UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA. EAS 181/2 Concrete Technology [Teknologi Konkrit]

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UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA Second Semester Examination 2009/2010 Academic Session April/May 2010 EAS 181/2 Concrete Technology [Teknologi Konkrit] Duration : 2 hours [Masa : 2 jam] Please check that this examination paper consists of SEVENTEEN (17) pages of printed material including appendices before you begin the examination. [Sila pastikan bahawa kertas peperiksaan ini mengandungi TUJUH BELAS (17) muka surat yang bercetak termasuk lampiran sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan ini.] Instructions : This paper contains SIX (6) questions. Answer FOUR (4) questions only. All questions carry the same marks. [Arahan : Kertas ini mengandungi LIMA (5) soalan. Jawab EMPAT (4) soalan sahaja. Semua soalan membawa jumlah markah yang sama.] You may answer the question either in Bahasa Malaysia or English. [Anda dibenarkan menjawab soalan sama ada dalam Bahasa Malaysia atau Bahasa Enggeris]. All questions MUST BE answered on a new page. [Semua soalan MESTILAH dijawab pada muka surat baru]. In the event of any discrepancies, the English version shall be used. [Sekiranya terdapat percanggahan pada soalan peperiksaan, versi Bahasa Inggeris hendaklah diguna pakai]...2/-

- 2-1. (a) State the cause and cures in concrete for the following defects :- i. Crazing ii. Scaling iii. Plastic Shrinkage Crack [9 marks] Explain how bleeding could occur. Briefly describe how the potential of concrete to undergo bleeding could be assessed. Describe the measures to reduce the occurrence of bleeding in concrete. [8 marks] Discuss the factors that could affect the workability of fresh concrete [8 marks] 2. (a) List out FOUR (4) factors could affect the durability of concrete. [4 marks] Explain briefly the testing procedure of splitting tension test (indirect tensile test) with the aid of neat sketch. Provide the expression to determine the tensile strength of concrete cylinder. [6 marks] Explain what is meant by curing and briefly describe the purpose of curing of concrete. State the different types of curing. [6 marks] With the aid of suitable diagram, briefly explain the stress-strain behaviour of concrete. [9 marks]..3/-

- 3-3. (a) Suitable cements are required for concreting work in the construction of massive pile caps for a highway bridge, where heat associated problems may crop up. The strength requirement stipulates 56-day strength rather than 28- day strength. With appropriate justifications, propose TWO (2) most suitable types of cement that could be used for the construction of the pile caps. [5 marks] With the aid of a suitable flowchart, explain briefly the manufacturing process of cement. [8 marks] As a civil engineer working in cement industry, you have been given a task to formulate a special cement with the following characteristics : i) Very high early strength ii) Similar setting characteristics as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) iii) Suitable for application in sealing of very fine cracks and fissures in concrete and rock by mean of pressure injection, and iv) Greater resistant to sulphate than OPC. Discuss the approaches that you will consider in formulating the cement, in order to achieve the above attributes. [12 marks]..4/-

- 4-4. (a) List FOUR (4) probable states of moisture conditions for aggregates. [2 marks] A sample of sand has been obtained from Sungai Kerian to be considered for use in the preparation of concrete samples for a proposed research work that will be conducted in the Concrete Laboratory, Universiti Sains Malaysia. The sand sample weighs 1010g and 960g in as received and oven-dried conditions, respectively. Gradation of the sand indicates a fineness modulus value of 1.66. If the absorption capacity of the sand is 1.6 %, determine the percentage of free moisture. Explain the probable water requirement characteristic of the sand based on the fineness modulus. [6 marks] With the aid of suitable sketch, explain the importance of continuous or evenly distributed gradation of aggregates for concrete. [5 marks] Discuss the principles behind the aggregate impact value, aggregate crushing value and aggregate ten percent fine value tests which are normally used to assess the mechanical properties of aggregate. [12 marks]..5/-

