National Survey Of Hazardous Waste Generators and Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and - Recycling Facilities in PDF Free Download

United States Solid Waste and Environmental Protection Emergency Response EPA/530-SW-91'-060 Agency (OS-305) July 1991 &EPA National Survey Of Hazardous Waste Generators and Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and - Recycling Facilities in 1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA TSDR Units

National Survey of Hazardous Waste Generators and Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and Recycling Facilities in 1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRATSDR Units July 1991 Office of Solid Waste U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460

1986 Hazardous Waste Mauaqement in RCRA TSDR Units iii CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION... 1 1.1 Overview... 1 1.2 Background... 2 1.3 Hazardous Waste Generation and Management in 1986 Overview of Survey Findings... 3 1.4 Focus of Report... 8 2 3 SURVEY OVERVIEW... 9 2.1 Survey Objectives... 9 2.2 Survey Scope... 10 2.3 Survey Methodology... 11 Phase I: Sample Design... 11 Phase 11: Generator and TSDR Surveys... 13 Phase Ill: Data Management... 13 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TSDR UNITS SUBJECT TO RCRA PERMllTlNG REQUIREMENTS 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Quantities of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units... 15 Management of Hazardous Wastewater in RCRA TSDR Units... 20 Types of Hazardous Waste Management Activities in RCRA TSDR Units... 20 Geographic Distribution of Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA TSDR Units... 24 Owners of Facilities Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units... 30 Industries Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units... 31

iv 1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA TSDR Units CONTENTS (continued) 4 CHANGES SINCE 1986 AFFECTING HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAG EM ENT... 41 4.1 Land Disposal Restriction Rules... 41 4.2 Surface Impoundment Regulations... 43 4.3 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)... 43 4.4 Pollution Prevention Policies... 44 APPENDIXES A B C Detailed Outline of the Generator Survey Detailed Outline of the TSDR Survey Generator and TSDR Survey Questions Referenced in Text.

1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA TSDR Units V CHARTS 1.1-1 1.3-1 1.3-2 1.3-3 1.3-4 1.3-5 3.1-1 3.1-2 3.1-3a 3.1-3b 3.1-4 3.2-1 3.2-2 3.3-1 3.4-1 3.4-2 Definition of Selected Terms Used in This Report... 2 Number of Hazardous Waste Generators in 1986... 5 Quantity of Hazardous Waste Generated in 1986 (million tons)... 5 Number of Hazardous Waste Generators in 1981, 1985, and 1986... 6 Quantity of Hazardous Waste Generated in 1986, by RCRA permitting Status of Management Units... 7 Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1981, 1985, and 1986 (million tons)... 8 Quantity of RCRA and Non-RCRA Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986... 16 Number of Facilities Managing Non-RCRA Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986... 17 Cumulative Distribution of the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986... 18 Cumulative Distribution of the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 for the Top 25% of Facilities... 19.. Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units by the 50 Largest Facilities in 1986... 19 Quantity of Hazardous Wastewater Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986... 21 Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Wastewater in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986... 21 Number of Facilities Recycling, Treating, Disposing of, and Storing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units and Quantities of Hazardous Waste Managed in 1986... 23 Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units per EPA Region in 1986 (in million tons)... 25 Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units per EPA Region in 1986...

vi 1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA TSDR Units CHARTS (continued) 3.5-1 3.5-2 3.6-1 3.6-2 3.6-3 3.6-4 3.6-5 3.6-6 3.6-7 3.6-8 3.6-9 3.6-10 Ownership Type Ranked by Quantity Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986... 30 Ownership Type Ranked by the Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986... 31 Top Five General Industries by the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 2-digit SIC)... 32 Most Common Specific Industries in the Chemical Products Industry by the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 4-digit SIC)... 33 Most Common Specific Industries in the Petroleum and Coal Industry by the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 4-digit SIC)... 33 Most Common Specific Industries in the Electrical, Gas, & Sanitary Services Industry by the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 4-digit SIC)... 34 Most Common Specific Industries in the Primary Metals Industry by the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 4-digit SIC)... 35 Most Common Specific Industries in the Nonelectrical Machinery Industry by the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 4-digit SIC)... 35 Top Five General Industries by the Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 2-digit SIC)... 36 Most Common Specific Industries in the Chemical Products Industry by the Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 4-digit SIC)... 37 Most Common Specific Industries in the Electronics Industry by the Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 4-digit SIC)... 38 Most Common Specific Industries in the Electrical, Gas, and Sanitary Services Industry by the Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 4-digit SIC)... 38

1986 Hazardous Waste Manaaement in RCRA TSDR Units vii CHARTS (continued) 3.6-1 1 Most Common Specific Industries in the Metal Fabrications Industry by the Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units in. 1986 (by 4-digit SIC)... 39 3.6-1 2 Most Common Specific Industries in the Transportation Equipment Industry by the Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 4-digit SIC)... 40 4.1-1 Schedule for Hazardous Waste Land Disposal Restriction Rules under HSWA... 42.

viii 1986 Hazardous Waste ManaQement in RCRA TSDR Units ACRONYMS BDAT CAT1 CBI EP EPA HSWA HWDMS LQG NPDES osw PCB POTW RCRA RIA SQG TCLP TSDR Best Demonstrated Available Technology Computer- Assisted Telephone Interview Confidential Business Information Extraction Procedure U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 Hazardous Waste Data Management System Large Quantity Generator National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Office of Solid Waste Polychlorinated Biphenyl Publicly Owned Treatment Works Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Regulatory Impact Analysis Small Quantity Generator Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and Recycling Facilities.

, 1. Introduction 1 1 INTRODUCTION This report presents the initial findings of two extensive national surveys conducted by mail over a three-year period to obtain detailed information concerning hazardous waste generation and management practices occurring in calendar year 1986. The two surveys-the National Survey of Hazardous Waste Generators (Generator Survey) and the National Survey of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and Recycling Facilities (TSDR Survey)--focused on hazardous waste handlers regulated under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as amended in 1984 by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (hereafter referred to as RCRA). 1.1 OVERVIEW Information developed through the Generator and TSDR Surveys is being released in two phases: This first report documents the surveys major findings concerning the total quantity of hazardous waste generated in 1986 and a portion of the surveys findings concerning 1986 hazardous waste management activities: management of hazardous wastes in treatment, storage, disposal, and recycling (TSDR) units that are subject to RCRA permitting requirements. A second report* describes the entire universe of hazardous waste management activities, including detailed information about each major category of hazardous waste management operations. It also addresses the significant quantities of hazardous wastes that are managed in treatment and recovery units that qualify for exemptions from RCRA permitting requirements. For the purposes of this report, we have defined terms to refer to the RCRA permit status of units used to manage hazardous waste and offacilities that manage hazardous waste. These terms are defined in Chart 1.1-1. * This report, National Survey of Hazardous Waste Generators and Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and Recycling Facilities in 1986: Hazardous Waste Generation and Management, is to be published in 1991.

