Solutions for. Detection. Biofiles Your Biology Resource

Solutions for Detection Biofiles Your Biology Resource

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sigma.com/detection Introduction Fluorescent techniques are widespread and fast-growing analytical methods used in life science. They allow sensitive and selective investigation of biological processes, diagnostic screening, kinetics and conformational studies. Research is evolving from identification of a large number of target molecules to isolation and investigation at the level of a single molecule. Key innovations for microscopy and nanoscopy in the last decade have been: Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) Total internal reflection of fluorescence (TIRF) Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy Ground State Depletion (GSD) Microscopy Spectral precision distance microscopy (SPDM) Scanning nearfield optical microscopy (SNOM) Fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy (FPALM) Stochastic optical reconstitution microscopy (STORM) These super-resolution microscopic and spectroscopic techniques allow a tremendous increase in lateral resolution and enable scientists to have a new perspective of cellular studies. For example, STED microscopy, the revolutionary technique invented by Professor Stefan Hell, enables a microscopic resolution limit below the theoretical limit of resolution and permits more detailed studies in cellular processes. Sigma offers a comprehensive selection of reagents for superior application results including the fluorescent Atto dyes series, CF-Dyes and also anti-stokes Sunstones probes developed by Intelligent Material. Sigma has recently launched the new protein detection assay Duolink developed by Olink Bioscience that allows precise detection and quantification of proteins, protein interactions and protein modifications in fixed cells and tissue samples. Table of Contents Duolink Using PLA Technology 4-5 Prestige Antibodies 6 Sunstone Luminescent UCP Nanocrystals 7-10 CF Dyes 11 Mix-n-Stain Antibody Labeling Kit 12 Fluorescent Dye Comparison 13-14 Atto Dyes 15-18 Abberior Dyes 19-20 Spectral Fluorescence Standard Kit 21-22

Duolink Using PLA Technology Accelerate the Signaling Pathway Discovery Process Detect, quantify and determine cell localization of a specific protein complex in the same experiment. Duolink, based on in situ PLA, which is a proximity ligation assay, enables you to visualize protein interactions in fixed cells and tissue samples, all while under endogenous protein expression. Visualize individual interactions without having to overexpress proteins Gain high specificity with dual binding of primary antibodies Single molecule sensitivity due to signal amplification Analyze using standard immunofluorescence instruments The Duolink kit series of optimized, simple to use reagents, allows the user to combine any pair of immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry validated antibodies for direct in-cell detection of protein interaction events. Duolink read-out is performed either with a fluorescent label for fluorescence microscopy or HRP for brightfield detection.the resulting distinct spots are derived from individual protein interaction events, which are visualized using a standard microscope. Discover your pathway at sigma.com/duolink Preparation Detection STEP 1. Fix cells or tissues onto microscope slide or microplate. STEP 2. Wash and add two primary antibodies. STEP 3. Wash and add the PLUS and MINUS PLA probes. STEP 4. Wash and add Ligation solution. STEP 5. Wash and add Amplification solution. STEP 6. Review and capture images. Analysis STEP 7. Single protein interactions visualized using fluorescence and brightfield, respectively. STEP 8. Obtain objective quantification using Duolink Image Tool. STEP 9. Data analysis. Cells or tissue deposited on slides or in microplates are fixed (Step 1) to preserve activation status and transient interactions. Validated primary antibodies for the targets are added (Step 2) followed by binding of the PLA probes (Step 3). Hybridization of the oligonucleotide arms of the PLA probes will create a template for rolling circle amplification (RCA) only when the epitopes of the target proteins are in close proximity (<40 nm) (Step 4), followed by amplification and labeling of the RCA product by detection probes (Step 5). The result can be detected and visualized by standard microscopy (Step 5, 6 and 7).

sigma.com/detection 5 Duolink In Situ Product List To perform a Duolink assay a PLA probe PLUS, a PLA probe MINUS and a Detection Reagent are required. Recommended accessories are Wash Buffers and Mounting Medium. Cat. No. Product Description Size PLA Probes PLUS DUO92001-30RXN Duolink In Situ PLA probe anti-mouse PLUS 30 DUO92001-100RXN Duolink In Situ PLA probe anti-mouse PLUS 100 DUO92002-30RXN Duolink In Situ PLA probe anti-rabbit PLUS 30 DUO92002-100RXN Duolink In Situ PLA probe anti-rabbit PLUS 100 DUO92003-30RXN Duolink In Situ PLA probe anti-goat PLUS 30 DUO92003-100RXN Duolink In Situ PLA probe anti-goat PLUS 100 PLA Probes MINUS DUO92004-30RXN Duolink In Situ PLA probe anti-mouse MINUS 30 DUO92004-100RXN Duolink In Situ PLA probe anti-mouse MINUS 100 DUO92005-30RXN Duolink In Situ PLA probe anti-rabbit MINUS 30 DUO92005-100RXN Duolink In Situ PLA probe anti-rabbit MINUS 100 DUO92006-30RXN Duolink In Situ PLA probe anti-goat MINUS 30 DUO92006-100RXN Duolink In Situ PLA probe anti-goat MINUS 100 Probemaker DUO92009-1KT Duolink In Situ Probemaker PLUS 20 μg DUO92010-1KT Duolink In Situ Probemaker MINUS 20 μg Detection Reagents Orange DUO92007-30RXN Duolink In Situ Detection Reagents Orange 1 30 DUO92007-100RXN Duolink In Situ Detection Reagents Orange 1 100 Detection Reagents Red DUO92008-30RXN Duolink In Situ Detection Reagents Red 2 30 DUO92008-100RXN Duolink In Situ Detection Reagents Red 2 100 Detection Reagents Far Red DUO92013-30RXN Duolink In Situ Detection Reagents Far Red 3 30 DUO92013-100RXN Duolink In Situ Detection Reagents Far Red 3 100 Cat. No. Product Description Size Detection Reagents Green DUO92014-30RXN Duolink In Situ Detection Reagents Green 4 30 DUO92014-100RXN Duolink In Situ Detection Reagents Green 4 100 Detection Reagents Brightfield DUO92012-30RXN Duolink In Situ Detection Reagents Brightfield 5 DUO92012-100RXN Duolink In Situ Detection Reagents Brightfield 5 Accessories DUO80102-40ML Duolink In Situ Brightfield Mounting Medium 40ML DUO82040-5ML Duolink In Situ Mounting Medium with DAPI 5ML DUO82047-4L Duolink In Situ Wash Buffers for Brightfield 4L DUO82047-20L Duolink In Situ Wash Buffers for Brightfield 20L DUO82049-4L Duolink In Situ Wash Buffers for Fluorescence 4L DUO82049-20L Duolink In Situ Wash Buffers for Fluorescence 20L DUO82064-1KT Duolink In Situ Microplate Nuclear Stain and 2ML Anti-Fade DUO82065-1EA Duolink In Situ Microplate Heat Transfer Block 1 Block Software DUO90806-1EA Duolink ImageTool These products are for research use only. 1 reaction is calculated on 40 μl of reagents to cover 1 square cm. 1) Orange PLA signals detected with the same filters as for e.g. Cy3. 2) Red PLA signals detected with the same filters as for e.g. TexasRed. 3) Far Red PLA signals detected with the same filters as for e.g. Cy5, suitable for confocal microscopy. 4) Green PLA signals detected with the same filters as for e.g. GFP, suitable with red counterstaining e.g. propidium iodide. 5) Brightfield PLA signals visualized by enzymatic conversion of HRP/NovaRED substrate using brightfield microscope. PLA probe PLUS anti-species X PLA probe MINUS anti-species Y Primary antibody species X anti-protein A Primary antibody species Y anti-protein B If species X is: Mouse Goat Rabbit then species Y should be: Goat or Rabbit Mouse or Rabbit Mouse or Goat To generate a PLA signal, use primary antibodies from Mouse, Goat or Rabbit as shown above. Alternatively, build your own PLA probe using Probemaker kits DUO92009 and DUO92010.

