Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTION OF Limnochris flv (L.) BUCHENAU FOR VEGETABLE CROP 1 S. Noorsmh, 2 Z. Mut Hrh, 2 B. Jpr Sidik nd 2 A. Aziz 1 Fculty of Agriculture nd Food Sciences, Universiti Putr Mlysi Bintulu Srwk Cmpus, Nyu Rod, 97008 Bintulu, Srwk, Mlysi. 2 Deprtment of Aquculture, Fculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putr Mlysi, 43400 Serdng, Selngor Mlysi. ABSTRACT Limnochris flv (L.) Buchenu is fst growing qutic plnt often ssocited with rice fields nd dringe systems. When present in undnt, it is serious weed, often competing for nutrients nd spce. In the region of Srwk, Mlysi, plnts re hrvested from the wild nd offered for sle in ntive mrkets s edile vegetle nd consumed mong locl urn peoples. There hs een no ttempt to propgte the plnts through cultivtion. Hence, study ws conducted to evlute the growth performnce of L. flv towrd wter nutrient uptke nd plnt production. Limnochris flv cn e propgted from seeds or plntlets in creted environment, e.g., in tnk. Plnts propgted from seeds showed higher incresed in plnt vegettive prmeters, i.e., plnts height, numer of lef, lde length nd width, petiole dimeter, nd inflorescence compred to plnts propgted from plntlets. Compring growth performnce of L. flv nd culture wter nutrients sed on multivrite nonprmetric procedure BVSTEP, incresed in numer of inflorescence from plnt propgted from seeds ws modertely correlted with NO3, while incresed in lde length in plnts propgted from plntlets were relted to comintion of nitrogen sources NO2, NO3 nd NH3. Seven hrvestings performed t two weeks intervl fter five weeks of trnsplnting showed the yield of L. flv shoots from seeds propgtion ws comprtively higher thn those propgted from plntlets. Keywords: Growth performnce; Limnochris flv; nutrient uptke; tnk culture; yield. www.ijer.in Pge 145
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 INTRODUCTION Plnts re le to reproduce y seeds nd sexully y mens of vegettive orgns. Plnts from hitt tht re unfvorle for seedling estlishment tend to rely lrgely on vegettive reproduction (Sculthorpe, 1985; Fenner, 1985; Fenner nd Thompson, 2005). Asexul reproduction is the dominnt form of reproduction for qutic plnts, i.e., shoot frgments (Certophyllum), turions (Utriculri), inflorescence plntlets (Echinodorus), runners or stolons (Cryptocoryne), rhizomes (Typh), stem tuers (Sgittri), root tuers (Nymphoides) nd corm (Aponogeton) (Sculthorpe, 1985; Cronk nd Fennessy, 2001). Limnochrisflvcn expnd its popultion either y seeds. A fruit of L. flv contins numerous seeds, e.g., 1000 seeds (Kotlwl et l., 1976), 470 to 640 (Qun, 2000) nd 524 to 1547 (Brooks et l., 2008). Besides incresing its popultion through the seeds, the plnt lso propgtes vegettively through plntlets or ulils formed t the pex of flower stlks (Wilder, 1974; Nyr nd Sworupnndn, 1978; Qun, 2000). Studies hve een conducted on the generl spects of L. flv such s ontogeny nd ntomy of the flower (Kul, 1967), plnt development (Wilder, 1974), germintion nd estlishment of the seedlings (Kul, 1978), fruit nd mechnism of seed dispersl (Nyr nd Sworupnndn, 1978), propgtion nd seed dispersl (Kostermns et l., 1987), gronomy (vn den Bergh, 1994), reeding systems (Qun, 2000), seed production nd mturtion (Brooks et l., 2008). Ahilsh et l. (2008) noted on infesttion y L. flv of rice fields in Southern Indi through vigorous reproduction of plntlets. Crop production spects of this plnt re few nd reported y vn den Bergh (1994) nd (Misuthiskul et l., 2008). According to vn den Bergh (1994), L. flv re cultivted in fertile soil nd hrvested fter 2 to 3 months nd widely prcticed in West Jv nd Thilnd. In region such s Srwk, Limnochris plnts hve not een cultivted nd they re gthered from wild nd offered for sle s lefy vegetle in locl mrkets (Voon et l., 1988; Supi et l., 2009). This present study ws conducted to propgte the plnt nd evlute the growth performnce nd yield using seeds nd plntlets in creted environment using fierglss tnk. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plnt Mterils Propgtion of L. flv ws conducted from 16 th of August to 27 th of Decemer 2010 (19 weeks) t Ldng Kongsi, Tmn Pertnin Universiti Universiti Putr Mlysi Bintulu Srwk Cmpus. The experiment ws design in completely rndomized design (CRD) for 30 seedlings nd 30 plntlets. Seeds nd plntlets collected from wterwy t Pulic Lirry Mukh Srwk, Mlysi (N 02 54.283' nd E 112 06.183') were first germinted to otin the seedlings. Plntlet is the rooted vegettive plnt tht developed from the centre of inflorescence. Both plnt mterils were plnted into sediments composed of 3 top soil:2 snd:1 compost y weight in 240 www.ijer.in Pge 146
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 cm x 120 cm x 50 cm fier glss tnk (Figure 1) nd with plnting distnce of 30 cm x 30 cm. The plnting of L. flv distnce nd depth of wter prcticed in this experiment followed the growing condition of this plnt in flooded rice field t West Jv, Indonesi s reported y vn den Bergh (1994). The Growth Performnce The plnt performnce in this study involve mesure of some suitle chrcter; lef length, lef width or rtio of the two s these were relted to lef re (for mesurement ville for photosynthesis) nd, flower numer reflecting the reproductive cpcity of n individul (Kershw, 1964). Other thn those prmeters mentioned ove, height of plnt, lef petiole length nd dimeter, numer of lef inflorescence formed were recorded weekly for six weeks strted from August 16 th to Septemer 27 th in 2010 to determine the growth performnce (Figure 2). Wter smples were collected from culture tnks t the initil of plnting nd therefter weekly for determintion of the concentrtion of nitrte (NO3 ) nd nitrite (NO2 ), mmonium (NH3 ) nd orthophosphte (PO43 ).The wter smples were filtered y using Rocker 600 filter vcuum set with Whtmn filter pper No.1, Whtmn glss microfier filter GF/C nd Whtmn cellulose nitrte memrne filter 0.45 µm following the method of EPA (2009) prior to nutrient nlyses. The concentrtions of nitrte (NO3 ), nitrite (NO2 ), mmoni (NH3 ) nd orthophosphte (PO43 ) were determined using portle spectrophotometerdr/2400 (Hch DR/2400 Spectrophotometer Procedure Mnul 2002). Yield The tender edile shoot of L. flv comprises leves, (mtured nd young) nd inflorescence clusters were hrvested from Octoer 4 th until Decemer 27 th in 2010. Hrvested components were clened under running wter nd residul moisture evported t room temperture. The fresh weight, dimeter nd length of shoot were recorded from plnts propgted y seed nd plntlet. Seven similr hrvestings were conducted t two weeks intervl until the yield production declined. Two hundred grm of fertilizer (Grden Well 45 of 15% N: 15% P: 15% K) per tnk ws pplied fter 4 th hrvesting to mintin the growth performnce. Sttisticl Anlysis The growth performnces; i.e., incresed in plnt height, petiole dimeter, lde length, lde width, numer of lef, numer of inflorescence nd the men vlues of the dimension nd yields www.ijer.in Pge 147