- 5-5. (a) Describe TWO (2) roles of water in concrete. [2 marks] A construction of a school building for an orang asli community in a remote area of Pahang has been proposed. Since source of domestic water supply is not available, the use of ground water as concrete mixing water has to be considered. Explain how the suitability of water from this unknown source as mixing water for concrete could be assessed. [5 marks] You are involved as a concrete specialist in the construction of a new airport in Khartoum, Sudan which is having hot and arid weather conditions. These conditions will definitely have adverse effects on the setting characteristics of cement and concrete. Explain the potential adverse effects of these hot and arid weather conditions on concrete. By giving appropriate justifications, propose a type of chemical admixture that you will consider using in the concrete to be used in the construction of the airport. [8 marks] The utilization of mineral admixtures has generally been associated with refinement in pore structure of concrete via the pore filling effect, which leads to enhancement in properties and durability performance of concrete. Describe the term pore filling effect and explain how the enhancement in properties and durability performance is achieved. [10 marks]..6/-

- 6-6. (a) Using the guideline on Design of Normal Concrete Mixes (BRE Report, 1988 given in the attachment) and based on the data given below, determine the quantity of materials for a trial mix of 0.06 m 3. Include the attachment used with your answer script. Characteristic strength : 40 MPa at 28 days Margin : 4 MPa Cement type : Ordinary Portland cement Aggregate type (coarse) : Granite Aggregate type (fine) : river sand Maximum free water/cement ratio : 0.45 Slump : 120 mm Maximum aggregate size : 20 mm Relative density of aggregate (SSD) : 2.7 Percentage passing 600 µm sieve : 40 % [20 marks] If the sand used in (a) is moist with moisture content of 1.2% and the granite coarse aggregate is dry with water absorption of 0.65%, determine the mix proportions for 1m 3 and for the trial mix of 0.06 m 3. [5 marks]..7/-

- 7-1. (a) Nyatakan punca dan langkah-langkah penyelesaian bagi kecacatan konkrit berikut :- i. Peretak halusan ii. Scaling iii. Retak Pengecutan Plastik [9 markah] Terangkan bagaimana penjujuhan berlaku. Jelaskan bagaimana potensi konkrit untuk mengalami penjujuhan boleh dinilai. Jelaskan langkah-langkah untuk mengurangkan fenomena penjujuhan tersebut. [8 markah] Bincangkan faktor-faktor yang boleh mempengaruhi kebolehkerjaan konkrit segar. [8 markah] 2. (a) Senaraikan EMPAT (4) faktor yang boleh mempengaruhi ketahanlasakan konkrit. [4 markah] Terangkan secara ringkas kaedah pengujian tegangan tak langsung dengan berbantukan lakaran. Berikan persamaan untuk menentukan kekuatan tegangan tak langsung selinder konkrit. [6 markah] Terangkan maksud pengawetan dan jelaskan tujuan pengawetan konkrit. Nyatakan jenis-jenis pengawetan yang berlainan. [6 markah] Dengan berbantukan rajah yang sesuai, terangkan secara ringkas perlakuan tegasan-terikan konkrit. [9 markah]..8/-

- 8-3. (a) Simen yang sesuai diperlukan untuk kerja-kerja konkrit di dalam pembinaan tetopi-tetopi cerucuk yang besar bagi sebuah jambatan lebuhraya, di mana permasaalahan berkaitan terma berkemungkinan berlaku. Keperluan kekuatan ditetapkan untuk 56-hari, tidak seperti biasa iaitu pada umur 28- hari. Dengan justifikasi-justifikasi yang sesuai, cadangkan DUA (2) jenis simen yang paling sesuai untuk pembinaan tetopi-tetopi cerucuk berkenaan. [5 markah] Dengan berbantukan carta alir yang sesuai, terangkan secara ringkas proses penghasilan simen. [8 markah] Sebagai seorang jurutera awam yang berkecimpung dalam industri simen, anda telah dipertanggungjawabkan untuk memformulasi sejenis simen khas dengan ciri-ciri berikut : i) Kekuatan awal yang sangat tinggi ii) Ciri-ciri pemejalan yang sama dengan OPC iii) Sesuai untuk aplikasi memalam retak-retak halus dan rekahan di dalam konkrit dan batuan secara suntikan bertekanan, dan iv) Ketahanan terhadap sulfat yang lebih baik dari OPC. Bincangkan langkah-langkah yang anda akan ambil untuk memformulasi simen berkenaan bagi mencapai atribut-atribut di atas. [12 markah]..9/-

