An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver Southern States Energy Board Sept. 26-27 th, 2016 Rogers, AK LLNL-PRES-695204 This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver
Financing CCUS: proposed legisla3on (45Q) 45Q reform has bilateral and bicameral support HR4622: Carbon Capture Act (Conaway) 39 sponsors (26R, 13 D) Unlimited/permanent credits can be claimed for 10 years $30 for any applica9on (EOR, storage, use) Eligibility: 150,000 tons/y for all Transferability S. 3179 Carbon Capture & Storage Act (Heitkamp/Whitehouse) 10 sponsors (7D, 3R) Unlimited/permanent credits can be claimed for 12 years $35 for EOR or use, $50 for storage Eligibility: 100,000 tons/y for industrial facili9es Transferability Learn more Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver
We ve never used less of ANY energy 36 Gt CO 2 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver
Farmers!! Rolling plains!! ~$6B global power market ~$100B global fuels market Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver 4
Alternative Conventional Res. Rooftop Solar PV Comm. Rooftop Solar PV Distr. Gen. Community Solar PV Utility PV (Crystal) Utility PV (Thin Film) Utility Solar Thermal Fuel Cell Microturbine Geothermal Biomass Wind Energy Efficiency Diesel Recip NG Recip Gas Peaker IGCC Nuclear Coal NG Comb. Cycle $2.50/g diesel $2.00/MBTU coal $3.50 NG Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory $32 (c) $46 (d) $43 $50 $52 $58 $50 $68 $65 $78 $60 2017 projected $79 $82 $70 $82 $77 $96 $97 $78 $109 $106 $89 $119 $101 (m) $124 $110 $117 $136 (g) $152 $136 $165 $150 $184 $167 Offshore Vogtle An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver $181 $183 $193 $212 Unsubsidized LCOE ($/MW-hr) $218 With CCS (SJF) No thermal (f) $251 storage $0 $100 $200 $300 $300 $281 Lazard 2015
SOC in U.S. Corn Belt Percent of 1907 Total SOC IPCC, 2015 Prudent use of biomass for energy remains controversial Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver 6
Biomass power generation Operational & Commercial Limits: energy density; harvest radius; ash; drying; boiler derating EU tariffs now: unsustainable in long haul (cost, life-cycle) Challenges to carbon neutrality (NRDC, EDF, CATF, others) Biofuel production (corn and cane, biodiesel) Heavily subsidizes Life-cycle challenges (e.g., transport, drying) Algae and wastes Tough economics Harvesting and use challenges Ash fouling in dedicated biomass boiler Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver 7
Biomass + CCS Gasification + CO2 storage Pyrolysis + biochar Ligno-coal Monetizing biomass systems Low-C fuel standard 45Q reform Soil upgradation Rio Bravo power plant Fresno, CA For these systems, rigorous life-cycle analysis can add revenue, acceptability and adop#on via C reduc#on Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver 8
Gasification-Based BECCS Catalytic Fuel Tran Synthesis Two Biomass Two major Gasifier major Syngas approaches (BEC BURN Gas Turbine Ele biomass Cycle power CCS/EOR/CO2U CO 2 (ga Two major Gasification-Based approaches BECCS BECCS (BECCS) Catalytic Fuel Fuel Tra boiler Synthesis Biomass Biomass Gasifier Gasifier CO2 Syngas Syngas Gasification-Based BECCS Catalytic Fuel Gas Turbine Transportation E Gas Turbine GASIFY Pyrolysis-Based BECCS Synthesis Cycle Fuels Catalytic Cycle Fuel COTran Biomass Gasifier Syngas biomass Synthesis power CCS/EOR/CO2U CO 2 (g 2 (g turbine Biomass Pyrolyzer Gas Turbine Electric Power