2 1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA TSDR Units Chart 1.l-1. Definition of Selected Terms Used in This Report RCRA TSDR units Non-RCRA TSDR units RCRA TSDR facilities Non-RCRA TSDR facilities Hazardous waste management units subject to RCRA permitting requirements (sometimes referred to as RCRA units). Hazardous waste management units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements (sometimes referred to as non-rcra units). Facilities that manage hazardous waste in RCRA TSDR units. Facilities that only manage hazardous waste in non-rcra TSDR units. 1.2 BACKGROUND The 1986 survey data were very important in determining directions for the RCRA program. These data have been used extensively since their collection, and this report documents some of the most prominent findings. However, it is important to remember that significant changes have taken place in hazardous waste management practices since these data were collected. Among other actions, EPA has implemented restrictions on the land disposal of hazardous wastes, expanded the toxicity characteristic testing procedures and standards to capture an expanded universe of hazardous wastes under the RCRA Subtitle C regulatory umbrella, and implemented pollution prevention policies designed to reduce hazardous waste generation. Please see Chapter 4 for more details on these program changes. The 1986 Generator and TSDR Surveys comprise EPA s third and most comprehensive effort to develop reliable national information describing hazardous waste generation and management activities in the United States. EPA s April 1984 report, National Survey of Hazardous Waste Generators and Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities Regulated Under RCRA in 1981 (1981 Mail Survey), presented the first picture of the hazardous waste system that RCRA was enacted to control, based on an extensive mail survey conducted directly by EPA. EPA s March 1989 report, I985 National Biennial Report of Hazardous Waste Generators and Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities Regulated under RCRA (1985 National Biennial Report),

I. Introduction 3 updated the 1981 Mail Surveyd based on EPA s compilation of data reported by generators and facilities to States and EPA Regional Offices through the RCRA Biennial Reporting System. The major finding of the 1981 Mail Survey was that annual hazardous waste generation was approximately six times greater than previously estimated, with slightly more than 14,000 generators producing approximately 290 million tons of hazardous waste in 1981. The 1981 Survey found for the first time that large quantities of RCRA hazardous wastes are managed outside the scope of the RCRA permitting program in units that qualify for exemptions from RCRA permitting requirements. Most prominent among such units are tank treatment systems used to treat hazardous wastewaters prior to discharge to surface waters under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). The 1981 Mail Survey was unable to estimate the total quantity generated of hazardous wastes that were managed outside the scope of the RCRA permitting system. In the 1985 National Biennial Report, EPA reported that almost 22,000 generators generated approximately 27 1 million tons of RCRA hazardous waste in 1985 that were managed in RCRA-regulated TSDR units. Data received by States and EPA Regional offices in 1985 again indicated that large volumes of RCRA hazardous waste were being managed outside the scope of the RCRA permitting system. Again, EPA was unable to develop a reliable estimate of the national quantities of these hazardous wastes. The 1986 Generator and TSDR Surveys were designed to capture hazardous wastes managed in units that qualify for exemptions from RCRA permitting requirements as well as hazardous wastes managed in RCRA TSDR units. 1.3 HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT IN 1986: OVERVIEW OF SURVEY FINDINGS Based on the survey procedures and methodologies described in Chapter 2, EPA estimates that approximately 12,500 large quantity generators generated 747 million tons of hazardous waste in 1986. The 747 million ton quantity of hazardous waste generated in 1986 is considerably greater than previous estimates for 1981 and 1985 because it includes the large volumes of hazardous waste that are managed outside the scope of the RCRA permitting system in TSDR units that qualify for RCRA permitting exemptions (non- RCRA TSDR units)..

4 1986 Hazardous Waste Manaqement in RCRA TSDR Units Charts 1.3-1 and 1.3-2 present these statistical estimates along with their confidence intervals, corresponding to the 95 percent confidence levels. The confidence interval is the range of values within which the true number of generators and quantity of hazardous waste is likely to be, based on the statistical design of the survey and the response rates obtained. A 95 percent confidence level means that if a survey was conducted 100 times, 95 percent of the time the estimates would fall within the range. For example, Chart 1.3-2 shows that the 95 percent confidence interval for the quantity of hazardous waste generated in 1986 is plus or minus 10 percent, or 75 million tons. This means that there is 95 percent certainty that the actual quantity of hazardous waste generated in 1986 was between 672 million and 822 million tons. Chart 1.3-3 compares the estimates of the number of hazardous waste generators for 1981, 1985, and 1986. The 1985 estimate of 21,700, provided by the RCRA Biennial Reporting System, is believed by EPA to overstate the actual number of generators in that year because many states include small quantity generators (SQGs) in their reporting systems and were unable to remove them when reporting to EPA on the number of generators (Le., large quantity generators or LQGs) within their borders. When the overcounting factor is considered, the three estimates of hazardous waste generators shown in Chart 1.3-3 are thought to be similar. Chart 1.3-4 breaks out the 747 million ton 1986 generation estimate according to the RCRA permitting status of the TSDR units in which these wastes were subsequently managed and according to the type of facility that managed the hazardous waste. The chart shows three categories of hazardous waste: waste managed in at least one RCRA TSDR unit, waste managed onzy in non-rcra TSDR units at facilities that also manage hazardous wastes in RCRA TSDR units, and waste managed only in non-rcra TSDR units at facilities that do not have any RCRA TSDR units.

I. Introduction 5 Chart 1.3-1 Estimated Number of Hazardous Waste Generators in 1986 14,000 12,000 10,000 (k 575 generators) 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 a The letters indicate the questionnaire and the numbers indicate the question on which the data are based Appendix C shows the survey questions referenced in this report. Source: (GA1, 2, 3,4, 5, and 27)a Chart 1.3-2 Quantity of Hazardous Waste Generated in 1986 (million tons)a 1,000 800 600 747 million tons 95% Confidence Interval (k 75 million tons) 400 200 0 a For the purpose of this report, quantities reported in gallons have been converted to English tons using the following standard conversion factor: 1 English ton = 2,000 pounds = 240 gallons. Source: (GA27)

6 1986 Hazardous Waste Manaqement in RCRA TSDR Units Chart 1.3-3 Number of Hazardous Waste Generators in 1981,1985, and 1986 25'000 T 21,700a 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1981 1985 1986 a The 1985 Biennial Report System estimate overstates the actual population of hazardous waste generators due to the inclusion of small quantity generators by some states. Source: (1981 Mail Survey, 1985 Biennial Report, (GA1, 2, 3,4, 5, and 27)) An example of a RCRA TSDR facility that manages hazardous waste in RCRA and non-rcra TSDR units is a facility that has a RCRA permit for hazardous waste storage tanks and also treats hazardous waste in a RCRAexempt wastewater treatment system governed by a NPDES discharge permit. An example of a non-rcra TSDR facility that manages hazardous waste only in non-rcra units is a RCRA large quantity generator that treats its hazardous waste in a RCRA-exempt wastewater treatment system and ships the hazardous sludge residual from the treatment system offsite every other month. (Generators are allowed to accumulate hazardous waste onsite for up to 90 days without obtaining a RCRA storage permit.). Only 290 million tons (38.8 percent) of the 747 million tons of hazardous waste generated in 1986 was managed in RCRA TSDR units. An additional 198 million tons (26.5 percent) of hazardous waste was managed in non-rcra TSDR units at facilities with RCRA units. The remaining 259 million tons (34.7 percent) of hazardous waste generated in 1986 was managed in non-rcra TSDR units at facilities with no RCRA units.