- 9-4. (a) Senaraikan EMPAT (4) keadaan lembapan yang mungkin bagi agregat. [2 markah] Satu sampel pasir telah diperolehi dari Sungai Kerian untuk dipertimbangkan bagi kegunaan menghasilkan sampel-sampel konkrit bagi satu projek penyelidikan yang akan dijalankan di Makmal Konkrit, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Sampel pasir berkenaan mempunyai jisim 1010g dan 960g, masingmasing dalam keadaan seperti diterima dan kering (oven dried). Penggredan pasir memberikan nilai modulus kehalusan 1.66. Sekiranya kapasiti penyerapan pasir adalah 1.6 %, tentukan peratusan kelembapan bebas. Terangkan kemungkinan ciri keperluan air pasir berdasarkan nilai modulus kehalusan. [6 markah] Dengan berbantukan lakaran yang sesuai, terangkan kepentingan penggredan yang berterusan atau teragih secara sekata bagi agregat-agregat untuk konkrit. [5 markah] Bincangkan prinsip-prinsip bagi ujian nilai hentaman agregat, nilai penghancuran agregat dan nilai hancur sepuluh peratus yang selalunya digunakan untuk menilai sifat-sifat mekanikal agregat. [12 markah]..10/-

- 10-5. (a) Jelaskan DUA (2) peranan air di dalam konkrit. [2 markah] Pembinaan sebuah bangunan sekolah untuk komuniti orang asli di satu kawasan yang terpencil di Pahang telah dicadangkan. Memandangkan ketiadaan sumber air domestik, penggunaan air bawah tanah sebagai air bancuhan konkrit perlu dipertimbangkan. Terangkan bagaimana kesesuaian air dari sumber yang tidak diketahui ini sebagai air bancuhan konkrit boleh ditentukan. [5 markah] Anda terlibat sebagai pakar rujuk konkrit di dalam pembinaan sebuah lapangan terbang baru di Khartoum, Sudan yang mempunyai cuaca yang panas dan kering. Keadaan ini mempunyai kesan yang buruk kepada ciri-ciri pemejalan simen dan konkrit. Terangkan kesan-kesan buruk keadaan cuaca panas dan kering terhadap konkrit. Dengan memberikan justifikasi-justifikasi yang sesuai, cadangkan sejenis bahan tambah kimia yang mungkin perlu digunakan untuk konkrit dalam pembinaan lapangan terbang tersebut. [8 markah] Penggunaan bahan tambah mineral secara amnya dikaitkan dengan penghalusan struktur liang konkrit melalui kesan pengisian liang, yang mana menyumbang kepada peningkatan sifat-sifat dan prestasi ketahanlasakan konkrit. Jelaskan terminologi kesan pengisian liang dan terangkan bagaimana peningkatan sifat-sifat serta prestasi ketahanlasakan dicapai. [10 markah]..11/-

- 11-6. (a) Dengan menggunakan kaedah rekabentuk campuran untuk konkrit biasa (BRE Report, 1988 seperti di Lampiran) dan berdasarkan kepada data yang diberikan di bawah, tentukan kuantiti bahan-bahan untuk satu campuran cubaan dengan isipadu 0.06 m 3. Sertakan lampiran yang digunakan bersama kertas jawapan anda. Kekuatan ciri : 40 MPa at 28 days Jidar : 4 MPa Jenis simen : Simen Portland biasa Jenis agregat (Agregat kasar) : Batuan granit Jenis agregat (Agregat halus) : Pasir sungai Nisbah air/simen bebas maksima : 0.45 Penurunan : 120 mm Saiz maksima agregat : 20 mm Ketumpatan relatif agregat (SSD) : 2.7 Peratusan pasir melepasi ayak 600 µm : 40 % [20 markah] Sekiranya pasir yang digunakan di (a) adalah basah dengan kandungan lembapan 1.2 % dan agregat kasar granit yang digunakan adalah kering dengan penyerapan air 0.65 %, tentukan nisbah bancuhan untuk 1m 3 dan untuk campuran cubaan 0.06 m 3. [5 markah] ooooooooo..12/-