Prestige Antibodies Powered by Atlas Antibodies are the Most Highly Characterized in the Industry More than 700 IHC, IF and Western blot images for each antibody Standardized in detailed universal protocols Developed by the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) Project Access all data via the Human Protein Atlas website Since 2008, Sigma has partnered with Atlas Antibodies to provide Prestige Antibodies. Each Prestige Antibody, designed and validated by the Human Protein Atlas Project, is accompanied by 700 immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF) and Western blot images. The validation process is supported by publicly available data of the Human Protein Atlas, a part of HUPO s Human Antibody Initiative. To ensure our Prestige Antibody collection has market leading specificity, each antibody is tested by multiple quality assurance steps. The Human Protein Atlas (proteinatlas.org) displays a collection of more than 13 million images of normal and cancer tissues, cell lines and primary cells. The database delivers visible proof of antibody performance and also provides a knowledge base demonstrating structural and temporal expression of proteins in various cells and tissues. Immunofluorescence Anti-TJP1: (Cat. No. HPA001636) Immunofluorescent staining of human cell line U-2 OS shows positivity in cytoplasm & plasma membrane. For more information, visit sigma.com/prestige Immunohistochemistry Anti-MTHFD1: (Cat. No. HPA000704) Immunoperoxidase staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human liver tissue shows strong cytoplasmic and/or membranous staining of hepatocytes.

Low Background Detection in Life Science Applications using Sunstone Luminescent UCP Nanocrystals sigma.com/detection 7 Upconversion Imaging Background While fluorescent imaging applications are commonly used in life science research, inherent limitations to fluorescence, especially for cellular applications, have encouraged development of alternative techniques and compounds. Upconversion luminescence using rare-earth doped nanocrystals is increasingly being used in commercial and industrial applications and more recently has been used in life science applications to overcome these limitations found with quantum dots and other normal fluorophores (see Figure 1). Energy Ultraviolet γ Visible UCP 2γ Infrared 300 400 500 600 700 800 F1 A excitation B Quantum dots emission Fluorescence of mouse body emission Upconversion nano-particle excitation 468 nm excitation 980 nm excitation Figure 1. Illustration of fundamental difference between quantum dots with normal fluorescence and upconversion nanocrystals. Normal fluorescence converts higher-energy (shorter wavelength) light to lower-energy (longer wavelength) emitted light. Upconversion luminescence is based on the absorption of two or more low-energy (longer wavelength, typically infrared) photons by a nanocrystal followed by the emission of a single higher-energy (shorter wavelength) photon (see Figure 2). Wavelength (nm) Figure 2. Simplified principle of up-conversion luminescence. Two or more low-energy photons (longer infrared wavelength) are absorbed by an upconverting phosphor followed by the emission of a single higher-energy photon (shorter visible wavelength). Sunstone Upconverting Nanocrystals (Sunstone UCP Nanocrystals) Sunstone Nanocrystals from Intelligent Material Solutions Inc. are a proprietary, novel series of rare earth-doped nanocrystals of small size, high quantum efficiency, and high photoluminescent intensity functionalized for use in industrial and life sciences applications. These patented materials possess unique and inherent atomic states that allow the conversion of various wavelengths of light energy up and down the electromagnetic spectrum. Eliminate Autofluorescence in Biological Samples Upconversion bioimaging has significantly lower autofluorescence (see Figure 3) and a higher signal to noise ratio when compared to single-photon excitation for fluorescence detection. Figure 3. Comparison of Sunstone Upconversion Nanocrystals (left) to fluorescein (right) for imaging of prostate serum antigen (PSA) in human prostate cancer immunohistology sample. Notice the absence of tissue autofluorescence in the sample detected using Sunstone Upconversion nanocrystals (left). Figure provided by Intelligent Materials, Inc. (Dr. Sam Niedbala, Lehigh University)

Large Anti-Stokes Shift for Discrete Emission Signals in Multiplex Techniques A large anti-stokes shift (up to 500 nm) with upconversion phosphorescence means well-separated and discrete emission peaks from the infrared excitation source. For NIR emitting nanoparticles, the longer wavelength allows deeper penetration of the exciting light into biological tissues. Furthermore, by varying the concentration and ratio of lanthanides, the decay time of Sunstone nanocrystals can be modified from less than a femtosecond to a millisecond or longer, and these temporal properties are reproducible for a specific formulation, ensuring consistency in replicate tests. Standard detectors can easily differentiate these temporal signatures. A combination of Sunstone Nanocrystals can be applied in an assay using a single excitation source to produce different emission signals for multiplex applications. Small Particle Size for Life Science Applications Sunstone Nanocrystals available through Sigma-Aldrich are 30 nm rods, which are small enough for life science applications without further processing (see Figure 4). Sunstone Nanocrystals have a high degree of structural homogeneity, allowing for finely tuned temporal properties and narrow spectral emission. The nanocrystals are synthesized in the β crystal phase (β-nayf 4 ), requiring low phonon energy for upconversion 1. Sunstone Nanocrystals exhibit excellent size distribution, uniformity in shape, and high monodispersity. Additional sizes and morphologies of Sunstone Nanocrystals will be made available in the future to support life science research. Resistant to Photobleaching and Fading Sunstone Upconverting Nanocrystals do not photobleach and allow permanent excitation with simultaneous signal integration. They can be stored indefinitely without a decrease in light emitting efficiency for repeated irradiation and analysis. Biocompatible and Non-Toxic Sunstone Nanocrystals are biocompatible and non-toxic, with no cytotoxicity against human osteosarcoma cells 2. Upconverting nanocrystals have been used in in vivo experiments with C. elegans 3 and mice 4 without demonstrating toxicity. Life Science Applications Upconverting materials have been used in a broad variety of life science applications including: Immunohistochemistry 2,5-7 Immunocytochemistry 5-7 Multiplex immunoassays 5,6 Nucleic acid microarrays 6,8,9 In vivo, in situ, and ex situ biomedical imaging 2,3,5,10,11 Flow cytometry 8,12 Enzymatic assays 6,8,12 Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) bioanalytical assays 12 Sunstone Nanocrystals are ideal for life science detection and imaging with broad applicability in many in vitro and in vivo techniques. Sunstone Nanocrystals are extremely robust and can be incorporated into many chemical and biochemical compositions without losing their phosphorescence as long as the medium in which they are dispersed is optically transparent to both the absorbed and emitted radiation. With sharp emission bands and large anti-stokes shifts, Sunstone Nanocrystals may be used in multiplex techniques allowing identification of multiple emission spectra from a single sample (see Figure 5). The nanocrystals are also suitable for FRET based assay systems. Figure 4. Transmission electron microscope ~30-nm images of rod-shaped NaYF 4 Sunstone Upconverting Nanocrystals. Sunstone Nanocrystals exhibit excellent size distribution, uniformity in shape, and high monodispersity. Figure 5. ( green) CD4+ lymphocytes labeled with CD4 UCP-conjugated antibody. (blue) calcein dye.