7. Introduction 7 Chart 1.3-4 Quantity of Hazardous Waste Generated in 1986, by RCRA Permitting Status of Management Units Manaaed in Non-RCRA TSDfUnits at Facilities with No RCRA Units 259 million tons Managed in RCRA TSDR Units 290 million tons (34.7%) (38.8%) Managed Exclusively in Non-RCRA TSDR Units at Facilities with RCRA Units 198 million tons (26.5%) Total Quantity Generated = 747 million tons Note: See Chart 1.1-1 for definition of terms. Source: (A3, A8, GA27) Singling out the 747 million tons of hazardous waste generated in 1986 according to the RCRA regulatory status of management units enables comparison of 1986 generation estimates with the previously described 198 1 and 1985 estimates. Chart 1.3-5 presents hazardous waste generation estimates for all three years. The estimates for 1981 and 1985 are limited (as described in Section 1.2 above) to hazardous waste quantities that are subsequently managed in RCRA TSDR units. The estimates for 198 1 and 1985 are very similar to the 1986 generation estimate of quantities subsequently managed in the RCRA permitting system.

8 1986 Hazardous Waste ManaQement in RCRA TSDR Units Chart 1.3-5 Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1981,1985, and 1986 (million tons) 800 747 I 700 _-_---- 600 I I 457 million tons I - I 500 Managed in Units Exempt from RCRA Permitting 400 Requirements 300 200 100 I I - T I I I t 0 1981 1985 1986 a The 1986 estimate includes 288.3 million tons of RCRA hazardous waste and 1.7 million tons of non-rcra hazardous waste (see Chapter 3). 1981 and 1985 estimates are for RCRA hazardous waste only. Source: (1981 Mail Survey, 1985 Biennial Report, (A3, GA27)) 1.4 FOCUS OF REPORT The remaining findings presented in this report focus on the management of the 290 million tons of hazardous waste in RCRA TSDR units. The estimates for this portion of the hazardous waste generation and management universe are comparable with EPA estimates for 1981 and 1985 and will be comparable with estimates EPA is preparing to publish for 1987 (1991) and 1989 (spring 1992).

2. Survey Overview 9 7. SURVEY OVERVIEW 2.1 SURVEY OBJECTIVES This chapter discusses the objectives of the 1986 Generator and TSDR Surveys and the approach used to develop and conduct the Surveys. The information discussed in this chapter should help the reader understand the nature and application of survey data. The Generator and TSDR Surveys were an effort to develop comprehensive hazardous waste information for OSW staff and other EPA offices, the regulated community, Congress, and the general public for rulemaking and related analyses. This section outlines the objectives of the Generator and TSDR Surveys. The Generator and TSDR Surveys were conducted to support the development of a variety of regulations and analyses, including the land disposal restriction rules, including developing treatment standards based on Best Demonstrated Available Treatment (BDAT) technologies, and setting effective dates based on the capacity of BDAT technologies; regulations for corrective action for solid waste management units at facilities with RCRA permits; analyses of pollution prevention activities to support EPA pollution prevention outreach efforts; permitting standards for tanks used to treat, store, or recycle hazardous waste; Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs) for regulations associated with RCRA and HSWA;.

70 1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA TSDR Units 2.2 SURVEY SCOPE revisions of the organic toxicity characteristic and other additional waste characteristics used to classify wastes as hazardous under RCRA; the revised list of wastes considered hazardous under RCRA; and testing procedures for wastes with hazardous characteristics. In addition, the information was collected to establish a baseline on hazardous waste generation and management and, by comparing with subsequent hazardous waste data collections, allows the effects of regulatory changes since 1986 to be analyzed. The following section describes the types of facilities and the types of wastes included in the Generator and TSDR Surveys. Facilities Included. The facilities surveyed in the TSDR Survey include a census of facilities that treated, disposed of, or recycled hazardous waste onsite and a random sample of facilities that only stored hazardous waste and did not treat, dispose of, or recycle any hazardous waste onsite. The findings presented in Chapter 3 address only those facilities with RCRA TSDR units that were operational (or temporarily idle) in 1986. An estimated 2,509 RCRA TSDR facilities were operational in 1986, represented by 2,024 facilities in the TSDR Survey database. The data collected in the Generator Survey represent generators of hazardous wastes (i.e., large quantity generators, or LQGs). A LQG is a facility that generated in any one month more than 1,000 kg of hazardous waste or more than 1 kg of waste considered acutely hazardous under RCRA that was subsequently shipped offsite or managed onsite in RCRA TSDR units. Acutely hazardous wastes are wastes described by any of the following RCRA waste codes: F020, F021, F022, F023, F026, F027, and all of the codes beginning with F). The Generator Survey employed a statistical sample stratified by state, by whether a facility completed the TSDR Survey, and by the quantity of hazardous waste reported as generated in the 1985 RCRA Hazardous Waste Biennial Report. All facilities included in the TSDR Survey were also surveyed in the Generator Survey. The stratified sample design provided greater precision in the findings and produced statistically significant estimates at National, Regional, and State levels. The Generator Survey data

