12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 1 Enhancing Power Grid Reliability through Synchrophasor Measurements P. K. Agarwal, Additional General Manager Power System Operation Corporation New Delhi, India pk.agarwal@posoco.in
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 2 AGENDA Indian Power Grid Significance of Synchrophasors. Synchrophasors Adoption in India. Reliability of Power Grid. Use of PMU data. Way Forward.
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 3 Evolution of Indian Power Grid Maps not to scale Changing load profile Integration of Renewables Need for Flexible Systems Dec 2013: Pre 1991: Five Regional Grids - Five Frequencies October 1991: East and Northeast synchronized Merchant Power March 2003: West synchronized with East & Northeast Electricity Act, 2003, Open Access August 2006: North synchronized with Central Grid Merging of Markets, Power Exchanges All India Synchronized Grid Addition of large 500 MW & above gen. units and 765 kv trans. Lines, Ultra Mega Power Projects
Power System Related Grid Operation Related 12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 4 Some Typical Numbers for Indian Power Grid Installed Capacity: 237 GW Peak Demand Met: 129 GW Renewables Installed Capacity: 30 GW Wind (20 GW), Solar (2 GW), Small Hydro (3 GW) Energy Met (Avg.): 2600 MU/day No. of 400kV & above Trans. Line: 1050 Nos. Max. Hydro Generation: 200 MU/day 765 kv (35 Nos.) Max. Wind Generation: Total Length of Trans. Line (220 kv & above AC + HVDC): 288,208 Ckt. Km 200 MU/day Short Term Open Access: Number of Generating Units: 1750 Nos. 500 MW & above (140 Nos.) 240 MU/day Inter-regional Exchange: 200 MU/day HVDC Links (BTB & Bipole): 9 Nos.
India 12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 5 International Interconnections Nepal Upto 150 MW export by India Over 16 links of 132/33/11 KV Radial links with Nepal Net import by Nepal Upto 1400 MW import by India Bhutan 4 Nos. of 400 kv, 3 Nos. of 220 kv, 2 Nos. 132 kv, Tala: 1020 MW, Chukha: 336 MW, Kurichu: 60 MW, Net import by India Upto 500 MW export by India Bangladesh 400 KV AC line between Baharampur(India) and Bheramara(Bangladesh) with 500 MW HVDC sub-station at Bheramara
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 6 Indian National Power Grid
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 7 Reliability of Power Grid Keeping grid secure by keeping continually changing opposing forces in balance. Conventionally managed by SCADA/EMS SCADA unable to capture sub-seconds changes it samples measurement once in 5 to 10 sec. Synchrophasors samples many times a second. Synchrophasors captures dynamic state of forces.
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 8 SCADA vs Synchrophasors System
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 9 Phasor and Synchrophasors Measurements Phasor representation of Voltage/Current (a) - Voltage/Current Signal. (b) - Phasor representation. Block diagram of Phasor Measurement Unit Device
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 10 Networks of PMUs Wide Area Measurement System
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 11 Indian Grid - WAMS Pilot Project Architecture PDC Console Historian Router National Load Dispatch Center PDC/Console NERLDC PMU-8 PDC/Console PDC/Console PDC/Console WRLDC PMU-16 NRLDC PMU-14 SRLDC PMU-12 PDC/Console ERLDC PMU-12
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 12 PMUs Deployment in India Total - 62 Nos. NR - 14 Nos WR - 16 Nos ER - 12 Nos SR - 12 Nos NER - 08 Nos
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 13 Power System Operating States E - Equality Constraint - Load and generation is balance I - Inequality Constraint - Grid parameters are within range. Synchrophasors helps in:- 1. Early detection of impending disturbance. 2. Islanding detection. 3. Synchronizing instructions. 4. Detects transition from one state to other. 5. Enables proactive control action manual or automatic.
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 14 Enhancing Reliability. Phasor technology:- Greatly improve operators ability to conduct realtime grid operation Detect and respond to potential disturbances. Improves wide-area visibility and situational awareness Enables dynamic visibility of grid. Work as Decision support systems to reposition the grid to improve operational security and resiliency.
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 15 Enhancing reliability (contd ) PMU data applications can be grouped into three categories: Supporting real-time grid operations by providing wide-area visualization and increased state awareness, Improving system planning and analysis, including power system performance base lining, event analysis and model validation, and Response-based control applications that use realtime wide area information to take automated control actions on the power system.
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 16 Indian Experiences Voltage / Line Current / Frequency / df/dt monitoring Oscillations in Voltage, Current & Frequency for any possible system instability. Duration of Fault to identify the Zone of Operation of protection devices. Identifying nature of Fault (L-G,L-L-G,3-Phase fault etc.) Checking whether SPS action was proper and timely. Improved system operation in case of natural calamity. Taking help of angle to give charging instruction. See reports on Synchrophasors Initiative in India for case studies http://posoco.in/2013-03-12-10-34-42/synchrophasors
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 17 Voltage and Frequency Monitoring Due to inclement weather conditions in Northern Region, around 5000-7000 MW of load crash was observed. The major constituents affected were Punjab & Delhi. PMU Plots consistently reflected trippings & oscillations. Voltage Plot Frequency Plot Modal Analysis helped in identifying unstable system(red Dots) during the event. Modal Analysis
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 18 Oscillation Detection Oscillations observed in the system under normal operation on 28.01.14 at 2002 hrs
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 19 Duration and Nature of faults On 24-09-13 a 3-Phase fault occurred in 400 kv Dadri-Muradnagar line emanating from Dadri Thermal Station near New Delhi.
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 20 Facing Natural Calamity. On 12.10.13,very severe Cyclone Phailin hit land near Gopalpur in Odisha with a wind speed of 200kmph. Severe damage to the distribution as well as transmission network in the Southern & Central region of the State. The PMU plots of Voltage & Frequency(captured by Talcher PMU)helped in monitoring the situation and taking necessary actions. Several spikes shown in plots show the frequent tripping of transmission elements. Voltage Frequency df/dt
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 21 Charging Instructions Synchronization of SR grid with NEW grid at 2025 hrs on 31.12.13
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 22 Charging Instructions (contd) Synchronization of SR grid with NEW grid at 2025 hrs on 31.12.13
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 23 Indian WAM Project - Unified Real Time Dynamic State Measurement System Installation of around 1750 PMU s throughout Indian Grid: All 400 kv stations in State and ISTS grids All generating stations at 220 kv and above HVDC terminals and inter-regional and inter-national tie lines Both ends of 400kV and above transmission lines at State and ISTS sector 32 PDCs located at SLDCs, RLDCs and NLDCs. Development of software analytics
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 24 Architecture of URTDSM
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 25 Analytics Development in URTDSM
12-14 May'14 Workshop - Energy Cities and Control of Complex Systems,, Erice, Sicily 26