National Institute of Building Sciences Provider Number: G168 Design Considerations for Climate Change Session TU1A Paul Totten, PE, LEED AP Vice President, National Practice Leader, Building Enclosures January 10, 2017
Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-aia members are available upon request. This course is registered with AIA CESfor continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Course Description The environment around us is always changing, and the impacts of climate change are becoming more noticeable. Many of us have an increased awareness of climate change due to reports like the UN Intergovernmental Panel's Report on Climate Change, and government initiatives striving to better identify human beings' continued impact on the world that we inhabit. Although humans have made many positive changes to the world we live in, we have not always realized the consequences of our actions. It has been proven that the building industry is a major contributor to climate change due to processes like material production and energy consumption. Therefore, as a part of those working on the built environment, we have the opportunity to make a greater impact on the immediate environment and global climate by changing how we design, build and operate buildings. The speaker will discuss what portions of the building enclosure may be most impacted by climate changes and how the layout of interior spaces may need to adjust accordingly. He will provide considerations for enhanced roofing and waterproofing; recommendations for improved fenestration performance; and will discuss work in progress in the United States that addresses the built environment's impact on climate.
Learning Objectives At the end of the this course, participants will be able to: 1. Be able to better assess short term and long term building enclosure performance objectives related to climate change. 2. Examine the impact on design decisions for fenestration, and roofing and waterproofing. 3. Better coordinate HVAC system layout and the enclosure design on new construction and impacts on existing infrastructure. 4. Understand various strategies to future proof buildings, and innovative design systems such as reactive exterior screens and solar chimneys.
Presentation Outline Overview of design considerations Climate change Durability and redundancy HVAC and pressure interaction with enclosure Examples of enclosure considerations
Building Examples 6
Climate Change World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification 1901-1925 2076-2100 DC: Cfa Climate Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Hot Summer
Importance of Climate Variation Review of macro and micro climate Understand the climate zone Rain fall volume considerations Micro climate specific to your site Review of site topography Development density Neighboring existing buildings and planned future development Existing building versus new construction Orientation of building and considerations by elevation
Climate Zones Marine (C) Dry (B) Moist (A) 4 6 7 6 5 5 3 All of Alaska in Zone 7 except for the following Boroughs in Zone 8: Bethel Dellingham Fairbanks N. Star Nome North Slope 2 3 Northwest Arctic Southeast Fairbanks Wade Hampton Yukon Koyukuk * DOE Climate Map 2 4 Zone 1 includes Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands 2 1 Warm-Humid Warm Humid Below Below White White Line Line Climate Zone = 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = 7
Impact of Climate Change Change in type of precipitation events Increased volume/shorter duration More severe storms/higher winds Flooding Solar considerations Increased radiation Examine SHGC and window films Need for improved durability and redundancy
Seasonal Evaluation Winter Need to understand seasonal variations: Short winter Mold count and pollen count Heavy rain in spring and summer Similar heights of buildings in certain cities (Metro DC) and affect on wind flow Wind flow variations Heat gains Exterior humidity levels Summer
Building Design Considerations SOURCE: http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/ buildings/building-massing-orientation Orientation Floor plate shape, depth Layout and type of mechanical systems Occupant comfort expectations stretching the comfort zone SOURCE: http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/ buildings/building-massing-orientation
Initial Analysis Perform initial hygrothermal and thermal analysis during schematic design based on options for systems, orientation, etc. Conceptual energy analysis Not just present and historic climate data, but examine future prediction Design for adaptability System interaction Mechanical with enclosure Daylighting/lighting Mechanical can drive the loads - ventilation
Temperature Considerations SOURCE: http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/solar-position Solar angle Solar radiation Interior conditions
Heat Transfer in Architecture Radiation Convection Conduction Source: http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/building-energy-fundamentals
Rainfall Zones Wind Rose Diagram Designing and building in a moderate to high rain fall zone* * Map and Zone Description per EEBA Builder s Guide Rain Rose Diagram
Wind Orientation Transport of Pollutants Orientation/location of fresh air intake
Building Occupancy Building type and use Office space Residential Mixed use Hospital/medical Specialty building Full time versus partial day occupancy
Climate Responsive Building Design Responsiveness of systems Controls How it reacts to the environment Source: http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/controls-lighting-and-daylighting 19
Glazing Systems Double versus triple glazed Heat mirror systems Low-e coatings Tint Glass type Low iron glass
Fenestration Thermal performance of fenestration product Thermal breaks, glazing type, framing material Transition to adjacent structural components Transition to adjacent building enclosure components Location of mechanical heat/air supply relative to fenestration location Air leakage at the window perimeter Interior humidity levels
Natural Ventilation Natural ventilation Considerations for natural ventilation Stagnation of air and fresh air considerations Ventilation offset Solar chimneys
Natural Ventilation Ventilation loads are some of the most energy intensive and thus costly Need to understand wind speed and interior layout Stack effect Occupant comfort considerations Pollutant evaluation Stagnation of air evaluation Solar chimneys
Natural Ventilation Does not always translate into fresh air Don t rely on the magic/smart arrows Understand prevailing winds and wind flow Orientation Manual operation versus automation Effect on overall pressures Stack effect Natural combined with mechanical
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