LEZA Low Emission Zone in Amsterdam: Implementation and evaluation of effects on air quality by long-term monitoring Pavlos Panteliadis Department of Air Quality, Municipal Health Service Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam
Traffic-related air pollution Adverse health effects Authorities response Air Quality Action Plans Public transportation expansion, ring roads utilization, traffic flow improvement, speed limit reduction and LEZs: Low Emission Zones (LEZs) are areas or roads where the most polluting vehicles are restricted from entering 403 LEZs in 15 EU countries (http://www.lowemissionzones.eu/) Introduction Affect heavy duty vehicles (>3.5 tons) and buses Occasionally affect vans, cars and motorcycles Operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
EURO 0, 1 and 2 heavy-duty vehicles entrance prohibition: 9 January 2009 EURO 3 with no diesel particulate filter: 1 January 2010 1 July 2013 EURO 4 or better Traffic camera enforcement 220 Euros penalty for violators Average of 20 fines per day
Source: Municipality Amsterdam (http://www.amsterdam.nl/parkeren-verkeer/milieuzone/ )
Study s objective Evaluate LEZA implementation effects on Air Quality Experimental design 2 Monitoring Stations: Traffic and Background Amsterdam Air Quality Monitoring Network 5 Measured Pollutants: NO 2 NO x, PM 10 and Soot (Absorbance and EC) Measurement period: 2 Jan 2007 31 Dec 2010
Instrument setup / analysis NO2 and NOx chemiluminescence monitors (42i-TL Trace Level NOx Analyzer,Thermo Scientific) 24-h averages from hourly concentrations CEN 14211 (2005) PM10 24-h continuous sampling Quartz filters (47 mm; Whatman QMA). Derenda LVS 2.3 m 3 /h CEN 12341 (1998) The reflectance of selected PM10 filters Smoke Stain Reflectometer EELM43D (Diffusion Systems Ltd, London, UK) ISO 9835 (1993) Elemental Carbon, 1.5 cm 2 punches from PM10 filters Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyzer (Sunset laboratory) NIOSH 5040 thermal-optical transmission (TOT) EC/OC CEN/TR 16243
Statistical analysis Parameters for linear univariate analysis: Wind speed, Wind direction, Temperature, Radiation, RH, Sunshine, Precipitation, Pressure, Type of day Type of day: Weekend / Weekday Wind direction: South/ North Traffic contribution concentration = Intercept + a Wind speed + b Wind direction + c Type of day + d LEZA Traffic contribution concentration = Traffic Urban site concentration
Results
Effect of implementation of LEZA LEZA effect on traffic contribution (95% CI) NO 2 (μg/m 3 ) NO x (μg/m 3 ) PM10 (μg/m 3 ) EC (μg/m 3 ) Absorbance (10-5 /m) Crude -2.47* (-3.83-1.11) -5.45* (-9.34-1.57) -1.54* (-2.30-0.77) -0.28* (-0.53-0.02) -0.16* (-0.30-0.03) Adjusted a -2.65* (-3.70-1.61) -6.40* (-9.07-3.73) -1.67* (-2.40-0.94) -0.33* (-0.52-0.13) -0.16* (-0.26-0.05) *p<0.05 a Adjusted for type of day, wind direction and wind speed
LEZA effect (% to traffic station concentration)
Air quality health effects Source: European Environment Agency (CAFE Program) 0.33 μg EC/m 3 reduction possible increase ~2 months per person life expectancy (Janssen et al. 2011)
Future suggestions Real time PM and EC measurements (hourly) More monitoring sites within LEZ Background and traffic sites outside LEZ Traffic counts Conclusions LEZ decrease traffic contribution concentrations Stricter LEZ implementation periods Further improvement local Air Quality Long term monitoring Useful evaluation tool NO 2, NO x and soot suitable traffic pollution indicators PM 10 background dominated Potential improvement environmental health conditions
Take home message Observation of significant decreases in traffic-related air pollution concentrations in the vicinity of a roadside monitoring station after the implementation of the low emission zone in Amsterdam city center
GGD Amsterdam Thank you!