Bio-oil Two major gasifier approaches Cycle (BECCS) syngas CO2 Steam Power CO 2 (gaseous carbon) Ele Pyrolysis-Based BECCS fuel unit Cycle Catalytic biofuels Fuel Geological Tra Gasification-Based Pyrolysis-Based BECCS BECCS Catalytic Fuel Catalytic Synthesis Fuel Transportation Deposit Tra Biomass Pyrolyzer Biochar (solid carbon) PYROLIZE Synthesis Bio-oil Synthesis Fuels Pyrolysis-Based Biomass BECCS Biomass Gasifier Syngas Pyrolyzer Catalytic Bio-oil Fuel Steam Power Transportation E biomass turbine power Synthesis Cycle Fuels Soil/Ag Gas Turbine Steam Power Electric Power E Biomass Pyrolyzer bio-oil Bio-oil pyrolizer Cycle fuel unit Biochar (solid carbon) biofuels CycleCO Steam Power 2 (gaseous carbon) Electric Power biochar Cycle Biochar (solid carbon) Geological Deposit Biochar (solid carbon) Agricultural Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver Lands 9 Pyrolysis-Based BECCS Catalytic Fuel Transportation
Pyrolyzer Product Recovery Lignocellulosic Biomass Heavy Ends Light Ends Biochar Can sell Phenolic Oil Sugars Can cure, polymerize, and use Acetate Transportation Fuels Boiler Fuels Bio-asphalt Carbon Fibers Fermentation or Refining to Fuels and Chemicals Bio-Cement Can refine Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver Courtesy R. Brown, Iowa State Univ. 10
Fuel type Lignocol for coal Lignocol TM 0.72 0.47 0.01 0.3 12,264 Moisture Volatiles Fixed Carbon Ash Anthracite (Pennsylvania) 4.3 9.6 0.8 0.9 12,880 0.716% 65.4% 33.4% 0.471 High-volatile C Bituminous (Illinois) 14.4 9.6 3.8 1.0 10,810 Fuel type Crushed LignocolMoisture Subbituminous B (Wyoming) Lower ash, moisture, 22.2 sulfur, 4.3 and TM 0.5 1.0 9,610 (wt%) Lignite (North Dakota) 36.8 5.9 Lignocol 0.9 TM 0.6 7,000 0.72 0.47 0.01 0 Potentially part lab-scale of a Clean fluidized Power bed combustor Plan compliance strategy can directly su Moisture Volatiles Fixed 0.716% 65.4% 3 Comparable heating value Lignocol Moisture TM Ash can Sulfur directly Nitrogen Heating value substitute (wt%) (wt%) Lower (wt%) ash, moisture, (wt%) sulfur, (Btu/lb) Crushed Lignocol and TM nitrogen content for coal Comparable heating value nitrogen content Successfully test burned in ISU Successfully test burned in ISU lab-scale fluidized bed combustor 36 wt% Fuel substitution type of LignocolTM and sequestration Moisture of Ash the biochar Sulfur could meet Nitrogen a 40% mandate Heating value (wt%) (wt%) (wt%) (wt%) (Btu/lb) Cost of electricity based on using LignocolTM at an existing coal-fired facility is $0.098/kWhr or $30/ton Lignocol of off-co2* TM 0.72 0.47 0.01 0.3 12,264 *Assumes coal Anthracite costs $56.3/Mg, (Pennsylvania) biomass costs $83/Mg and 4.3 10% IRR 9.6 0.8 0.9 12,880 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver 11 Ash (wt%) Sulfur (wt%) Pulverized Lignocol TM Nitro (wt Anthracite (Pennsylvania) 4.3 9.6 0.8 0. High-volatile C Bituminous (Illinois) 14.4 9.6 3.8 1. Subbituminous B (Wyoming) 22.2 4.3 0.5 1. Lignite (North Dakota) 36.8 5.9 0.9 0. Note: coal analyses is as received Coal Data: A Reference (1995) Energy Information Admin
Fully modular, fully containerized Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver 12
Like charcoal, but not a fuel Restructures organic carbon 100 s of years in soil Increases porosity, water retention Large, existing market Soil amendment Generally adds nutrients and increases yields Salable by product amer pyrolysis Terra Preta Oxisol Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver 13
