Rice Production Practices in Malaysia in Relation toghg Emissions Shuhaimen Ismail
Rice Production Practices in Malaysia in Relation to GHG Emissions Introduction ti Emission contributors: Area Water regime Fertilizer applictions Straw management Rice GHG inventroy Support needed Summary
Introduction Geography Total area: 328,600 km 2 Peninsular Malaysia 131,600 km 2 Sabah 73,700 km 2 Sarawak 123,300 km 2 Coastline: 4,675 km Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Sarawak
Geography Ml Malaysia is a coastal nation Coastal areas are home to more than 60% of the total population Most coastal regions are low lying, areas that are less than 05 0.5m above the highest h tide, or are within 100m inland of the high water mark, would be especially ill vulnerable to sea level lrise.
Malaysia Climate The climate of Malaysia is typical of the humid tropics Relatively uniformtemperatures throughout the year Mean temperature in the lowlands ranges between 26 C and 28 C Although the annual variation of the daily mean temperature t may be small (about (b t2 C to 3 C) the diurnal variation may be as large as 12 C.
Malaysia Climate Seasonal variations in climate are more evidently marked by rainfall patterns closely mirror changes in the monsoon winds blowing at different times of the year. The Northeast monsoon is dominant from November to March, bi bringing i moisture it and more rain. Between June and September, the Southwest monsoon winds blow. Over 3,550 mm of rainfall a year are being recorded in the lowlands.
Rainy Season
Rainy Season
Malaysia Land Cover Land Cover Category Area (ha.) Total Area (ha) % Peninsular Sarawak Area /Sabah Forests 5,800,540 10,050,900 15,851,440 47.98 Croplands 5,225,930 5,156,420 10,382,350 31.43 Waterbodies 83,794 30,335 114,129 0.34 No Data 2,058,540 4,630,530 6,689,070 20.25
Rice Production Area Item 2005 2007 2009 Rice Parcel (ha) 440,961 426,224224 425,990 Planted Area (ha) 666,781 676,111 608,525 Total Paddy Production ( 000 ton) 2,314 2,375 2,453 Average Yield (kg/ha) 3,471 3,514 3,845 Total Import (Rice 000 ton) 584.7 1,075.0 1,043.0* * (Jan June) Planted area > rice parcel > double cropping in irrigated areas
Rice Production Practices in Malaysia in Relation to GHG Emissions A. Rice Parcel (ha) B. Planted Area (ha) Total 2009 Main Season 08/09 Season Off Season 09 Total 425,990 425,857 425,990 Peninsular Malaysia 320,920 320,920 320,920 Granary Area 204,246 204,246 204,246 Sabah 46,826 46,826 46,826 Sarawak 58,244 58,111 58,244 Total 608,525 412,401 262,527 Peninsular Malaysia 515,657 265,427 250,230 Granary Area 391,625 197,279 194,346 Sabah 34,594 22,460 12,134 Sarawak 58,274 58,111 163
Malaysia Rice Granary Areas Granary Year Established Project Area Hectarage (ha) Agriculture Area Rice Area MADA 1965 126,155 109,501 96,558 KADA 1968 89,500 64,555 31,464 Krian Sg. Manik 1979 66,282 30,560 28,488 Barat Laut Selangor 1979 199,199 82,044 19,701 Seberang Perak 1981 17,307 16,437 8,529 KETARA 1992 258,736 65,828 5,110 Kemasin Semerak 1982 68,350 46,560 5,560 Pulau Pinang 1983 104,636 67,095 10,138 Incentives Skim Baja Padi Kerajaan Persekutuan Subsidi Harga Padi (GMP) Harga Minimum Terjamin Insentif Pengeluaran Padi Insentif Peningkatan Hasil Rate 2 beg baja urea, 5 beg baja campuran masing-masing seberat 20kg bagi setiap ekar sawah RM 248.10 setan metrik bersih dipintu kilang RM650.00 Upah Bajak pada kadar maksimum RM100.00 sehektar dan input pertanian (racun dan baja) maksimum RM140.00 sehektar RM650.00 bagi setiap 1 tan metrik peningkatan hasil bersih dipintu kilang berbanding tahun sebelumnya (tahun asas)
Water Regimes Irrigation Continously flooded Subjected to flooding Subjected to drying Rainfed Continously flooded Subjected to flooding Subjected to drying
Rice Variety Rice variety MR 219 MR 220 MR 232 MR 185 MR 211 Maturation: 105 120 days
Irrigated Area
Drying Rice field
Crop Establishment Crop Establishment Direct seeding (95%) Wet seeding Dry seeding Volunteer seeding Transplanting (5%) Manual transplanting Mechanical ltransplanting ti Direct seeding: lengthen the duration of rice field under flooded conditions
Fertilizer application Fertilizer N 100 150 kg/ha P 2 O 5 70 80 kg/ha K 2 O 90 120 kg/ha No organic amendment added
Straw Management Harvesting 95% by mechanical harvestor
Straw Management In rainfed areas Mostly left To rot in the field edof removed ed for other uses In irrigated double cropping areas Burned to clear the field for coming season
Rice GHG Inventory Tier 1 Activity data Area and production Assumptions on water regimes, straw management EF Thailand (INC & NC2) Current works establishing local emission factors
Support needed Capacity building Developing local EF GHG analytical techniques V&A assessment Mitigation studies and options
Summary Malaysia geography is vulnerable to CC particulary sea level rise and extreme climatic events Rice double cropping, inadequate farm water control, direct seeding rice establishment and burning of rice straw enhanced GHG emission from rice field Capacity building and establishment of local baseline data are ungently needed
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