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 of hrvested shoots of L. flv propgted from seeds nd plntlets were compred using SAS V 9.2 with single fctor AVOVA (p<0.05) nd ttest (p<0.05).the growth performnce prmeters response nd nutrient contents of culture wter during the cultivtion were lso compred y using Plymouth Routines in the Multivrite Ecologicl Reserch (PRIMER) sttisticl softwre pckge version 5 (Clrke nd Wrwick, 2001). The similrity mtrix of the growth performnce prmeters ws clssified ccording to BryCurtis similrity (Bry nd Curtis, 1957) y hierrchicl gglomertive clustering vi complete linkge method nd followed y multivrite nonprmetric procedure BVSTEP to verify the nutrient or nutrients in the culture wter tht my explin the incresed in growth performnce prmeters in the experiments. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growth Performnce The growth performnce of L. flv from seeds nd plntlets re presented in Figure 3. Plnt consistently produced leves (Figure 3) nd inflorescences first ppernce two weeks fter trnsplnting (Figure 3). The incresed in plnt height (Figure 3c), lde length (Figure 3e) nd width (Figure 3f) did not showed ovious difference in the erly growth phse. At week 4 fter trnsplnting, plnts propgted from seed showed incresed in height thn plnts propgted from plntlet nd lter oth ttined similr incresed in height fter week 5 fter trnsplnting. The incresed in petiole dimeter of propgted plnts from seeds showed significntly higher t week 3 to week 6 fter trnsplnting compred to the plnts propgted from plntlets (Figure 4d). The growth performnce responses, i.e., incresed in numer of lef nd inflorescence, plnt height, petiole dimeter, lde length nd lde width (Figure 3) were compred with culture 3 wter nutrient; NO3, NO2, NH3 nd PO4 (Tle 1) y using multivrite nonprmetric procedure BVSTEP. The spermn correltion, p vlue etween the vriles represents the reltionship, where p vlue up to 0.33 is considered wek reltionship, etween 0.34 to 0.66 medium strength reltionship nd over 0.67 s strong reltionship. Bsed on multivrite nonprmteric procedure BVSTEP, the likely nutrient or comintion of nutrients involved in producing positive response to the growth performnce prmeters is shown in Tle 2. Limnochris flv my not selectively sored one nutrient t time, ut the uptke my involve comintion of sorle nutrient in the culture wter. The growth performnce from plnt propgted from seeds s indicted y incresed in numer of lef, plnt height, petiole dimeter, lde length nd lde width were hving wek correltion, p vlue 0.046 to 0.272 with the nutrient constitutions, while moderte correltion p vlue 0.474 explined the incresed numer of florescence ws relted to NO3 in culture wter. Incresed in lde length of plnts www.ijer.in Pge 148
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 propgted from plntlets showed moderte correltion p vlue 0.414 with nitrogen sources of NO2, NO3, nd NH3. Ruess et l. (1983) nd Ozimek et l. (1993) lso reported NO3 ws incresed the plnt iomss of other qutic plnts, i.e., Kyllingi nervos Steud. nd Elode respectively. Yield Seven hrvesting ctivities were performed fter five weeks of trnsplnting plnts from polyg to tnk culture to investigte the production of L. flv in 2.88 m 2 re t two weeks intervl (Figure 4). The yield of shoots incresed in 1 st to 3 rd hrvesting nd declined in 4 th due to the infesttion of yellow leg phids (Aphis gossypii Glover, Homopter: Aphidide) nd young lef soft rot disese. The yield of shoots drmticlly incresed fter pplying insecticide folir spry. The yield of shoot from seed propgtion ws significntly higher (p<0.05) thn propgted from plntlets. Dimension nlyses of hrvested shoots from plnts propgted from seeds nd plntlets re summrized in Tles 3 nd 4. There ws no discernile difference in the dimension of shoots hrvested from