Title: What is Important in the Reservoir for EOR/EGR and Sequestration Presented by: Richard Baker, Epic Consulting Services Presenter Biography Session Q & A Table of Contents Index
What is Important in the Reservoir for EOR/EGR and Sequestration? Presented by: Richard Baker Prepared for PTAC Presentation Confirmation - CO2 from Industrial Sources to Commercial Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery Forum and Workshop
Outline Conclusions Field EOR response Determination of Incremental Reserves Incremental Response RF vs. HCPVI Typical cash flow for /EOR What is the most important? sequestration Summary
Conclusions 1. There has been very good to excellent response on many USA/Canadian floods to date in a wide range of conditions 2. is a mature technology in USA and in Canada it will be mature in 5-10 years 3. Early time response often control economics
Conclusions 4. There is wide variations in early time response between various fields. Early time response is a function of heterogeneity, current oil saturation and injection rates. 5. Forty plus years of EOR ( + HC) miscible have shown that the controlling factors in economics are (early time response); a) Reservoir heterogeneity b) Remaining oil saturation c) price d) Infrastructure e) Well bore integrity c) d) e) 6. Screening needs to include historical field response and level of depletion as well as infrastructure and mapping of current oil in place
Options for CO2 Usage/Disposal EGR EOR Value Added Rental of pore space CBM Types of Gas Storage GOB Regulatory driven CO2 Emission A = Salt Caverns B = Mines C = Aquifers D = Depleted Reservoirs E = Hard Rock Caverns
Response time Peak oil rate
Time to peak oil rates response time
CO2 Flooding World Wide 75 Projects worldwide 194,000 Bbl/d 66 in US From Jarrell et al, Practical Aspects of CO2 Flooding
Flood Performance Total oil rate Incremental oil rate SPE paper 26391
Flood Performance Total oil rate Incremental oil rate Hansford Marmaton = secondary, low initial pressure, low permeability reservoir
Field Data For Miscible Floods - Field and Pilot Scale Field Name State Reservoir Net Utilization (Mcf/STB) % HCPVI injected INCR. REC % OOIP Response time (years) ****Field Scale****** Dollaride TX Devonion 2.4 30 14.0 0.75 East Vacum NM San Andres 6.3 30 8.0 1 Ford Geraldine TX Delaware 5.0 30 17.0 Means TX San Andres 11.0 55.0 7.1 1.5 North Cross TX Devonion 7.8 40.0 22.0 1.2 NE Purdy TX Springer 4.6 30 7.5 0.5 Rangley CO Weber 5.0 30 7.5 1.5 SACROC (17 pattern) TX Canyon Reef 6.5 30 7.5 1 SACROC (4 pattern) TX Canyon Reef 3.2 30 79.8 1 South Welch TX San Andres 25 7.6 TwoFreds TX Delaware 8.0 40 15.6 0.5 Wertz WY Tensleep 10.0 60 10.0 0.5 Midale Demo (ongoing) CAN Midale 20.0 Denver Unit (Wasson) TX San Andres 3.0 40 16.6 1.3 South Wasson TX Clearfork 40 10.0 0.5 Willard Wasson TX San Andres 5.2 12.3 ***Producing Pilots*** Garber OK Crews 6.0 35 14.0 Little creek MS Tuscaloosa 12.6 160 21.0 0.8 Maljarar NM San Andres 10.7 30 8.2 0.6 Maljarar NM Grayburg 6.1 30 17.7 0.5 North O Levee CA Stevens 63 15.0 Quarantine Bay LA 4 Sand (RC) 2.4 19 20.0 Slaughter Estate TX San Andres 3.7 26 20.0 1.2 Weeks Island LA S Sand ( B) 3.3 24 8.7 1 West Sussex WY Shannon 30 12.9 Joffre CAN Joffre Viking 43 20.0 Midale Pilot CAN Midale 141 17.0
Comparison Normalization of behaviour Cum. oil Vol. of original oil For comparison purposes Cum. injection Vol. of reservoir
How Do These Floods Compare to Each Other? SPE paper 35391, SPE monograph Stalkup, SPE paper 26391, and Epic s interpretation
What s Different between Texas and Canadian Reserves Infrastructure Thicker continuous net pay General geological environment Depth Temperature Some of the best Canadian have already miscible flooded Horizontal wells Rules of thumb
So What is Important? Initial Response drives payout time
Important The major objection to by oil producers is long pay out times not necessarily total reserves or NPV initial oil response large capital exposure
What s worked in Western Canada in the Petroleum Industry? Short pay out time Good to excellent local knowledge of the reservoir/geology Very good execution of plans Using technical edges; horizontal well/3d seismic/screw pumps Economy of scale (shallow gas or heavy oil drilling)
Disjoint between Government and Industy If CO2 capture and geological storage is to play a significant role in mitigating global emissions, then the quantity of CO2 place in geological storage will need to approach 10 Gt/yr worldwide roughly 300 times the current rate of CO2 injection for EOR. -34 Mt/yr vs. 10,000 Mt/yr ~ target {1.79 Bcf/d} {527 Bcf/d} D. Keith and M. Wilson Nov. 2002
Disjoint between Government and Industry Global screening techniques Research focused Regulation focus Specific field screening Field experience critical Large capital expense flood payout Keeping low costs ($/bbl) SUGAR vs. SALT
Use the Past to Forecast the Future What is the classical Screening Criteria? API gravity Current reservoir pressure Depth Oil saturation But what about Heterogeneity?
Screening The most common screening methods are reviewed and some shortcomings are pointed out. One important aspect is that more effort should be put on mapping of remaining mobile oil in the reservoirs and methods for producing these resources. not taking heterogeneities into account in realistic manner T. Bu, I. Soreide,, T. Kydland: IOR Screening: What Went Wrong?, Norsk Hydro E & P Norway, Steering Committee of the European IOR Symposium, This paper was prepared for presentation at the European IOR Symposium in Moscow, Russia, October 27-29, 29, 1993
What is the most important for EOR? Initial oil response (response time/peak oil rate); current oil saturations and injection rates Permeability/Reservoir heterogeneity price Infrastructure
Some Info on CO2 Sequestration Oil & Gas Known Seismic Core Prod Minimizes risk Which reservoir should I inject in? Deep Saline Unknowns Long term liability increased It is better to have the devil that you know than the one you don t.
Summary 1. Early time response (<5 yrs) is critical to flood economics 2. Early time response is a function of heterogeneity, current oil saturation and injection rates 3. Because of point 2 above; screening needs to include historical dynamic reservoir performance 4. Screening needs to include historical field response and level of o depletion as well as infrastructure and mapping of current oil in place Beware of averages 5. There is a large disjoint between expectation and reality between n oil producers and government, in term of volumes and rates Cost and economics Historical trend (timing/phasing of projects)
Presented at the PTAC Eco-efficient and GHG Technologies Conference, September 29-30, 2003 The Green Toolbox Reducing GHG and Water Emissions while Increasing Profitability in the Petroleum Industry End of Presentation Presenter Biography Session Q & A Table of Contents Index