PANDA-FC Connector FC and SC Connector typical properties Polishing SPC UPC APC Insertion Loss max 0.5dB 0.5dB 0.5dB Return Loss min 40dB 50dB 60dB Crosstalk max -25dB -25dB -25dB Axial Alignment typ +/-3 deg +/-3 deg +/-3 deg PANDA-SC Connector Other connectors, polishing and axis alignments are also available. 24

Basics of Polarization maintaining fibers Fiber Optics Network Products Engineering Department Fujikura Ltd. 25

Polarization modes in ideal SM fiber A Single-mode(SM) fiber has two degenerated orthogonal polarization modes, which have the identical propagation constant: nx=ny, bx=by Rotational asymmetries such as core ellipse or lateral stress induce birefringence and lift the degeneracy. 26

Polarization in ideal SM fiber An ideal SM fiber with perfect rotational symmetry can maintain any state of polarization. If any stress induces on the fiber or a fiber has an non circular core... Without external stress 27

Stress-induced birefringence Rotationally asymmetrical stress changes refractive indices for two orthogonal polarization direction (birefringent axes): photo-elastic effect. As a result, the two orthogonal modes are separated: nx > ny, βx > βy: stress birefringence. B = n x n y = C C:Photo Elastic constant ( σ σ x x ) σ x y σ y External stress due to bend or lateral pressure x 28

Polarization in actual SM fiber Stress-induce phase difference causes polarization change. State of polarization at output is not stable. External stress 29

Structure of PANDA fiber Boron-doped SAP(Stress applying parts) have higher thermal coefficient of expansion than the cladding. SAP: 3 X10-6 / degree C Cladding: 5 X 10-7 / degree C The SAP shrinks more than the cladding during cooling process of drawing. Tensile stress of SAP direction remains in the core induces large stress birefringence. Y ( f ast axis) Core (GeO 2 +SiO 2 ) Cladding (SiO 2 ) X ( slow axis) Stress applying parts (B 2 O 3 +SiO 2 ) Refractive index profile along x- direction 30

How to preserve polarization A fiber with high internal birefringence can maintain linear polarization against external perturbations since its birefringent axis rotation is small. Intrinsic birefringence vector Polarization crosstalk External stress Birefringence induced by external stress 31 << Intrinsic birefringence

Production process of Fujikura PANDA Manufacture VAD preform Drilling, lapping, and polishing Assembling Manufacture SAPs Drawing Shipment Final inspection Rewinding to shipping spool Intermediate inspection Prooftest 32

Inspection items and methods on PANDA fiber Application Method or technique Reference Fiber diameter O / I / F Grey scale ITU-T G.650 Core offset I / F Grey scale ITU-T G.650 Coat diameter O / I Microscope --- Mode field diameter I Far-field pattern / ITU-T G.650 Variable aperture Cutoff wavelength I Bend reference ITU-T G.650 Attenuation I OTDR / Spectral loss (cutback) ITU-T G.650 Group beat length I JME / Wavelegth scan ITU-T G.650 Crosstalk F Direct FOTP-193 O: Process measurement I: Intermediate inspection F: Final inspection 33

Beat length Beat length Lb is one cycle of periodical polarization variation along a PM fiber. Related to modal birefringence as follows: Lb = λ B Lb:Beat length 34

Measurement of polarization crosstalk Measure the extinction ratio of output light while input linear polarization is launched into input. Compensator or depolarizer Light Source X-Pol. Polarizer Fiber under test Analyzer Py Px Power meter Polarization crosstalk CT=10log Py Px Py Y-Pol. Px CT=10log P x Py Unit: db 35

Power coupling coefficient Polarization crosstalk in linear expression is proportional to fiber length through random modecoupling. Power coupling coefficient, h-parameter, is defined as a power coupled to the orthogonal mode in unit -15 length. h tan 1 ( η) η L L P y = 10 CT 10 P = η = -45 x -50 L:Fiber Length Polarization crosstalk (db) -20-25 -30-35 -40 1 10 100 1000 Fiber length (m) 36-30 db/100 m -25 db/100 m CT 0 = -47 db

Reliability performance Test item Reference Condition Results 1 Observation of Coating --- Origin,Temperature-humidity aging, Water soak,hot water soak Passed 2 Strippability IEC,GR-20 Origin(45,23,0degC), Temperature- humidity aging, Water soak,hot water soak Passed 3 Attenuation --- Aging(-40,85degC), Temperature cycling Temperature-humidity aging, Hot water soak Passed 4 Polarization Crosstalk --- Aging(-40,85degC), Temperature cycling Temperature-humidity aging, Hot water soak Passed 5 Tensile strength IEC,GR-20 Origin, Aging(-40,85degC),Temperature cycling,temperature-humidity aging Passed 6 Fatigue value IEC,GR-20 Origin, Temperature-humidity aging Passed 7 Other UL1591 VW-1 For reference, Flame retardant only Passed 37

Fiber strength certification by Mitsunaga theory Below failure probability equation is commonly used for telecom networking. Griffith flaw model shows micro defects on the fiber. Flaws are grown to break by external stress to the fiber. If no external stress, then no break. Fiber break is caused by below conditions Frequency of low strength portion : Initial distribution of low strength Growing speed of flaws : Ambient condition such as temperature / moisture Stress : Tensile stress, Twisting stress : Macro bending stress, Micro bending This equation covers only for tensile stress and macro bending, but not for twisting stress and micro bending to the fiber. Mitsunaga, et al. : Failure prediction for long length optical fiber based on proof testing, J.Appl. Phys. 53(7), July 1982 38

PANDA fiber failure probabilities after 2% proof test Failure probability during 20 years 1.0E+00 1.0E-01 1.0E-02 1.0E-03 1.0E-04 1.0E-05 1.0E-06 1.0E-07 1.0E-08 1.0E-09 1.0E-10 1.0E-11 1.0E-12 1.0E-13 Failure probability calculation by Mitsunaga theory Bending : 10Turns, Tensile strength to the fiber : 50grams 1.0E-14 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Bending diameter (mm) Radius 15mm failure probability is around 1.0E-08 after 20years. 39

Summary of Fujikura PANDA fiber Low attenuation and low polarization crosstalk with superior designing and manufacturing. High dimensional symmetry and uniformity. Suitable for splicing,connectorizing and optical devices. High reliability proofed in actual system and customer New series are released as ongoing developments Lead-free, non-halogen PANDA cord series Sensing (SM48-P,SM63-P, RCHA85-P,HA13-P UV/UV series ) Flame retardant coating 80 microns cladding, SR-PANDA fibers(125 microns cladding) Low birefringence Fujikura is challenging for customer solution together. 40