2. Survey Overview 11 2.3 SURVEY METHODOLOGY indicate that there were approximately 11,900 LQGs nationwide during 1986, represented by 4,7 10 facilities in the Generator Survey database. It is important to note that both the Generator and TSDR Surveys were statistical samples. All the data presented in this report have been weighted to represent the total population of RCRA TSDR facilities and LQGs nationwide. Wastes Included. A subset of solid wastes is specifically defined as hazardous wastes under RCRA; these wastes are subject to RCRA regulations concerning hazardous wastes. Definitions of solid wastes and hazardous wastes are provided in the code of Federal Regulations (see 40 CFR 260-261). Many states regulate hazardous wastes in addition to those regulated under RCRA (e.g., waste oil). The Generator and TSDR Surveys include data on wastes considered hazardous under RCRA, other federal regulations, and state regulations. The following wastes are included in the Generator and TSDR Surveys: Waste considered hazardous under RCRA. This includes hazardous wastewater pretreated prior to discharge under a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit or to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW); hazardous waste generated in a production process or a waste treatment process; and a hazardous waste that is a characteristic hazardous waste even though it may lose its hazardous characteristic through mixing with other waste or by treatment. Waste considered hazardous by the state in which it was generated or managed. Waste containing PCBs, asbestos, or dioxins/furans. Hazardous waste mixed with radioactive waste. The 1986 Generator and TSDR Surveys were designed and developed over a two-year period. Because of the size and complexity of this project and of the survey instruments themselves, this section briefly explains the methodology used to develop the surveys. Phase I: Sample Design The initial phase of the TSDR Survey development was the National Screening Survey conducted from January through November 1986. The Screening 4

12 1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA TSDR Units Survey identified and collected summary information from all facilities in the United States that had filed a Part A permit under RCRA and were listed in the Hazardous Waste Data Management System (HWDMS) as of November 1985. Because a large number of the facilities that filed a Part A permit did not ultimately manage RCRA hazardous waste in units that require a permit, one objective of the Screening Survey was to determine which facilities operated waste management units subject to RCRA permitting requirements during 1986. Of the 5,600 facilities surveyed, approximately 3,000 were determined to be active TSDR facilities requiring or otherwise subject to permits under RCRA. A second objective of the Screening Survey was to gather information to determine the best method for surveying TSDR facilities in a more detailed follow-up survey. In January and February of 1987, a computer-assisted telephone interview follow-up was conducted of the approximately 3,000 active TSDR facilities identified in the Screening Survey. These facilities were asked to verify and update the data they had provided for the Screening Survey. With this information, EPA determined the approximate number of waste management units for each waste management activity operated at each facility. This information served as the basis for distributing detailed questionnaires for the subsequent TSDR Survey. For the Generator Survey, the population to be surveyed included all identified generators of hazardous waste. A population of 41,000 potential hazardous waste generators was identified using information from several sources: the 1985 Biennial Hazardous Waste Report, the 1986 National Screening Survey, the HWDMS, and state regulatory officials and EPA regional offices. From this population, a stratified random sample of approximately 10,000 facilities was selected and surveyed. The sample was stratified by state, by whether the facility was a TSDR facility, and by the quantity of hazardous waste generated.

2. Survey Overview 13 Phase II: Generator and TSDR Surveys The Generator and TSDR Survey instruments were developed over a two-year period in consultation with government officials and industry trade associations. Both survey instruments were evaluated in field pretests and revised based on the results of the pretests. The TSDR Survey was mailed in August 1987, and the Generator Survey was mailed in December 1987. Approximately 99 percent of the TSDR Survey instruments and 90 percent of the Generator Survey instruments were completed and returned. After adjusting for non-responses, the Generator and TSDR Survey samples reflect the complete populations of LQGs and RCRA TSDR facilities, respectively. Because of the highly technical nature of the Generator and TSDR Surveys, two services were provided to respondents to improve the accuracy and completeness of responses: Phase 111: A toll-free telephone Survey Helpline was established for respondents. The helpline handled more than 15,000 calls. A Suwey Update newsletter was mailed periodically to all facilities that received the questionnaires. The Update provided additional information for completing complex questions, suggestions for easing the burden of completing the instruments, and any corrections to the questionnaires. Data Management After receiving the completed questionnaires, selected portions of each questionnaire were reviewed for technical accuracy. If necessary, telephone follow-up calls to the facility were made. After editing, the data were entered into a dedicated, secure computer. To ensure accurate keying, data were keyed twice. Information collected in the surveys was organized into two databases. The TSDR Survey database contained 61 distinct files, and the Generator Survey database contained 41 distinct files. In addition, each database included notes files for each facility, which contained explanatory comments submitted by facilities in their survey questionnaires. Due to the nature of some of the data collected in the Generator and TSDR Surveys, some responses were claimed as EPA Confidential Business

14 1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA TSDR Units Information (CBI) by respondents. A separate set of stringent security requirements was followed for managing CBI data. Because it was determined that the CBI data did not significantly affect any of the information presented in this report, CBI data are not included in this report.

3. Survey Findings 15 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TSDR UNITS SUBJECT TO RCRA PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS: SURVEY FINDINGS The TSDR Survey contains data representing 2,509 facilities that had operational hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, and recycling units subject to RCRA permitting requirements (RCRA TSDR units) during 1986. These RCRA TSDR facilities managed 290 million tons of hazardous waste in RCRA TSDR units during 1986,38.8 percent of the 747 million tons of hazardous waste that was generated in 1986. This chapter presents the major findings from the TSDR Survey on these facilities and their RCRA-regulated hazardous waste management operations. Information presented in this chapter includes the quantities of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units, the quantities of hazardous wastewater managed in RCRA TSDR units, the types of hazardous waste management activities conducted in RCRA TSDR units, the geographic distribution of RCRA TSDR facilities in RCRA TSDR units, the ownership of RCRA TSDR facilities, and the industries managing hazardous waste in RCRA TSDR units. 3.1 QUANTITIES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED IN RCRA TSDR UNITS Approximately 290 million tons of hazardous waste was managed in RCRA TSDR units during 1986. This includes both RCRA and non-rcra hazardous wastes. Non-RCRA hazardous wastes are wastes considered hazardous under state laws or required to be managed as hazardous waste

16 7986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA-Regulated Units under federal laws other than the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. If a single waste has both RCRA and non-rcra hazardous constituents, it is considered a RCRA hazardous waste and is subject to RCRA regulations (based on the mixture rule ). Chart 3.1-1 shows the amounts of RCRA and non-rcra hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units in 1986. If a single waste comprised both RCRA and non-rcra hazardous constituents, it is included as a RCRA hazardous waste in the chart. Less than one percent of the hazardous waste managed, or 1.7 million tons, is estimated to be non-rcra. This estimate is imputed from data reported by RCRA TSDR facilities describing their aggregate TSDR operations. For the purposes of this report, the management of non-rcra hazardous wastes is assumed to be distributed equally between RCRA TSDR units and units that qualify for exemptions from RCRA permitting requirements. Chart 3.1-2 presents the number of RCRA TSDR facilities that managed non-rcra hazardous waste. Only 159 RCRA TSDR facilities, or six percent, managed non-rcra hazardous waste in 1986. As in Chart 3.1-1, if a single waste comprised both RCRA and non-rcra hazardous constituents, it is considered a RCRA hazardous waste. Chart 3.1-1 Quantity of RCRA and Non-RCRA Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 RCRA Hazardous Waste 288.3 million tons (99.4%) Non-RCRA Hazardous Waste 1.7 million tons ( 0.6%) Total Quantity Managed = 290 million tons Note: The quantity of non-rcra hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units is estimated based on the total quantity of non-rcra hazardous waste managed in all units by RCRA TSDR facilities. Note: If a single waste comprised both RCRA and non-rcra hazardous constituents, it is included as a RCRA hazardous waste. Source: (A1 2, A1 6, A3)