sigma.com/detection 9 Sunstone Nanocrystals have been used for in vivo and in situ macroscopic lymphatic imaging in mice (see Figure 6). Multiplex analysis using 980 nm excitation was performed by using a combination of green-emitting and red-emitting upconversion particles. Carboxylated Sunstone Nanocrystals may be attached to biomolecules via the carboxyl group after EDC activation. Carboxylated nanocrystals can also be conjugated via electrostatic binding. Carboxylated Sunstone Nanocrystals can be conjugated to a variety of biomolecules including: Antibodies Enzymes Substrates Small molecules and inhibitors Avidin conjugated Sunstone Nanocrystals can be used in common biotin-avidin/streptavidin reporter systems. Figure 6. Luminescent in vivo and in situ lymphatic imaging with infrared Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals obtained with both spectral and single shot imaging. The nanocrystals depicted the draining lymph nodes during in vivo and in situ imaging in mice. Due to the minimal background, single shot luminescence images obtained at 800 nm were comparable to the spectrally unmixed images which were post processed to remove autofluorescence4. (Dr. Hisataka Kobayashi, National Institutes of Health) Ordering Information Product No. Description Functional group λ Ex (nm) λ Em max. (nm)* Crytsal morphology 89157 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 804, carboxylated Carboxyl 976 804 10-60 nm, rods 61334 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 545, carboxylated Carboxyl 976 545 11-60 nm, rods 66698 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 538, carboxylated Carboxyl 976 538 12-60 nm, rods 90838 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 475, carboxylated Carboxyl 976 475 13-60 nm, rods 76736 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 804, avidin conjugated Avidin 976 804 14-60 nm, rods 90992 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 545, avidin conjugated Avidin 976 545 15-60 nm, rods 75207 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 538, avidin conjugated Avidin 976 538 16-60 nm, rods 89043 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystrals UCP 475, avidin conjugated Avidin 976 475 17-60 nm, rods 67345 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 475 none 976 475 10-60 nm, rods 57688 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 475, amin conjugated amine 976 475 10-60 nm, rods 74932 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 538 none 976 538 10-60 nm, rods 52498 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 538, amine conjugated amine 976 538 10-60 nm, rods 73909 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 538, biotin conjugated biotin 976 538 10-60 nm, rods 74344 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 545, amine conjugated amine 976 545 10-60 nm, rods 79882 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 545, biotin conjugated biotin 976 545 10-60 nm, rods 53367 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 804 none 976 804 10-60 nm, rods 73702 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 804, amine conjugated amine 976 804 10-60 nm, rods 43177 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 804, biotin conjugated biotin 976 804 10-60 nm, rods 42923 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 475 none 976 545 10-60 nm 59956 Sunstone Upconverting nanocrystals UCP 475, biotin conjugate biotin 976 475 10-60 nm *Refers to strongest signal. Sunstone is a registered trademark of Intelligent Material Solutions Inc. Sunstone upconverting nanocrystals are produced under license from SRI International.

References 1. Ye, X., Collins, J.E., Kang, Y., Chen, J., Chen, D.T., Yodh, A.G., and Murray, C.B. Morphologically controlled synthesis of colloidal upconversion nanophosphors and their shapedirected self-assembly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 22430-5 (2010). 2. Shan, J., Chen, J., Meng, J., Collins, J., Soboyejo, W., Friedberg, J.S., and Ju, Y. Biofunctionalization, cytotoxicity, and cell uptake of lanthanide doped hydrophobically ligated NaYF4 upconversion nanophosphors. J. Appl. Phys., 104, 094308 (2008). 3. Lim, S.F., Riehn, R., Ryu, W.S., Khanarian, N., Tung, C.K., Tank, D., and Austin, R.H. In vivo and scanning electron microscopy imaging of upconverting nanophosphors in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nano Lett., 6, 169-74 (2006). 4. Kobayashi, H., Kosaka, N., Ogawa, M., Morgan, N., Smith, P.D., Murray, C.B., Ye, X., Collins, J., Kumar, G.A., Bell, H., and Choyke, P.L. In vivo multiple color lymphatic imaging using upconverting nanocrystals. J. Mater. Chem., 19, 6481 84 (2009). 5. Bünzli, J-C.G. Lanthanide luminescence for biomedical analyses and imaging. Chem. Rev., 110, 2729 55 (2010). 6. Corstjens, P., Chen, Z., Zuiderwijk, M., Bau, H.H., Abrams, W.R., Malamud, D., Sam Niedbala, R., and Tanke, H.J. Rapid assay format for multiplex detection of humoral immune responses to infectious disease pathogens (HIV, HCV, and TB). Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1098, 437-445 (2007). 7. Wang, M., Mi, C.-C., Wang, W.-X., Liu, C.-H., Wu, Y.-F., Xu, Z.-R., Mao, C.-B., and Xu, S.-K. Immunolabeling and NIR-excited fluorescent imaging of HeLa cells by using NaYF4:Yb,Er upconversion nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem., 113, 19021-7 (2009). 8. Abrams, W.R., Barber, C.G., McCann, K., Tong, G., Chen, Z., Mauk, M.G., Wang, J., Volkov, A., Bourdelle, P., Corstjens, P.L., Zuiderwijk, M., Kardos, K., Li, S., Tanke, H.J., Sam Niedbala, R., Malamud, D., and Bau, H. Development of a microfluidic device for detection of pathogens in oral samples using upconverting phosphor technology (UPT). Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1098, 375-388 (2007). 9. Corstjens, P.L.A.M., Li, S., Zuiderwijk, M., Kardos, K., Abrams, W.R., Niedbala, R.S. and Tanke, H.J. Infrared up-converting phosphors for bioassays. IEE Proc. Nanobiotechnol., 152, 64 72 (2005). 10. Xue, X., Wang, F., and Liu, X. Emerging functional nanomaterials for therapeutics. J. Mater. Chem., 21, 13107-13127 (2011). 11. Chatterjee, D.K., and Yong, Z. Upconverting nanoparticles as nanotransducers for photodynamic therapy in cancer cells. Nanomedicine (Lond.), 3, 73-82 (2008). 12. Soukka, T., Kuningas, K., Rantanen, T., Haaslahti, V., and Lövgren, T. Photochemical characterization of up-converting inorganic lanthanide phosphors as potential labels. J. Fluoresc., 15, 513-28 (2005). 13. Wang, M., Mi, C.-C., Wang, W.-X., Liu, C.-H., Wu, Y.-F., Xu, Z.-R., Mao, C.-B., and Xu, S.-K. Immunolabeling and NIR-excited fluorescent imaging of HeLa cells by using NaYF(4):Yb,Er upconversion nanoparticles. ACS Nano, 3, 1580-6 (2009). 14. Kokko, T., Liljenback, T., Peltola, M.T., Kokko, L., and Soukka, T. Homogeneous dualparameter assay for prostate-specific antigen based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Anal. Chem., 80, 9763 8 (2008). 15. Soukka, T., Rantanen, T., and Kuningas, K. Photon upconversion in homogeneous fluorescence-based bioanalytical assays. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1130, 188 200 (2008). 16. Zijlmans, H.J.M.A.A., Bonnet, J., Burton, J., Kardos, K., Vail, T., Niedbala, R.S., and Tanke H.J. Detection of cell and tissue surface antigens using up-converting phosphors: A new reporter technology. Anal. Biochem., 267, 30 36 (1999). For more information, visit sigma.com/upconversion