Biochar & Biofuel Scenario [1] Biochar Unit Price ($/tonne) 20 30 40 50 60 MFSP ($/gal) 3.03 3.00 2.97 2.94 2.91 Biofuel Unit Price ($/gal) 2 2.5 3 4 5 Biochar MPSP ($/tonne) 364 197 30-304 -637 Total Capital Cost ($MM) 364 Biochar & Bio power Scenario [2] Biochar Unit Price 20 30 40 50 60 MESP (cents/kwh) 10.07 10.01 9.96 9.90 9.85 Electricity Unit Price (cents/kwh) 8 9 10 11 12 Biochar MPSP ($/tonne) 400 216 32-152 -336 Total Capital Cost ($MM) 316 Courtesy M. Wright, Iowa State U. MFSP: Min. fuel sale price MESP: Min. elect. sale price MPSP: Min. product sale price (10% IRR) negative # s = profit MFSP ($/gal) 3.04 3.00 2.96 2.92 2.88 2.84 20 30 40 50 60 Biochar Unit Price ($/tonne) Biochar & Biofuel Scenario Biochar & Electricity Scenario 10.12 10.08 10.04 10.00 9.96 9.92 9.88 9.84 9.80 9.76 9.72 Courtesy M. Wright, Iowa State U. MESP (cents/kwh) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver 14
MFSP: Min. fuel sale price MESP: Min. elect. sale price MPSP: Min. product sale price (10% IRR) negative # s = profit Courtesy M. Wright, Iowa State U. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver 15
Low-nutrient soils Biochar won t leach nutrients Extra benefit for added porosity Low-ash fuel crops Timber and paper industries Black liquor and other residues available Firm understanding of feedstock logistics wt. % Beech Bark Corn Stover Acacia Bark Sweetgum Switchgrass Sourwood Yellow Poplar Red Maple Beech Acacia Loblolly Pine Red Oak Carbon 44.5 43.2 49.9 46.4 46.6 46.9 47.1 47.4 48.2 48.4 48.4 49.6 Ash 7.4 8.1 3.3 0.8 1.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 Oxygen 42.9 41.4 40.7 47.7 46.6 47.5 47.2 47.2 45.8 45.9 46.3 43.9 Water 26.4 23.8 19.0 10.5 13.8 8.2 10.1 9.0 10.2 12.9 14.0 19.8 Organics 29.2 27.7 33.8 55.1 51.4 58.0 52.3 53.5 54.0 43.9 50.7 43.4 Char 24.6 21.7 21.7 9.0 9.5 6.3 7.4 7.0 10.6 10.7 10.0 13.5 16 NCG Lawrence 19.8Livermore 26.9 National Laboratory 25.5 25.4 25.3 An#cipate, 27.5 Innovate, and 30.2Deliver 30.5 25.2 32.5 25.3 23.3
Low-C Fuel Standard Innovative fuel category -biofuel blends included Credits as a function of life-cycle Straightforward calculator (price: g CO2/MJ) Credit pathways based on 3 months data submitted Prices between $80-130/ton C Avoided methane a plus CCS a plus Biochar a plus ADM project, Decatur Illinois Over 1 M tons total to date Over 1 M tons/y shortly Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver 17
California s LCFS Market ARB (2016) LCA data Life cycle accoun#ng: being updated Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver
California s LCFS Market Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver ARB (2016) trading data
A core technology for nega3ve emissions Forestry/Land Agriculture Energy Manufacturing Mining Courtesy Center for Carbon Removal Ecosystem Restoration Biochar Bioenergy + CCS Enhanced Weathering Timber Land Management Direct Air Capture Carbon Negative Materials BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL Technology development and demonstra#on required! Number of programs worldwide = zero! Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver 20
Technology leads and informs policy Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver
Policy support could help bring bioenergy systems to market and create jobs Improve policy Spend some money Invest broadly (Industry, fuels, power, research) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory An#cipate, Innovate, and Deliver