3. Survey Findinas 17 Chart 3.1-2 Number of Facilities Managing Non-RCRA Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 Facilities Managing RCRA Hazardous Waste Only 2,350 (94%) Facilities Managing Non-RCRA Hazardous Waste 159 (6%) Total Number of Facilities = 2,509 Note: The number of facilities managing non-rcra hazardous waste in RCRA TSDR units is estimated based on the number of RCRA TSDR facilities managing non-rcra hazardous waste in any unit. Note: If a single waste comprised both RCRA and non-rcra hazardous constituents, it is included as a RCRA hazardous waste. Source: (A3, A1 2, A1 6) Because distinguishing the amount of RCRA and non-rcra hazardous waste managed specifically in RCRA TSDR units is not possible, all of the information presented in this report includes data on both RCRA and non-rcra hazardous waste. Of the 2,509 RCRA TSDR facilities, only a few of the facilities accounted for most of the hazardous waste management in RCRA TSDR units during 1986. Chart 3.1-3a shows the cumulative distribution of the quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units per facility. The chart is constructed by ranking facilities in descending order by the quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units and illustrates the highly skewed distribution of hazardous waste management operations. As indicated in the chart, the top 10 percent of facilities managed 98 percent of the total quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units in 1986, or 285 million tons.

18 1986 Hazardous Waste Manaaement in RCRA- Requlated Units Chart 3.1-3a Cumulative Distribution of the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 Percentage of Total Quantity Managed 75% 50% - 25% I I -- I I I I I I 1 I I I I -- I I I I 1 L 0% - I I I I I I I I 0% 10% 25% 50% 75% 100% Percentage of Facilities (Ranked in descending order by quantity managed) Source: (A3) Chart 3.1-3b shows a close-up of the top 25 percent of facilities by the quantity of hazardous waste managed, indicating that the top one percent of facilities managed 75 percent of the hazardous waste (217.5 million tons), the top 3 percent of facilities managed 92 percent of the hazardous waste (266.8 million tons), and the top 5 percent of facilities managed 95 percent of the hazardous waste (275.5 million tons). Chart 3.1-4 provides further detail of the skewness of hazardous waste management in RCRA TSDR units. The chart shows the percentage of the total quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units that can be attributed to the top 50 RCRA TSDR facilities. These 50 facilities, roughly two percent of the total number of RCRA TSDR facilities, managed 86 percent of the hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units in 1986.

3. Survey Findings 19 Chart 3.1-3b Cumulative Distribution of the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 for the Top 25% of Facilitiesa 100% 95% 90% Percentage of Total Quantity 85% Managed 80% 75% I I / I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0% 1% 3% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Percentage of Facilities (Ranked in descending order by quantity managed) a This chart is an enlargement of the top 25 percent of facilities from Chart 3.1-3a to provide greater detail. Source: (A3) Chart 3.1-4 Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units by the 50 Largest Facilities in 1986 Top 20 Facilities (200.9 million tons) Top 30 Facilities (225.7 million tons) Top 40 Facilities Top 50 Facilitiesa + (240.2 million tons) (250.0 million tons) I I I I I I I I I 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Additional quantity of hazardous waste managed by the additional 10 facilities indicated %The top 50 facilities represent the top 2 percent of the 2,509 RCRA TSDR facilities. These 50 facilities managed 86 percent of the total quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units. Source: (A3)

20 1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA-Rewlated Units Chart 3.1-4 also shows the percentage of hazardous waste managed by the top 10 facilities, the next 10 (facilities 11 through 20), the next 10 (facilities 21 through 30), and so on, to account for the total managed by the top 50 facilities. For example, the chart shows that the top 20 facilities managed 69 percent of the total quantity of hazardous waste. This 69 percent is comprised of 56 percent managed by the top 10 facilities and an additional 13 percent managed by the next 10 (facilities'l 1 through 20). As indicated in the chart, over half of the total quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units nationwide in 1986 was managed by only 10 facilities. 3.2 MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTEWATER IN RCRA TSDR UNITS The highly skewed distribution of RCRA TSDR facilities results primarily from the practice of managing mixtures of hazardous wastes and industrial wastewaters. According to RCRA regulations, whenever hazardous wastes are introduced into nonhazardous wastes or materials, the resulting mixture is to be managed as a hazardous waste. In many instances, the hazardous materials amount to extremely small portions when mixed with nonhazardous wastewaters. Nonetheless, release of these wastes into the environment is a concern, prompting their regulation under the RCRA program. Chart 3.2-1 shows that 262 million tons of hazardous wastewater was managed in RCRA TSDR units during 1986. Over 90 percent of all hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units was wastewater. Although 90 percent of the hazardous waste managed was wastewater, relatively few RCRA TSDR facilities managed hazardous wastewater during 1986. Chart 3.2-2 illustrates this point. Only 30 percent of RCRA TSDR facilities, or 760 facilities, managed hazardous wastewater. All other RCRA TSDR facilities managed only hazardous non-wastewater. 3.3 TYPES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN RCRA TSDR UNITS EPA has established a hierarchy of preferred waste management options. At the top of the hierarchy is preventing waste from being generated at its source (pollution prevention). The Generator and TSDR Surveys obtained data designed to assess the amount of hazardous waste pollution prevention occurring in 1986. Second in the waste management hierarchy is recycling.

3. Survey Findings 21 Chart 3.2-1 Quantity of Hazardous Wastewater Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 Hazardous Wastewater 262 million tons (91VO) Hazardous Non-Wastewater 28 million tons (9%) I Total Quantity Managed = 290 million tons Source: TT-145 (A3) (Note: Code numbers starting with 77 indicate the specialized program that compiled these data.) Chart 3.2-2 Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Wastewater in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 RCRA TSDR Facilities Managing Hazardous Wastewater 760 (30%) RCRA TSDR Facilities Managing Hazardous Non-Wastewater Only 1,749 (70%) I Total Number of RCRA TSDR Facilities = 2,509 Source: TT-145 (A3)