sigma.com/detection 11 CF Dyes Achieve greater sensitivity, brighter results, and better photostability with enhanced CF dye technology. CF dyes are a series of highly water-soluble fluorescent dyes spanning the visible and near-infrared (near-ir) spectrum (Figure 1A and 1B) for labeling antibodies, proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules. Developed by scientists using new breakthrough chemistries, the brightness, photostability, and color selection of CF dyes rival or exceed the quality of other commercial dyes as a result of rational dye design. Sigma Life Science currently offers 19 CF dyes spanning the visible and near-ir wavelengths, with additional colors in development. The CF dye product line includes reactive CF dyes, labeling kits, CF-labeled secondary antibodies, and other bioconjugates. This collection further expands Sigma Life Science s broad range of carefully selected secondary antibodies and conjugates, allowing scientists to achieve greater sensitivity, brighter results, and better photostability in immunoassays. The CF dye quick reference guide will help you choose the correct dye for your application. Absorption/Emission Spectra of Goat Anti-Mouse Antibody Figure 1A Figure 1B Absorption 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Absorption spectra of CF dyes conjugated to goat anti-mouse IgG 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength(nm) 1:CF350 2:CF405S 3:CF405M 4:CF488A 5:CF543 6:CF555 7:CF568 8:CF594 9:CF620R 10:CF633 11:CF640R 12:CF647 13:CF660C 14:CF660R 15:CF680 16:CF680R 17:CF750 18:CF770 19:CF790 Fluorescence 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Emission spectra of CF dyes conjugated to goat anti-mouse IgG 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Wavelength(nm) 1:CF350 2:CF405S 3:CF405M 4:CF488A 5:CF543 6:CF555 7:CF568 8:CF594 9:CF620R 10:CF633 11:CF640R 12:CF647 13:CF660 14:CF660R 15:CF680 16:CF680R 17:CF750 18:CF770 19:CF790 Brightness, Photostability and Conjugate Specificity of CF Dyes Compared to Other Commercial Dyes Figure 2A Figure 2C Relative fluorescence of CF543 and Alexa Fluor 546 (AF546) goat anti-mouse conjugates as a function of the number of dye molecules per protein (degree of labeling). Near-IR CF dyes are highly water soluble without carrying excessive negative charge, which can increase non-specific binding of antibody conjugates. Near-IR Western blots imaged using the Odyssey system (Li-COR Biosciences). Two dilutions of HeLa cell lysate were probed with mouse anti-tubulin antibody followed by goat anti-mouse conjugated to Alexa Fluor 790 (AF790) (2, 3) or CF790 (5, 6). Figure 2B Relative photostability of CF633 and Alexa Fluor 647 (AF647) goat anti-mouse conjugates. Jurkat cells were fixed, permeabilized and stained with rabbit anti-cd3 followed by CF633 or Alexa Fluor 647 goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugates. Cells were imaged using a mercury arc lamp microscope equipped with a Cy5 filter set and CCD camera. Sequential images were captured at 0, 1, and 5 minutes. For more information, visit sigma.com/cfdyes

Mix-n-Stain Antibody Labeling Kit Label 5 to 100 μg of an Antibody with the Brightest Dyes Available in Just 30 Minutes Mix-n-Stain CF dye antibody labeling kits dramatically simplify he process of preparing fluorescently labeled antibodies, particularly primary antibodies. Simply mix your antibody with the CF dye of your choice in the buffer provided, a step that takes less than 30 seconds of hands-on time. After a quick 30-minute incubation, you will have a ready-to-use fluorescent antibody conjugate. Advantages for Using Mix-n-Stain Labeling Kits No need to calculate how much dye you should use - just mix your antibody with the entire amount of dye provided No purification of conjugate necessary The labeling reaction can tolerate the presence of common stabilizers, such as sodium azide, Tris, and low levels of glycerol, BSA or gelatin. Choose from more than 20 of the brightest and most photostable dyes commercially available. Mixing antibody and dye in buffer Simple Antibody Labeling Protocol 3 Easy Steps 1. Mix antibody and dye in buffer 30 seconds hands-on time 2. Incubate antibody/dye for 30 minutes 3. Conjugate is ready-to-use no purification necessary! For more information, visit sigma.com/mixnstain Dye conjugated antibody

Fluorescent Dye Comparison sigma.com/detection 13 CF dye CF 350 CF 405S CF 405M CF 488A CF 543 CF 555 CF 568 CF 594 Reactive forms amine, aminooxy, hydrazide, amine, aminooxy, aminooxy, amine, aminooxy, hydrazide, amine, hydrazide, amine, hydrazide, amine, aminooxy, hydrazide, amine, aminooxy, hydrazide, λ Ex (nm) λ Em (nm) MW ε Excitation source 347 448 496 18,000 UV 404 431 1169 33,000 405 nm laser Direct replacement for: Reactive forms λ Ex (nm) λem (nm) MW ε Advantages of CF dye AMCA NHS, sulfo-nhs, hydrazide, HPDP, SE 353 442 330 19,000 - Yields the brightest blue fluorescent Cascade Blue Acetyl azide, hydrazid, ethylenediame 400 420 596 28,000 antibody conjugates when excited at ~350 nm DyLight 350 NHS, maleimide 353 432 899 15,000 - Highly water-soluble and insensitive to ph - Much brighter than Alexa Fluor 405 Alexa Fluor 405 SE, cadaverine 400 424 1028 35,000 due to better compatibility with excitation and emission windows on common instruments DyLight 405 NHS, maleimide 400 420 793 30,000 - Highly water-soluble and insensitive to ph BD Horizon V450 Conjugated 404 448 408 452 503 41,000 405 nm laser efluor 450 Conjugated 405 450 490 515 914 70,000 488 nm laser 541 560 870 100,000 555 565 810 150,000 562 583 714 100,000 593 614 729 115,000 CF 620R 617 639 738 115,000 CF 633 CF 640R amine, aminooxy, hydrazide, amine, aminooxy, hydrazide, 630 650 821 100,000 642 662 832 105,000 532 nm or 543, 546 laser 532 nm or 568 nm laser 532 nm or 568 nm laser 532 nm or 594 nm laser 633 nm or 635 nm laser 633 nm or 635 nm laser 633 nm, 635 nm, or 640 nm laser Pacific Blue SE 405 455 406 46,000 Alexa Fluor 488 5-SDPE, 5-TFPE, maleimide, alkyne, azide, cadaverine, hydrazide, hydroxylamine, SE 494 517 643 73,000 Cy 2 Bis NHS 489 506 714 150,000 DY-495 NHS, maleimide, carboxylic acid, amino derivative 493 521 623 70,000 DyLight 488 NHS, maleimide 493 518 1011 70,000 FAM SE 495 520 83,000 FITC 494 518 389 77,000 Fluorescein NHS, maleimide 490 514 332 93,000 Alexa Fluor 546 N/A 556 573 N/A 112,000 Alexa Fluor 555 maleimide, alkyne, azide, cadaverine, hydrazide, SE 555 572 1250 155,000 Cy3 Bis NHS, hydrazide, maleimide, NHS 552 566 767 150,000 DY-547 NHS, maleimide, carboxylic acid, amino derivative 557 574 739 150,000 DyLight 550 NHS, maleimide 562 576 1040 150,000 TRITC 557 576 479 100,000 - More photostable than Pacific Blue dye - As bright as Pacific Blue dye in the blue channel - Less spill-over fluorescence in the green channel - Highly water-soluble - Minimal charge compared to Alexa Fluor 488 reduces nonspecific antibody staining - Less spill-over fluorescence in the red channel than Alexa Fluor 488 - Extremely photostable - Highly water-soluble and ph-insensitive - Significantly brigher than Alexa Fluor 546 - Highly water-soluble and ph-insensitive - Brighter and more photostable than Cy 3 - Minimal charge compared to Alexa Fluor 555 reduces nonspecific antibody staining Alexa Fluor 568 maleimide, cadaverine, hydrazide, SE 578 602 792 88,000 - Optimal for the 568 nm line of the Ar-Kr mixed-gas laser NHS, maleimide, carboxylic acid, DY-560 559 578 769 120,000 - Brighter and more photostable than amino derivative Alexa Fluor 568 Rhodamine Red NHS 570 590 654 129,000 Alexa Fluor 594 maleimide, alkyne, azide, cadaverine, hydrazide, SE 590 617 820 92,000 DY-594 NHS, maleimide 589 614 92,000 DyLight 594 NHS, maleimide 593 618 1078 80,000 Texas Red SE 595 615 702 116,000 LightCycler Red 640 NHS 625 640 758 - Yields the brightest antibody conjugates among spectrally similar dyes - Extremely photostable - Excellent energy acceptor for FRET - Highly fluorescent - Extremely photostable - Highly water-soluble Alexa Fluor 633 maleimide, hydrazide, SE 621 639 1200 159,000 - Yields the brightest antibody conjugates DY-630 among spectrally similar dyes Optimal NHS, maleimide, carboxylic acid, 636 657 732 200,000 for 633 nm He-Ne laser or the 635 nm red amino derivative diode laser DyLight 633 NHS, maleimide 638 658 1066 170,000 - Far more photostable than Alexa Fluor 647 - Highly water-soluble Alexa Fluor 647 maleimide, alkyne, azide, cadaverine, hydrazide, SE 651 672 1250 270,000 Cy 5 Bis NHS, hydrazide, maleimide, NHS 649 666 792 250,000 - Most photostable among spectrally similar dyes - Yields highly fluorescent protein conjugates - Very water-soluble and ph-insensitive