oth propgted plnts in culture. The cultured L. flv shoot lengths were in the rnge of mrketed L.flv s shoots which were collected from the wild (Tle 3). In this study, L. flv ws grown in tnk system for five months cropping seson. The comprison of production of cultivted L. flv plnts in tnks with other production from vrious studies (vn den Bergh, 1994) is shown in Tle 5. This study showed tht plntlet cn e used for the cultivtion of L. flv. In West Jv, Indonesi, propgtion y plntlet is commonly used in pddy fields s reported y vn den Bergh (1994). The yield of L. flv in this cultivtion ws lower thn in rice field cultivtion s reported y vn den Bergh (1994). This is prtly ttriuted to the infesttion of A. gossypii which decresed the yield of L. flv cultivted in tnks. CONCLUSION Limnochris flv cn e propgted from seeds nd plntlets in creted environment using tnk. This species ws cultured with five months cropping seson. The incresed in height of plnt, petiole nd lde size did not showed ovious difference in the erly growth ut t week 4 the plnt propgted from seed ws comprtively higher in the increment in height thn plnts from plntlet. Bsed on weekly monitoring on wter nutrients, the plnt selectively sored more thn one nutrient ville in the wter sources. There is no specific nutrient tht is responsile for the growth performnce prmeters. In the production study, the yield of shoots from seed propgtion ws comprtively higher thn those from plntlet. The yield of L. flv in this present study ws lower thn those otined in rice field cultivtion in Indonesi. www.ijer.in Pge 149
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The uthors wish to cknowledge the Fculty of Agriculture nd Food Sciences, Universiti Putr Mlysi Bintulu Srwk Cmpus, Mlysi for technicl support nd the lortory fcilities provided. This reserch is funded y the Ministry of Science, Technology nd Innovtion Mlysi, under Science Fund entitled Ethnootnicl studies of qutic mcrophytes used y indigenous peoples nd Ministry of Higher Eduction Mlysi for scholrship wrd. REFERENCES Ahilsh, P.C., Singh, N., Syls, V.P., Kumr, B.A., Mthew, J.C., Stheesh, R. & Thoms, A.P. 2008. Ecodistriution mpping of invsive weed Limnochris flv (L.) Buchenu using geogrphicl informtion system: implictions for continment nd integrted weed mngement for ecosystem conservtion. Tiwni 53: 3041. Amus, N.A., Adigite, A.A., Muhmmed, S. & Biyewu, R.A. 2004. Ym diseses nd its mngement in Nigeri. Africn Journl of Biotechnology 2(12): 497502. Bry, J.R. & Curtis, J.T. 1957. An ordintion of the uplnd forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecologicl Monogrphs 27: 325349. Brooks, S.J., Weer, J.M., Setter, S.D. & Akcich, B.A. 2008. Seed production nd mturtion of Limnochris flv (L.) Buchenu in the field nd glsshouse. In vn Klinken, R.O., Osten, V.A., Penett, F.D. & Scnin, J.C. (eds.). Proceeding of the 16 th Austrlin Weeds Conference, Queenslnd Weeds Society, Austrlin, pp: 180182. Clrke, K.R. & Wrwick, R.M. 2001. Chnges in Mrine Communities: An Approch to Sttisticl Anlysis nd Interprettion. Plymouth, United Kingdom: PRIMERE. Ltd. Cronk, J.K. & Fennessy, M.S. 2001. Wetlnd Plnts: Biology nd Ecology, CRC press. Fenner, M. 1985. Seed Ecology. London: Chpmn nd Hll. Fenner, M. & Thompson, K. 2005. The Ecology of Seeds. United Kingdom: Cmridge University Press. Kul, R.B. 1967. Ontogeny nd ntomy of the flower of Limnochris flv (Butomcee). Americn Journl of Botny 54(10): 12231230. Kul, R.B. 1978. Morphology of germintion nd estlishment of qutic seedlings in Alismtcee nd Hydrochritcee. Aqutic Botny 5: 139147. Kershw, K. A. 1964. Quntittive nd Dynmic Ecology London: The English Lnguge Book Society nd Edwrd Arnold (Pulishers) Ltd. Kostermns, A., Wirjhrdj, S., Dekker, R.J., Soerjni, M. & Tjitrosoepomo, G. 1987. The weeds: description, ecology nd control. In Soerjni, M., Kostermns, A.J.G.H. & Tjitrosoepomo, G. (eds.) Weeds of Rice in Indonesi, pp 28564. Jkrt: Bli Pustk. www.ijer.in Pge 150