22 1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA-Regulated Units Whenever possible, industries are encouraged to find ways to recover, reclaim, and reuse waste materials whose generation cannot be prevented. Recycling activities for hazardous wastes include solvents and other organics recovery, metals recovery, and reusing hazardous waste as fuel, either alone or blended with other materials. When pollution prevention or recycling is not possible, or after recyclable materials have been recovered, the third preference for waste management is treatment. Hazardous waste treatment activities include incineration and other thermal treatment processes; chemical, physical, and biological processes to remove or neutralize hazardous constituents; and solidification processes designed to stabilize hazardous constituents that cannot be removed from wastes prior to disposal in land-based units. Finally, disposal represents the least preferred, if somewhat unavoidable, waste management option. In the case of RCRA hazardous wastes, Congress enacted legislation in 1984 to severely restrict land disposal activities. EPA has implemented these land disposal restrictions over the last four years, requiring wastes to meet strict technology-based standards through state-ofthe-art treatment prior to any placement in land disposal units. Land disposal units used for hazardous wastes include landfills, land application areas (land treatment or land farming), surface impoundments, waste piles, and underground injection wells. The Generator and TSDR Surveys obtained considerable data describing hazardous waste recycling, treatment, and disposal activities in 1986. These are discussed in the second report, cited on page 1. For the purposes of this report, EPA is presenting its findings regarding the quantities of hazardous wastes recycled, treated, and disposed of in RCRA TSDR units. Findings on quantities stored in RCRA TSDR units are presented as well. It is important to note that these data represent hazardous waste management practices in 1986, prior to the implementation of the land disposal restriction regulations. Chart 3.3-1 shows the types of hazardous waste management activities used to manage hazardous waste in RCRA TSDR units during 1986. While almost 85% of the hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units is treated, only 33 percent of all RCRA TSDR facilities treated hazardous waste in RCRA units during 1986.

3. Survey Findings 23 Chart 3.3-1 Number of Facilities Recycling, Treating, Disposing of, and Storing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units and Quantities of Hazardous Waste Managed in 1986 Percentage of Percentage of Quantity Total Number of Total Number of Managed Quantity RCRA TSDR RCRA TSDR (million tons) Managed Faci I it ies Facilities Recycled 2.0 0.7 316 12.6 Treated 245.0 84.6 832 33.2 Disposed 58.9 20.3 270 10.8 Stored 58.9 20.3 1,969 78.5 Total 289Sa 100.0a 2,50gb 100.0b a A single waste may be managed using more than one waste management activity. Therefore, adding the quantities recycled, treated, disposed of, and stored results in double-counting. The number shown is the total quantity managed without double-counting. A single facility may engage in more than one waste 'management activity. Therefore, adding the numbers of facilities recycling, treating, disposing of, and storing hazardous waste results in double-counting. The number shown is the total number of facilities without double-counting. Source: TT-145 (A4) The most common hazardous waste management activity conducted in RCRA TSDR units by facilities during 1986 was storage; over 78 percent of facilities stored hazardous waste in RCRA permitted units. For an estimated 23 percent of the 2,509 RCRA TSDR facilities, storage was the only activity conducted in RCRA TSDR units. Many of these facilities store hazardous waste onsite in RCRA TSDR units prior to treating or recycling the hazardous waste onsite in units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements or to shipping the wastes to offsite management facilities. Chart 3.3-1 indicates that less than one percent of the total quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units was recycled in RCRA TSDR units. This is not an accurate indication of the total amount of recycling during 1986. RCRA permits are not required for most recycling activities, in part to encourage recycling over other waste management activities. Thus most recycling activity takes place in units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements and therefore would not be included in this report. For a discussion of recycling in exempt units, see the second report, cited on page 1.

24 1986 Hazardous Waste ManaQement in RCRA- Regulated Units 3.4 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN RCRA TSDR UNITS Although the quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units is concentrated in certain regions and states, the number of RCRA TSDR facilities is more evenly distributed throughout the nation. Charts 3.4-1 and 3.4-2 show the distributions of the quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units and the number of RCRA TSDR facilities by EPA region. As Chart 3.4-1 shows, Regions I1 and VI managed the largest quantities of hazardous waste, managing 24 percent and 23 percent of all hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units, respectively. Regions V, IV, and I11 also managed significant quantities of hazardous waste in RCRA TSDR units. In contrast, Regions I, VII, VIII, and X each managed less than one percent of the total quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units. Chart 3.4-2 shows the number of RCRA TSDR facilities in each region. Although it is only third largest in the quantity managed, Region V has the most RCRA TSDR facilities, with over 25 percent of all facilities nationwide. Regions 11,111, IV, and VI also have large number of RCRA TSDR facilities. Unlike the distribution by quantity shown in Chart 3-8, no region has less than one percent of the total number of RCRA TSDR facilities. For further detail, Chart 3.4-3 shows the quantity of hazardous waste managed and the number of RCRA TSDR facilities in each state or territory. Chart 3.4-4 shows the same information with the states ranked in descending order by the quantity managed, and Chart 3.4-5 shows the states ranked by the number of RCRA TSDR facilities. As Chart 3.4-4 shows, the top three states (New Jersey, Texas, and Michigan) accounted for over half of the total quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units; these states managed 21 percent, 18 percent, and 14 percent of the quantity of hazardous waste, respectively. These states had only 4 percent, 7 percent, and 5 percent of the RCRA TSDR facilities, respectively. This again illustrates that a few facilities managed very large quantities of hazardous waste, relative to the rest of the facilities. Chart 3.4-5 indicates that California and Ohio have the largest number of RCRA TSDR facilities; each state has approximately 8 percent of the total number of facilities. Every state or territory has at least one RCRA TSDR facility with the exceptions of the District of Columbia and the Virgin Islands.

Bars and numbers above bars show the quantity of hazardous waste managed in units subject to RCRA permitting requirements per region, in millions of tons. Percentages in parentheses indicate the percentage of all hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units that was managed in the region indicated. 69.3 (23.9%) 2.0 (0.7%) Region I Region II. Region X includes Alaska Region VI I Source: TT-143 (A3)

~~ Chart 3.4-2 Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units per EPA Region in 1986 I Bars and numbers above bars show the number of RCRA TSDR facilities per region. Percentages in parentheses indicate the percentage of all RCRA TSDR facilities that are located in the region indicated. -- 306 (1 2.2%) Note: Region II includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands Region IX includes Hawaii and Guam Region X includes Alaska W Source: lt-143 (A3)