Fluorescent Dye Comparison cont d CF dye CF 647 Reactive forms hydrazide, λ Ex (nm) λ Em (nm) MW ε 650 665 836 240,000 CF 660C 667 685 3112 200,000 CF 660R aminooxy, 663 682 888 100,000 CF 680 681 698 3241 210,000 CF 680R aminooxy, 680 701 912 140,000 CF 750 SE 755 777 3009 250,000 Excitation source 633 nm, 635 nm, or 640 nm laser 633 nm, 635 nm, or 640 nm laser 633 nm, 635 nm, or 640 nm laser 680 nm or 685 nm laser 680 nm or 685 nm laser 680 nm, 685 nm, or 785 nm laser Direct replacement for: Reactive forms Alexa Fluor 647 maleimide, alkyne, azide, cadaverine, hydrazide, SE λ Ex (nm) λ Em (nm) MW ε Advantages of CF dye 651 672 1250 270,000 Cy 5 Bis NHS, hydrazide, maleimide, NHS 649 666 792 250,000 DY- 647 NHS, maleimide, carboxylic acid, amino derivative 653 672 762 250,000 DyLight 650 NHS, maleimide 652 672 1066 250,000 - Antibody conjugates have the best signal-to-noise ratio compared to Alexa Fluor 647, DyLight 649 and Cy 5 - Highly fluorescent - Highly water-soluble and ph-insensitive Alexa Fluor 660 668 698 1100 132,000 - Much brighter than Alexa Fluor 660 - More photostable than Alexa Fluor 660 - Highly water-soluble - Brighter than Alexa Fluor 660 Alexa Fluor 660 668 698 1100 132,000 - The most photostable 660 nm dye, ideal for confocal microscopy - Highly water-soluble Alexa Fluor 680 684 707 1150 183,000 - The brightest among spectrally similar Cy 5.5 Bis NHS, hydrazide, maleimide, NHS 675 695 1128 250,000 dyes - Superior signal-to-noise ratio in DyLight 680 NHS, maleimide 692 712 950 140,000 immunostaining IRDye 680 NHS, maleimide 676 693 1402 250,000 - Highly water-soluble and ph-insensitive Alexa Fluor 680 684 707 1150 183,000 - The most photostable 680 nm dye Cy 5.5 Bis NHS, hydrazide, maleimide, NHS 675 695 1128 250,000 - Suitable for labeling nucleic acids and small bio-molecules DyLight 680 NHS, maleimide 692 712 950 140,000 - Highly water-soluble and ph-insensitive - CF680/CF770 double labeling compatible IRDye 680 NHS, maleimide 676 693 1402 250,000 with Li-COR Odyssey System Alexa Fluor 750 753 782 1300 290,000 - Exceptionally bright and stable Cy 7 Bis NHS, NHS 743 767 818 250,000 DyLight 750 NHS, maleimide 752 778 1034 210,000 APC- Alexa Fluor 750 Conjugated 650 779 240,000 - Less immunogenic than competing dyes - Better signal-to-noise ratio compared to APC- Alexa Fluor 750 tandem dye with 633 nm excitation DyLight 800 NHS, maleimide 777 794 899 270,000 - Exceptionally bright and stable CF 770 SE 770 797 3138 220,000 785 nm laser - Less immunogenic than competing dyes IRDye 800CW NHS, maleimide, carboxylate 778 794 1166 300,000 - CF680/CF770 double labeling compatible with Li-COR Odyssey System CF 790 SE 784 806 3267 210,000 785 nm laser Alexa Fluor 790 SE 785 810 1750 260,000 - Exceptionally bright and stable - Less immunogenic than competing dyes