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 Kotlwl, J., Vrshney, C.K. & Rzosk, J. 1976. Noxious wter vegettion in Sri Lnk: The Extent nd Impct of Existing Infesttions Aqutic Weeds in SE Asi. The Hgue: W. Junk. Misuthiskul, P., Psuk, S. & Ritthirungdej, P. 2008. Reltionship etween ntioxidnt properties nd chemicl composition of some Thi plnts. Journl of Food Composition nd Anlysis. 21: 229240. Nyr, B.K. & Sworupnndn, K. 1978. Morphology of the fruit nd mechnism of seed dispersl of the freshwter weed, Limnochris flv, In Proceedings of Indin Acdemy of Science 87(2): 4953. Ozimek, T., vn Donk, E. & Gulti, R. D. 1993. Growth nd nutrient uptke y two species of Elode in experimentl conditions nd their role in nutrient ccumultion in mcrophytesdominted lke. In HillrichtIlkowsk, A. & Pieczyńsk, E. Nutrient Dynmics nd Retention in Lnd/Wter Ecotones of Lowlnd, Temperte Lkes nd Rivers Volume 83, pp 1318. Netherlnds: Spinger. Qun, S.P.G.H.H. 2000. Studies on the reeding system of Limnochris flv (Butomcee). Act Phytotxonomic Sinic 38(1): 5359. Reuss, R. W., McNughton, S. J. & Coughenour, M. B. 1983. The effects of clipping, nitrogen source nd nitrogen concetrtion on the growth responses nd nitrogen uptke of n est fricn sedge. Oecologi 59: 253261. Supi, N., Zkri, M.H. & Bujng, J.S. 2009. Anlytic chemicl composition nd minerl content of yellow velvetlef (Limnochris flv L. Buchenu)'s edile prts. Journl of Applied Sceinces 9(16): 29692974. Sculthorpe, C.D. 1985. The Biology of Aqutic Vsculr Plnts. London: Edwrd Arnold. vn den Bergh, M.H. 1994. Limnchris flv (L.) Buchenu. In Siemonsm, S. nd Ksem. P. (eds.), Plnt Resources of Southest Asi 8: Vegetles, pp 192194. Bogor, Indonesi: PROSEA. Voon, B.H., Chin, T.H. & Sim, P. 1988. Syursyurn dn Buhuhn Hutn di Srwk. Srwk: Ministry of Agriculture nd Rurl Development Srwk. Wilder, G.J. 1974. Symmetry nd development of Butomus umelltus (Butomcee) nd Limnochris flv (Limnochritcee). Americn Journl of Botny 61(4): 379394. www.ijer.in Pge 151
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 240 cm 120 cm 50 cm L. flv Wter level t 1 week fter trnsplnting Wter level fter trnsplnting Sustrte level 30 cm 10 cm 10 cm 10 cm Figure 1: The plnts (seedlings) propgted from seeds or plntlets were grown in tnk t the distnce of 30 cm x 30 cm in 10 cm sustrte level nd flooded with ged tp wter t 10 cm level. www.ijer.in Pge 152
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 ) Limnochris flv w l il ped pl ph ) Neptuni olerce Figure 2: The illustrtion of mesurement tken for recording vrious components of L. flv plnt height (ph), lde length (l), lde width (w), petiole length (pl), petiole dimeter (ped) nd inflorescence length (il). www.ijer.in Pge 153
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 4 Seed Plntlet 4 Seed Plntlet Incresed in numer of lef 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Incresed in numer of inflorescence 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Week fter trnsplnting Week fter trnsplnting c d Incresed in plnt height (cm) 25 20 15 10 5 Seed Plntlet Incresed in petiole dimeter (cm) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Seed Plntlet 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 e Week fter trnsplnting f Week fter trnsplnting Incresed in lde length (cm) 10 8 6 4 2 Seed Plntlet Incresed in lde width (cm) 8 6 4 2 Seed Plntlet 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Week fter trnsplnting Week fter trnsplnting Figure 3: The growth performnce of L. flv from seeds nd plntlets. () Incresed in numer of lef, () incresed in numer of inflorescence, (c) incresed in plnt height, (d) incresed in petiole dimeter, (e) incresed in lde length nd (f) incresed in lde width (given s mens ± s.e, n=30). The r shring common letter t the www.ijer.in Pge 154