3. Survey Findings 27 Chart 3.4-3 Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units and Quantity Managed per State in 1986 Quantity Managed Percentage of Total Number of RCRA Percentage of RCRA State (million tons) Quantity Manaaed TSDR Facilities TSDR Facilities Alaska 0.00 0.0 8 0.3 Alabama 5.76 2.0 49 2.0 Arkansas 0.87 0.3 26 1.o Arizona 0.1 7 0.1 31 1.2 California 5.48 1.9 212 8.4 Color ado 0.47 0.2 47 1.9 Connecticut 1.73 0.6 94 3.7 District of Columbia 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 Delaware 0.01 0.0 7 0.3 Florida 0.48 0.2 45 1.8 Georgia 7.20 2.5 72 2.9 Guam 0.00 0.0 1 0.0 Hawaii 0.00 0.0 6 0.2 Iowa 0.08 0.0 27 1.1 Idaho 0.02 0.0 4 0.2 Illinois 6.93 2.4 135 5.4 Indiana 1.97 0.7 98 3.9 Kansas 1.52 0.5 22 0.9 Kentucky 4.96 1.7 39 1.6 Louisiana 11.46 4.0 45 1.8 Massachusetts 0.20 0.1 31 1.2 Maryland 1.42 0.5 40 1.6 Maine 0.00 0.0 3 0.1 Michigan 41.78 14.4 118 4.7 Minnesota 0.06 0.0 45 1.8 Missouri 0.29 0.1 67 2.7 Mississippi 1.50 0.5 40 1.6 Montana 0.02 0.0 4 0.2 North Carolina 0.45 0.2 38 1.5 North Dakota 0.00 0.0 4 0.2 Nebraska 0.00 0.0 4 0.2 New Hampshire 0.01 0.0 12 0.5 New Jersey 59.68 20.6 113 4.5 New Mexico 0.57 0.2 11 0.4 Nevada 0.01 0.0 2 0.1 New York 9.47 3.3 151 6.0 Ohio 4.90 1.7 198 7.9 Oklahoma 1.82 0.6 34 1.4 Oregon 0.1 1 0.0 10 0.4, Pennsylvania 4.40 1.5 106 4.2 Puerto Rico 0.1 7 0.1 42 1.7 Rhode Island 0.02 0.0 15 0.6 South Carolina 2.98 1.o 40 1.6 South Dakota 0.00 0.0 1 0.0 Tennessee 22.42 7.7 42 1.7 Texas 51.24 17.7 175 7.0 ' Utah 0.24 0.1 17 0.7 Virginia 12.75 4.4 56 2.2 Virgin Island 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 Vermont 0.00 0.0 3 0.1 Washington 0.68 0.2 34 1.4 Wisconsin 0.22 0.1 49 2.0 West Virainia 22.92 7.9 30 1.2 - Wyoming 0.01 0.0 6 0.2 1 Total 289.47 100.0 2,509 100.0 Source: TT-143 (A3)

28 1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA-Regulated Units Chart 3.4-4 States Ranked in Descending Order by the Quantity Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 Quantity Managed Percentage of Total Number of RCRA Percentage of RCRA State (million tons) Quantitv Manaaed TSDR Facilities TSDR Facilities New Jersey 59.68 20.6 113 4.5 Texas 51.24 17.7 175 7.0 Michigan 41.78 14.4 118 4.7 West Virginia 22.92 7.9 30 1.2 Tennessee 22.42 7.7 42 1.7 Virginia 12.75 4.4 56 2.2 Louisiana 11.46 4.0 45 1.8 New York 9.47 3.3 151 6.0 Georgia 7.20 2.5 72 2.9 Illinois 6.93 2.4 135 5.4 Alabama 5.76 2.0 49 2.0 California 5.48 1.9 21 2 8.4 Kentucky 4.96 1.7 39 1.6 Ohio 4.90 1.7 198 7.9 Pennsylvania 4.40 1.5 106 4.2 South Carolina 2.98 1.o 40 1.6 Indiana 1.97 0.7 98 3.9 Oklahoma 1.82 0.6 34 1.4 Connecticut 1.73 0.6 94 3.7 Kansas 1.52. 0.5 22 0.9 Mississippi 1.50 0.5 40 1.6 Maryland 1.42 0.5 40 1.6 Arkansas 0.87 0.3 26 1.o Washington 0.68 0.2 34 1.4 New Mexico 0.57 0.2 11 0.4 Florid a 0.48 0.2 45 1.8 Colorado 0.47 0.2 47 1.9 North Carolina 0.45 0.2 38 1.5 Missouri 0.29 0.1 67 2.7 Utah 0.24 0.1 17 0.7 Wisconsin 0.22 0.1 49 2.0 Massachusetts 0.20 0.1 31 1.2 Arizona 0.17 0.1 31 1.2 Puerto Rico 0.17 0.1 42 1.7 Oregon 0.1 1 0.0 10 0.4 Iowa 0.08 0.0 27 1.1 Minnesota 0.06 0.0 45 1.8 Montana 0.02 0.0 4 0.2 Idaho 0.02 0.0 4 0.2 Rhode Island 0.02 0.0 15 0.6 New Hampshire 0.01 0.0 12 0.5 Nevada 0.01 0.0 2 0.1 Wyoming 0.01 0.0 6 0.2 Delaware 0.01 0.0 7 0.3 Maine 0.00 0.0 3 0.1 Vermont 0.00 0.0 3 0.1 North Dakota 0.00 0.0 4 0.2 Hawaii 0.00 0.0 6 0.2 Alaska 0.00 0.0 8 0.3 Nebraska 0.00 0.0 4 0.2 South Dakota 0.00 0.0 1 0.0 District of Columbia 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 Guam 0.00 0.0 1 0.0 Virgin island 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 Total 289.47 100.0 2,509 100.0 Source: lt-143 (A3)

3. Survey Findings 29 Chart 3.4-5 States Ranked by the Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 Number of RCRA Percentage of RCRA Quantity Managed Percentage of Total State TSDR Facilities TSDR Facilities (million tons) Quantitv Manaaed California 212 8.4 5.48 1.9 Ohio 198 7.9 4.90 1.7 Texas 175 7.0 51.24 17.7 New York 151 6.0 9.47 3.3 Illinois 135 5.4 6.93 2.4 Michigan 118 4.7 41.78 14.4 New Jersey 113 4.5 59.68 20.6 Pennsylvania 106 4.2 4.40 1.5 Indiana 98 3.9 1.97 0.7 Connecticut 94 3.7 1.73 0.6 Georgia 72 2.9 7.20 2.5 Missouri 67 2.7 0.29 0.1 Virginia 56 2.2 12.75 4.4 Alabama 49 2.0 5.76 2.0 Wisconsin 49 2.0 0.22 0.1 Color ado 47 1.9 0.47 0.2 Florida 45 1.8 0.48 0.2 Louisiana 45 1.8 11.46 4.0 Minnesota 45 1.8 0.06 0.0 Puerto Rico 42 1.7 0.17 0.1 Tennessee 42 1.7 22.42 7.7 Maryland 40 1.6 1.42 0.5 Mississippi 40. 1.6 1.50 0.5 South Carolina 40 1.6 2.98 1.o Kentucky 39 1.6 4.96 1.7 North Carolina 38 1.5 0.45 0.2 Oklahoma 34 1.4 1.82 0.6 Washington 34 1.4 0.68 0.2 Arizona 31 1.2 0.17 0.1 Massachusetts 31 1.2 0.20 0.1 West Virginia 30 1.2 22.92 7.9 Iowa 27 1.1 0.08 0.0 Arkansas 26 1.a 0.87 0.3 Kansas 22 0.9 1.52 0.5 Utah 17 0.7 0.24 0.1 Rhode Island 15 0.6 0.02 0.0 New Hampshire 12 0.5 0.01 0.0 New Mexico 11 0.4 0.57 0.2 Oregon 10 0.4 0.1 I 0.0 Alaska 8 0.3 0.00 0.0 Delaware 7 0.3 0.01 0.0 Hawaii 6 0.2 0.00 0.0 Wyoming 6 0.2 0.01 0.0 Idaho 4 0.2 0.02 0.0 Montana 4 0.2 0.02 0.0 North Dakota 4 0.2 0.00 0.0 Nebraska 4 0.2 0.00 0.0 Maine 3 0.1 0.00 0.0 Vermont 3 0.1 0.00 0.0 Nevada 2 0.1 0.01 0.0 Guam 1 0.0 0.00 0.0 South Dakota 1 0.0 0.00 0.0 District of Columbia 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 Virgin Island 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 Total 2,509 100.0 289.47 100.0 Source: 77-143 (A3)