sigma.com/detection 15 Atto Dyes for Superior Fluorescent Imaging Activated fluorescent dyes are routinely used to tag proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules for use in life science applications including fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques, receptor binding assays, and enzyme assays. The Atto dyes are a series of fluorescent dyes that meet the critical needs of modern fluorescent technologies: Enhanced photostability and ozone resistance Long signal lifetimes Reduced background for greater sensitivity Extensive selection of alternatives to common dyes Recommended for multiplex applications Absorbance 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 Cy 5 ATTO 655 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time (minutes) Figure 1: Photostability of Atto 655 compared with Cy 5. Excitation by focused light of a 250 W halogen lamp. Long Signal Lifetimes Atto dyes exhibit longer fluorescence signal lifetimes (0.6-3.8 ns) than either carbocyanine dyes or most of the autofluorescence inherent in cells and biomolecules. Image by J. Zbaeren, Inselspital Bern, Switzerland Atto 655 and Atto 647N Photostable and Ozone Resistant for Microarray Applications In contrast to fluorescein and cyanine-based dyes, Atto 655 and Atto 647N have a more rigid molecular structure and are more photostable under prolonged light exposure (see Figure 1). Excitation and emission wavelengths and the emission signal decay time are relatively insensitive to ph and other environmental changes such as temperature and atmospheric humidity. Fluorescence microscopy of paraffin fixed tissue of oesophagus of rat with staining the carbohydrate subunits of the glycoprotein laminin. The target carbohydrate subunit chitotriose [(GlcNAc) 3 ] is specifically bound to lectin from Phytolacca americana-atto 488 (Cat. No. 39905, green). Concanavalin A-Atto 564 (Cat. No. 69535, red) is specifically bound to α-d-mannose and α D-galactose. Nucleus counterstained with DAPI (blue). Longer Excitation Wavelengths for Reduced Background Diode laser excitation at 635 nm and red-absorbing fluorescent dyes were shown to reduce autofluorescence of biological samples sufficiently so that individual antigen and antibody molecules could be detected in human serum samples. 1,2 Excitation in the red spectral region also reduces cell damage when working with live cells. 3 Many Atto dyes (Atto 590 and above) can be excited using wavelengths greater than 600 nm. Using long-wavelength activated Atto dyes with the appropriate excitation wavelength reduces autofluorescence due to sample, solvent, glass, or polymer support. Background due to Rayleigh and Raman scattering can be dramatically reduced. Improved overall sensitivity in biological analysis and imaging techniques can be obtained since Atto dyes have less interference from fluorophores with shorter lifetimes. Fluorescent signals are stronger with the same molar amount of Atto 655 or Atto 680 since less dye is lost to inactivation. Other Atto dyes also have low triplet formation.

Atto Dyes - Superior Tool for Super-Resolution Microscopy Application Recent developments in microscopy application, like e.g. STED microscopy enables resolutions down to 10 nm. These applications require fluorescent dyes, that fulfill superior photo-physical criteria. Some Atto-dyes. Atto 488, Atto 647N, and Atto 655, have proven a suitable for techniques such as PALM, dstorm, STED, etc.. Atto 655 and Atto 680 Less Molecular Inactivation for Greater Signal Non-fluorescent triplet states and cis-conformations result in fluctuations that interfere with fluorescent signal yield. 4 Dyes such as Cy 5, Cy5.5, or Alexa Fluor 647 may form cis-isomers and triplet states, which precludes their usage in demanding techniques including fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), single molecule detection (SMD), and as acceptors in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). 5 Atto 655 and Atto 680 have low intersystem crossing and lack an isomeric bond so they cannot undergo configuration isomerization. Confocal microscopy (CLSM) image of paraffin fixed tissue of rat stomach. Actin stained with mouse anti smooth muscle α-actin antibody and Atto 488 anti-mouse IgG (Cat. No. 62197, green), cytokeratin stained with polyclonal rabbit anti-cytokeratin and Atto 647N anti-rabbit IgG (Cat. No. 40839, red). Recommended for Fluorescent Multiplex Detection Atto dyes can be used to conjugate probes and biomolecules for multiplex applications. Selection of two Atto dyes with separated emission signals supports multiple excitation and measurement results from a single experiment. Alternatives to Common Fluorophores With the extensive selection available, Atto dyes can replace commonly used fluorescent dyes. There are Atto dyes suitable for use with any common excitation light source. Fluorophore Recommended Atto dye alternative Alexa Fluor 488 FITC Atto 488 FAM JOE TET Atto 520 Alexa Fluor 532 Atto 532 HEX Atto 532, Atto Rho6G TAMRA Atto 550 Cy 3 Atto 550 Cy3.5 Atto 565 ROX Atto 565, Atto Rho11 Alexa Fluor 594 Atto 590, Atto 594 Texas Red Atto 590 Alexa Fluor 633 Atto 633, Atto Rho14 Cy5 Atto 647, Atto 647N, Atto 655 Alexa Fluor 647 Atto 647, Atto 647N, Atto 655 Cy5.5 Atto 680, Atto 700 Light source Main lines (nm) Recommended Atto dyes Mercury arc lamp 365, 405, 436, 546 Atto 390, Atto 425, Atto 465, Atto 550, Atto 565 Mercury arc lamp 577 Atto 590, Atto Rho101, Atto 594; Atto Rho13, Atto 610, Atto 611x Xenon arc lamp Continuum and peaks >800 nm Atto 610, Atto 620, Atto 647, Atto 647N, Atto 655, Atto 680 Halogen lamp Little UV and violet emission; Higher intensity toward longer wavelengths Atto 610, Atto 620, Atto 647, Atto 647N, Atto 655, Atto 680 Argon ion laser 488, 514 Atto 488, Atto 520, Atto 532, Atto 550 Argon-krypton laser 488, 514, 647, 676 Atto 520, Atto 647, Atto 647N, Atto 655, Atto 680 Krypton laser 647,676 Atto 647, Atto 647N, Atto 655, Atto Oxa12, Atto 665, Atto 680, Atto 700, Atto 725, Atto 740 He-Ne laser 633 Atto Rho14, Atto 633, Atto 647, Atto 647N Nd-NAG laser 532 Atto 532, Atto Rho6G, Atto 550, Atto 565, Atto Rho11, Atto Rho 12 Common diode laser 635, 650, 670 Atto 633, Atto 647, Atto 647N, Atto 655, Atto 680 Immunoblot detection of Protein 1 and Protein 2 using two primary antibodies and two anti-igg-atto dye conjugates. Imaging was done sequentially using a FLA-3000 Fuji laser scanner, first at an excitation wavelength of 532 nm with a 580 nm emission filter to detect Atto 550, then at an excitation wavelength of 633 nm with a 675 nm emission filter to detect Atto 633. The image overlay was done using a software tool.

sigma.com/detection 17 Reactive Atto Dyes Atto dyes produce intense fluorescent signals due to strong absorbance and high quantum yields. Strong signal intensity Most Atto dyes have ε max values >100,000. Ideal for multiplex techniques using visible and near-ir emission wavelengths Low excitation/emission overlap and good Stokes shift separation. Selection and versatility There is an Atto dye suitable to use with any common excitation light source. Atto dyes are available as: Free acid dyes for all routine staining applications. NHS-esters for use in common conjugation protocols. Maleimides for use in coupling to thiol-containing groups such as cysteine residues and thiol (-SH) tags added during automated synthesis. Atto 655, Atto 680, and Atto 700 are quenched by guanosine, tryptophan and related compounds through direct contact between the dye and the quenching agent and using an electron transfer process. Fluorescent quenching of dyes by tryptophan residues in proteins has been used to differentiate unbound (non-fluorescent) protein from protein-antibody (fluorescent) interactions. 1 Fluorescent Signal Information for Atto Dyes λ abs ε max λ em η em τ em Catalog Number Atto Dye [nm] [m -1 cm -1 ] [nm] [%] [ns] Free Acid NHS Ester Maleimide Atto 390 390 24,000 479 90 3.8 89313 89204 89740 Atto 425 436 45,000 484 90 3.5 n/a 16805 49349 Atto 465 453 75,000 508 55 2.2 50712 53404 55607 Atto 488 501 90,000 523 80 3.2 41051 41698 28562 Atto 495 495 80,000 527 45 2.4 16951 00379 41022 Atto 520 516 110,000 538 90 3.8 70706 77810 16590 Atto 532 532 115,000 553 90 3.8 06699 88793 68499 Atto 550 554 120,000 576 80 3.2 42424 92835 30730 Atto 565 563 120,000 592 90 3.4 75784 72464 18507 Atto 590 594 120,000 624 80 3.7 70425 79636 39887 Atto 594 601 120,000 627 85 3.5 08637 08741 08717 Atto 610 615 150,000 634 70 3.3 78493 93259 41061 Atto 611X 611 100,000 681 35 2.5 40049 18708 n/a Atto 620 619 120,000 643 50 2.9 92716 67351 n/a Atto 633 629 130,000 657 64 3.2 18620 01464 n/a Atto 647 645 120,000 669 20 2.3 97875 07376 41784 Atto 647N 644 150,000 669 65 3.4 04507 18373 05316 Atto 655 663 125,000 684 30 1.9 93711 76245 80661 Atto 665 663 160,000 684 60 16851 04022 01407 Atto 680 680 125,000 700 30 1.8 94875 75999 04971 Atto 700 700 120,000 719 25 1.5 30674 16986 50611 Atto 725 729 120,000 752 10 0.5 47156 93725 n/a Atto 740 740 120,000 764 10 0.6 91394 59808 n/a λ abs - longest-wavelength absorption maximum ε max - molar extinction coefficient at the longest-wavelength absorption maximum λ em - fluorescence maximum η em - fluorescence quantum yield τ em - fluorescence decay time