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 sme weeks re not sttisticlly significnt etween plnting mterils (seeds nd plntlets) ccording to ttest (p<0.05), i.e., >. Applying fertilizer Numer of hrvested shoots 80 60 40 20 Seed Plntlet Germinting seed in germinting try Trnsferring seedling nd plntlet into culture tnk nd initil wter nutrients smpling Weekly smpling wter nutrients nd recording plnt height, numer of lef, inflorescence, lef petiole dimeter nd length, nd lde length nd width First hrvesting Second hrvesting Third hrvesting Fourth hrvesting Fifth hrvesting Sixth hrvesting Seventh hrvesting 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Week 80 Numer of hrvested shoots 60 40 20 Fertilizing with orgnic Plnting plntlets t inundted rice field First hrvesting 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Week Figure 4: Comprison of yield of L. flv two different cultured systems in 2.88 m 2 re. () Numer of hrvested shoot hrvested from tnk culture of present study, i.e., ll vlues re given s mens ± s.e nd () numer of hrvested shoots from inundted rice field s reported y vn den Bergh (1994). www.ijer.in Pge 155
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 Tle 1: Nutrient content in culture wter of L. flv propgted from seeds nd plntlets. NH 3 (ppm) NO2 (ppm) NO3 (ppm) PO4 3 (ppm) Week Plnt mteril Plnt mteril Plnt mteril Plnt mteril Seed Plntlet Seed Plntlet Seed Plntlet Seed Plntlet 1 0.052 ± 0.078 ± 0.004 0.004 0.025 ± 0.009 0.057 ± 0.009 1.450 ± 0.081 1.533 ± 0.427 ± 0.518 ± 0.055 0.029 n.s 0.032 2 0.052 ± 0.005 0.080± 0.001 0.018 ± 0.003 0.050 ± 0.007 1.350 ± 1.550 ± 0.418 ± 0.473 ± 0.050 0.022 0.029 n.s 0.024 n.s 3 0.052 ± 0.004 0.070 ± 0.001 0.016 ± 0.002 0.059 ± 0.009 1.417 ± 0.040 1.533 ± 0.395 ± 0.482 ± 0.033 0.043 n.s 0.011 n.s 4 0.050 ± 0.003 0.070 ± 0.004 0.010 ± 0.001 0.057 ± 0.009 1.350 ± 1.433 ± 0.270 ± 0.472 ± 0.043 0.021 0.036 0.011 5 0.055 ± 0.003 n.s 0.057 ± 0.003 n.s 0.009 ± 0.001 0.054 ± 1.333 ± 1.417 ± 0.215 ± 0.410 ± 0.008 0.042 0.070 0.026 0.016 6 0.050 ± 0.004 n.s 0.057 ± 0.002 n.s 0.008 ± 0.001 0.052 ± 1.267 ± 1.583 ± 0.157 ± 0.382 ± 0.009 0.033 0.065 0.011 0.014 All vlues re given s men ± s.e, n=6. Different superscript lphets in the sme column of nutrients within sme week indicte significnt difference t p<0.05 (ANOVA, ttest), i.e., > ; n.s is not significntly different. www.ijer.in Pge 156
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 Tle 2: The drivers, i.e., likely nutrient or nutrients comintion relted to the oserved growth performnce vriles in L. flv throughout the growth experiments sed on multivrite nonprmetric procedure BVSTEP. Prmeters Plnt mteril Numer of nutrient Spermn rnk correltion (p) Best nutrient comintion Incresed in numer of lef Seed 1 0.272 NO 3 Plntlet 2 0.213 NH 3, PO4 3 Incresed in numer of inflorescence Seed 1 0.474 NO 3 Plntlet 2 0.093 NH 3, PO4 3 Incresed in plnt height Seed 4 0.146 NH 3, NO3, NO2, PO4 3 Incresed in petiole dimeter Plntlet 0.000 No trend ws otined Seed 4 0.046 NH 3, NO3, NO2, PO4 3 Plntlet 3 0.020 NO 3, NO2, PO4 3 Incresed in lde length Seed 3 0.157 NH 3, NO3, NO2 Plntlet 3 0.414 NH 3, NO3, NO2 Incresed in lde width Seed 4 0.136 NH 3, NO3, NO2, PO4 3 Plntlet 1 0.285 NO 3 www.ijer.in Pge 157