Convenient Atto Dye Conjugates An extensive selection of Atto dye conjugates and kits are available, including: Protein Labeling Kits - Atto 488 is a superior alternative to fluorescein and Alexa Fluor 488, producing conjugates with more photostability and brighter fluorescence. - Atto 550 is an alternative to rhodamine dyes, Cy 3, and Alexa Fluor 550, offering more intense brightness and increased photostability. - Atto 594 is an alternative to Alexa Fluor 594 and Texas Red. - Atto 647N, an extraordinary highly fluorescent dye, and Atto 655 are alternatives to Cy5 and Alexa Fluor 647. - Atto 633 is an alternative to Alexa Fluor 633. Lectins for carbohydrate binding studies. Primary and secondary antibodies for direct and indirect ELISA, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and other protein identification applications. Biotin and Streptavidin for avidin/streptavidin/biotin conjugation in applications including ELISA, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and flow cytometry. NTA Nickel conjugates for direct detection of polyhistidine-tagged recombinant proteins. For more information and a comprehensive list of products, visit sigma.com/atto References 1. Neuweiler, H. et al., Detection of individual p53-autoantibodies by using quenched peptide-based molecular probes. Angew. Chemie, 41, 4769-73 (2002). 2. Sauer, M. et al., Detection and identification of individual antigen molecules in human serum with pulsed semiconductor lasers. Appl. Phys. B, 65, 427-31 (1997). 3. Terasaki, M., and Dailey, M. E., Confocal microscopy on living cells. In Handbook of biological confocal microscopy. Pawley, J. B., Ed. 2nd ed., pp 327-346, Plenum Press, New York (1995). 4. Widengren, J., and Schwille, P., Characterization of photoinduced isomerization and backisomerization of the cyanine dye Cy5 by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. A, 104, 6416-28 (2000). 5. Widengren, J. et.al., Two new concepts to measure fluorescence resonance energy transfer via fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: theory and experimental realizations. J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 6851-66 (2001). 6. Buschmann, V., Weston, K.D., and Sauer, M., Spectroscopic study and evaluation of red-absorbing fluorescent dyes. Bioconjugate Chem., 14, 195-204 (2003). Fluorescent microscopy of human skin tissue section (paraffin fixation) with fungal infection. The target carbohydrate chitotriose of the pathogenic fungi are specifically bound to lectin from Phytolacca americana Atto 488 conjugate (Cat. No. 39905) (green). The nuclei are counterstained with DAPI (blue). Image by J. Zbären, Inselspital, Bern. His-tagged p38 MAPK protein (500 ng 25 ng) was separated on a 4-20% Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE gel. After fixing and washing, the gel was incubated with Ni-NTA-Atto 647N (Cat. No. 02175) (1:1000) in the dark. The gel was washed and then imaged using a FLA-3000 Fuji laser scanner with 633 nm excitation and a 675 nm emission filter for Ni-NTA-Atto 647N (λ ex 647 nm, λ em 669 nm). The 50 ng band of His-tagged p38-mapk is observed using fluorescence imaging.

sigma.com/detection 19 Superior Super-Resolution Microscopy Application using Abberior Dyes Microscopic methods in life sciences are of tremendous importance for visualization cellular and tissue structures. In recent years, development has reached a revolution in order to overcome the resolution barrier given by the diffraction limit. New microscopy concepts that enable resolution limits down to about 10 nm and the visualization of cellular structures and molecular interactions reveal new understanding in biological processes. These super-resolution microscopy principles are based on several technological approaches. Conventional light microscopy enables a resolution limit of about 250 nm in the x- and y- direction and 450 700 nm in the z direction. Super-resolution techniques have overcome the resolution-limit (Point-spread function), by at least a factor of 2. The resolution of super-resolution microscopy depends on the number of points that can be resolved on the structure of interest. Crucial for successful super-resolution imaging is the choice of fluorescent probe. Brightness and high contrast ratio between the states are of great importance. In most super-resolution methods, the states of the probe must be controllable, reversible or irreversible, switchable between a light or a dark state. Depending on the superresolution method, further photo physical criteria the probe must be fulfilled. Established techniques are: STED (Stimulated emission depletion) GSDIM (Ground State Depletion) PALM (Photoactivated localization microscopy) STORM (Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy) RESOLFT [Reversible saturable optical (flurorescence) transitions] Sigma now offers the superior series of Abberior dyes that are especially designed and tested for super-resolution microscopy such as STED, RESOLFT, PALM, STORM, GSDIM and others. Abberior STAR, Abberior CAGE, Abberior FLIP and Abberior RSFP the specific requirements of the super-resolution techniques are served with dedicated dye series. Super-resolution microscopy depends on fluorescent labels more than any other fluorescence imaging technique. Manufactured by Abberior, the STAR, CAGE and FLIP dyes as well as RSFPs are exceptionally bright and photostable and provide optimized photoswitching for RESOLFT and PALM/STORM imaging. They are the only commercially available dyes tailored specifically to the needs of super-resolution microscopy. Abberior dyes are also exceptionally well suited for confocal microscopy, epifluorescence imaging and single molecule applications. Basically all fluorescence applications which depend on a good signal to noise ratio and low background benefit from the novel Abberior dyes. Benefits Optimized for brightness and very low background Optimized switching behavior being the key for super-resolution All markers are tested for different super-resolution methods ūūabberior STAR for STED, confocal and epifluorescence imaging ūūabberior CAGE & FLIP for PALM, STORM and GSDIM Abberior dyes are recommended by renowned microscope vendors Proprietary, IP protected products Detailed characteristics of the dyes provided, e.g. optimal STED wavelength Confocal STED Abberior STAR series Comparison of confocal (left) and STED (right) microscopy application.

Overview of Abberior dyes Dyes Abberior CAGE 500 Abberior CAGE 532 Abberior CAGE 552 Abberior FLIP 565 Abberior STAR 440SX Abberior STAR 470SX Description for single-molecule switching microscopy (e.g. PALM, STORM, GSDIM) for single-molecule switching microscopy (e.g. PALM, STORM, GSDIM) for single-molecule switching microscopy (e.g. PALM, STORM, GSDIM) for single-molecule switching microscopy (e.g. PALM, STORM, GSDIM) for long Stokes STED and 2-color STED application for long Stokes STED and 2-color STED application Absorption Maximum/ λ max 300 nm (caged,ph 7); 501 nm (uncaged, ph 7) 304 nm (caged, PBS, ph 7); 518 nm (uncaged, ph 7) 300 nm (caged,ph 7); 552 nm (uncaged, ph 7) Extinction Coefficient, ε(λ) 85,000 88,000 m -1 cm -1 (ph 7, uncaged) 29,000 m -1 cm -1 (ph 7, uncaged) 66,000 m -1 cm -1 (ph 7, uncaged) 314 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) 51,000 m -1 cm 1 (MeOH) 430 nm (MeOH), 437 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) 475 nm (MeOH), 477 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) 30,800 m -1 cm 1 (MeOH), 22,700 m -1 cm 1 (PBS, ph 7.4) 30,400 m -1 cm 1 (MeOH), 22,700 m -1 cm 1 (PBS, ph 7.4) Abberior STAR 488 for STED application 501 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) 86,000 m -1 cm 1 (MeOH) Abberior STAR 512 for STED application 517 nm (MeOH), 512 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) Abberior STAR 580 for STED application 587 nm (MeOH), 583 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) Abberior STAR 635 for STED application 639 nm (MeOH), 634 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) Abberior STAR 635P for STED application 635 nm (MeOH), 634 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) 74,000 m -1 cm 1 (MeOH) 64,300 m -1 cm 1 (MeOH) 63,000 m -1 cm 1 (MeOH) 80,000 m -1 cm 1 (water) Fluorescence Maximum, λfl 524 nm (ph 7), 523 nm (MeOH) Recommended STED Cat No., NHS activated Cat No., maleimid activated 595-615 nm 44254 92546 541 nm (ph 7) 610-640 nm 38977 95705 574 nm (ph 7) 650-670 nm 94822 92545 580 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) 79189 92544 501 nm (MeOH), 515 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) 609 nm (MeOH), 627 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) 590-620 nm 68221 38361 740-770 nm 95348 524 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) 585-605 nm 61048 536 nm (MeOH), 530 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) 609 nm (MeOH), 605 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) 659 nm (MeOH), 654 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) 655 nm (MeOH), 654 nm (PBS, ph 7.4) 590-620 nm 38922 03004 690-720 nm 38377 740-770 nm 30558 96013 740-770 nm no, only Azide derivative available References 1. T. Müller, C. Schumann, A. Kraegeloh, "STED Microscopy and its Applications: New Insights into Cellular Processes on the Nanoscale", ChemPhysChem 13, 1986 2000 (2012). 2. Diffraction-unlimited all-optical imaging and writing with a photochromic GFP 3. Tim Grotjohann, Ilaria Testa, Marcel Leutenegger, Hannes Bock, Nicolai T. Urban, Flavie Lavoie- Cardinal, Katrin I. Willig, Christian Eggeling, Stefan Jakobs and Stefan W. Hell. Nature 478, 204-208 (13 October 2011) For a list of Abberior dyes, visit sigma.com/abberior

sigma.com/detection 21 Spectral Fluorescence Standard Kit The Spectral Fluorescence Standard Kit (Cat. No. 69336) enables a simple characterization of the relative spectral responsivity and the long-term stability of the emission channel of fluorescence instruments under routine measurement conditions and provides the basis for an improved comparability of fluorescence measurement and eventual standardization. CD with Improved Software LINKCORRWIN V.1.1.0.0. developed by BAM for the data evaluation. Version1.1.0.0 only performs well in conjunction with BAM-F002a. The CD also contains instructions for use of BAM-F001 BAM-F005 and LINKCORRWIN. Five Spectral Florescence Standards Ready-made from Sigma-Aldrich GmbH, which cover the spectral region of 300 nm to 770 nm as a set. Ethanol, absolute (Cat. No. 34923) Addition of aliquots of 10 ml of ethanol to each solid dye yields a solution that can be measured without additional dilution steps. BAM Certificate of the normalized corrected emission spectra of BAM-F001 BAM-F005 (see also CD). Application of the Emission Correction Curve Bottom: Certified normalized corrected emission spectra (solid lines; l c (λ em )) of the kit components and uncorrected, i.e. instrumentdependent emission spectra (dashed lines; l u (λ em )), measured with the instrument to be calibrated. Middle: Individual quotient Q F00x = l c F00x (λ em )/l u F00x (λ em ) for each kit dye equaling 1/s(λ) of the instrument to be calibrated within the spectral region of the respective fluorescence standard. Top: Combined emission correction curve 1/s(λ) (solid pink line) calculated from the statistically weighted Q F00x as well as its reciprocal s(λ) (black solid line). Corrected emission spectra are obtained by multiplication of measured spectra by the output of LINKCORR, i.e., 1/s(λ). Determination of the relative spectral responsivity s(λ) of a fluorescence instrument with the Spectral Fluorescence Standard Kit and LINKCORRWIN.

Certified Reference Materials For the determination of the relative spectral responsivity s (λ) of fluorescence instruments. 1/s (λ) is termed emission correction curve. Both can be determined by LINKCORRWIN. For the determination of corrected, i.e., instrument-independent emission spectra that are comparable across instruments. For the characterization of the long-term stability of the emission channel of fluorescence instruments. Fluorescence spectra that are corrected accordingly do not contain contributions from aging of optical components in the emission channel. Certified Properties Normalized corrected emission spectra of BAM-F001 BAM-F005 in ethanol for T=25 C. The emission spectra are traceable to the spectral radiance realized and disseminated in Germany by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). References 1. Hollandt, J.; Taubert, R.D.; Seidel, J.; Resch-Genger, U.; Gugg-Helminger, A.; Pfeifer, D.; Monte, C., J. Fluoresc. 2005, 15, 311. 2. Resch-Genger, U.; Pfeifer, D.; Pilz, W.; Monte, C.; Hoffmann, A.; Spieles, M.; Rurack, K.; Hollandt, J.; Taubert, D.; Schönenberger, B.; Nording, P., J. Fluoresc. 2005, 15, 325. 3. Resch-Genger, U.; Hoffmann, K.; Nietfeld, W.; Engel, A.; Neukammer, J.; Nietschke, R.; Ebert, B.; Macdonald, R., J. Fluoresc. 2005, 15, 347. 4. Hoffmann, K.; Monte, C.; Pfeifer, D.; Resch-Genger, U., G.I.T. Laboratory Journal 6, 2005, 3, 18. 5. Monte, C.; Pilz, W.; Resch-Genger, U., Proc. SPIE 2005, 5880, 588019-1. 6. Hoffmann, K.; Monte, C.; Pfeifer, D.; Resch-Genger, U., G.I.T. Laboratory Journal 2005, 6, 29. 7. Monte, C.; Resch-Genger, U.; Pfeifer, D.; Taubert, R.D.; Hollandt, J., Metrologia 2009, 16, 589. 8. Monte, C.; Hoffmann, K.; Pfeifer, D.; Hoffmann, A.; Resch-Genger, U., J Fluoresc. 2006, 16, 441. The Calibration Kit has been tested in an interlaboratory comparison by the National Metrological Institutes NIST (National Institutes of Standards and Technology, USA), NRC (National Research Council, Canada), PTB (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany), and BAM (Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing) employing two different dye concentrations and two different measurement geometries, i.e., 0 /90 and 45 /0. For more information, please visit sigma.com/spectral

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