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 Tle 3: Shoot length nd inflorescence length of L. flv propgted from seeds nd plntlets. Hrvesting time Young lef length (cm) Rolled lef length (cm) Inflorescence length (cm) Plnt mteril Plnt mteril Plnt mteril Seed Plntlet Seed Plntlet Seed Plntlet 1 83.23±1.25 (n=16) 86.90±1.14 (n=23) 40.00±3.62 n.s (n=38) 39.76±3.28 n.s (n=39) 32.91±4.50 n.s (n=27) 41.68±3.82 n.s (n=26) 2 67.33±3.12 (n=16) 75.22±2.25 (n=26) 31.86±3.77 (n=23) 36.25±2.99 (n=34) 35.58±3.26 n.s (n=24) 37.85±3.63 n.s (n=26) 3 65.72±2.94 n.s (n=22) 70.78±2.08 n.s (n=21) 36.23±2.79 n.s (n=36) 37.11±3.09 n.s (n=29) 29.99±3.10 n.s (n=30) 32.56±2.56 n.s (n=25) 4 63.16±2.31 (n=19) 54.45±2.76 (n=10) 33.31±2.30 n.s (n=34) 33.09±3.51 n.s (n=22) 33.89±2.62 n.s (n=24) 26.21±5.06 n.s (n=11) 5 79.03±1.20 (n=36) 69.62±2.07 (n=13) 43.34±2.62 (n=74) 37.79±3.43 (n=31) 37.51±3.02 n.s (n=37) 39.97±4.14 n.s (n=19) 6 76.94±0.91 (n=28) 69.58±1.10 (n=10) 44.22±2.69 (n=63) 36.65±3.55 (n=25) 38.59±3.16 n.s (n=32) 37.66±4.68 n.s (n=14) 7 74.36±0.92 (n=23) 67.80±1.61 (n=8) 42.35±2.83 (n=52) 32.41±3.65 (n=21) 33.70±3.65 n.s (n=26) 27.64±5.57 n.s (n=10) Mrketed L. flv s shoot* 30.18 59.20 27.57 65.14 25.33 54.05 All vlues re given s men ± s.e. Different superscript lphets in the sme column of shoots dimensions within sme hrvesting week indicte significnt difference t p<0.05 (ANOVA, ttest), i.e., > ; n.s is not significntly different. *The rnge of shoot length of mrketle wild L. flv ws used to compre the cultured shoots. www.ijer.in Pge 158
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 Tle 4: Shoot weight nd inflorescence weight of L. flv propgted from seeds nd plntlets. Young lef weight (g) Rolled lef weight Inflorescence weight (g) Hrvesting time Plnt mteril Plnt mteril Plnt mteril Seed Plntlet Seed Plntlet Seed Plntlet 1 51.81±1.55 n.s (n=16) 53.91±1.38 n.s (n=23) 18.32±2.52 n.s (n=38) 18.67±2.60 n.s (n=39) 12.37±2.04 n.s (n=27) 15.62±1.87 n.s nn=26) 2 34.44±2.91 (n=16) 43.88±3.01 (n=26) 13.00±2.36 n.s (n=23) 17.44±2.42 n.s (n=34) 9.00±1.11 (n=24) 12.65±1.44 (n=26) 3 32.14±2.73 (n=22) 39.71±2.34 (n=21) 13.17±1.59 n.s (n=36) 15.17±2.24 n.s (n=29) 7.63±1.08 n.s (n=30) 8.52±0.95 n.s (n=25) 4 28.16±2.33 n.s (n=19) 24.80 ± 1.74 n.s (n=10) 11.88±1.44 n.s (n=34) 12.41±1.96 n.s (n=22) 9.13±1.08 n.s (n=24) 6.45±1.66 n.s (n=11) 5 40.94±2.04 (n=36) 33.46±2.55 (n=13) 17.80±1.63 n.s (n=74) 15.10±1.6 n.s (n=31) 10.68±1.16 n.s (n=37) 11.56±1.67 n.s (n=19) 6 37.00±1.69 (n=28) 30.80±1.88 (n=10) 18.57±1.71 n.s (n=63) 15.28±1.88 n.s (n=25) 11.19±1.25 n.s (n=32) 11.21±1.89 n.s (n=14) 7 33.09±1.30 (n=23) 29.16±1.58 (n=8) 16.56±1.54 (n=52) 11.76±1.94 (n=21) 10.46±1.51 n.s (n=26) 10.02±1.29 n.s (n=10) All vlues re given s men ± s.e. Different superscript lphets in the sme column of shoots dimensions within sme hrvesting week indicte significnt difference t p<0.05 (ANOVA, ttest), i.e., > ; n.s is not significntly different. www.ijer.in Pge 159
Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Environmentl Reserch ISSN: 24556939 Tle 5: The gronomic comprison of yield production for L. flv. Culture method Plnt mteril Fresh weight (g/m 2 ) Yield (shoots/m 2 ) Numer of unch of hrvested shoot (unch/m 2 ) Cropping seson (month) References Inundted rice field, Indonesi Seed 20 vn den Bergh (1994) Tnk Seed 185.24 556.94 11 26 1 2 5 This present study Tnk Plntlet 96.35 369.27 7 15 1 2 5 This present study www.ijer.in Pge 160