30 1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA- Regulated Units 3.5 OWNERS OF FACILITIES MANAGING HAZARDOUS WASTE IN RCRA TSDR UNITS Charts 3.5-1 and 3.5-2 show the types of owners of RCRA TSDR facilities in 1986. By far the most common ownership type was private: 86 percent of all RCRA TSDR facilities were privately owned, and 93 percent of all hazardous waste managed.in RCRA TSDR units was managed by privately owned facilities. The next largest category includes federallyowned facilities, including Department of Energy and Department of Defense facilities. Ten percent of the facilities were owned by the federal government and managed 5 percent of the quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units. Chart 3.5-1 Ownership Type Ranked by Quantity Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 Private (269.38) Other Undetermined State -- -- -- (1.19) (0.1 8) (0.01) I I I I 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Note: Numbers in parentheses indicate quantity of hazardous waste managed in units subject to RCRA permitting requirements in millions of tons. Source: TT-145 (A3, A1 9)

3. Survey Findings 31 Chart 3.5-2 Ownership Type Ranked by the Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 Private (2,148) a- Federal (255) Other I (40) f J- Local (31) State (22) Undetermined (1 3) I I I I I I 4 I 1 0% 25% 50% 75% ' 100% Note: Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of RCRA TSDR units of the ownership type indicated. Source: TT-145 (A19) 3.6 INDUSTRIES MANAGING HAZARDOUS WASTE IN RCRA TSDR UNITS Respondents to the TSDR Survey reported the Standard Industrial Classification code (SIC) that best described their industry. These SIC codes can be aggregated to more general industry classifications based on the first two digits. Chart 3.6-1 shows the top five general industry categories (Zdigit SIC) based on the quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units in 1986 by the industry. The chemical products industry (SIC 28) managed the largest quantity of hazardous waste in RCRA TSDR units, managing 215 million tons, or almost 75 percent of all hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units in 1986. The industry managing the next largest amount of waste, the petroleum and coal industry, managed only 26.7 million tons, or 9 percent of all hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units. Together, the top five general industries managed 94 percent of all hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units.

32 1986 Hazardous Waste Manaqement in RCRA-Regulated Units Chart 3.6-1 Top Five General Industries by the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 2-digit SIC) 29 Petroleum and Coal (26.7) +..... I.:<.:.:.:....:.:<.:.: b - E. (12.4) 33 Primary Metals 35 Nonelectrical Machinery (3.7) 0% 25% 50 '/o 75% 100% Note: Numbers in parentheses indicate quantity of hazardous waste managed in units subject to RCRA permitting requirements by the industry indicated, in millions of tons. Source: TT-144 (A3, A17) Charts 3.6-2 to 3.6-6 provide additional detail on the top industries. The charts show the top specific industries (4-digit SIC codes) by the quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units for each of the general indusmal categories listed in Chart 3.6-1. For example, Chart 3.6-2 shows the most common specific industries in the chemical products industry (SIC 28). Almost half of all hazardous waste managed by the chemical products industry was managed by organic chemical manufacturers (SIC 2869). The single 4- digit category 2869 accounted for 36 percent of all hazardous waste managed by all industries in RCRA TSDR units. The top five specific industries of the chemical products industry managed 88 percent of all chemical products hazardous waste.

~~~ ~ ~ 3. Survey Findinqs 33 bnan 3.0'~ iwust buriiiiiuri apecirir; iriuustries iri we brieiiiwai rruuuuis iriuusiry uy iiie uucriiiiiy VI Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 4-digit SIC) Percentage of SIC Desc ript lo n Quantity Total Quantity Managed Number of (million tons) for (SIC Industry 28) RCRA TSDRs 2869 Organic Chemicals 103.4 48.0 171 2800 General Chemical Manufacturing 50.7 23.5 31 2821 Plastics 14.9 6.9 62 2892 Explosives 12.4 5.8 25 281 6 Inorganic Pigments 8.1 3.8 11 All Other Chemical Products 25.9 12.0 346 Industries ~ ~~ ~ Total Industry 215.4 100.0% 646 Source: TT-144 (A3, A17) The specific industries in the general petroleum and coal industry (SIC 29) managing the largest quantities of hazardous waste in RCRA TSDR units are shown in Chart 3.6-3. Petroleum refiners (SIC 291 1) managed 99 percent of the hazardous waste managed by the petroleum and coal industry, although they managed only 9 percent of the hazardous waste managed by all industries in RCRA TSDR units. Chart 3.6-3 Most Common Specific Industries in the Petroleum and Coal Industry by the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 4-digit SIC) Percentage of sic Description Quantity Total Quantity Number of Managed for Industry RCRA TSDRs (million tons) (SIC 29) 291 1 Petroleum Refining 26.44 99.0 2992 Lubricating Oils 0.17 0.6 2999 Petroleum & Coal, neca 0.09 0.3 All Other Petroleum & Coal 0.01 0.1 Industries Total Industry 26.71 100.0% 120 a nec = not elsewhere classified Source: TT-144 (A3, A1 7) 98 8 10 4

34 1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA- Regulated Units Chart 3.6-4 shows the specific industries (4-digit SIC code) managing the largest quantities of hazardous waste in RCRA TSDR units in the electrical, gas, and sanitary services industry (SIC 49). The largest specific category in this general industry is refuse systems (SIC 4953). This specific industry includes commercial hazardous waste management facilities. For a discussion of commercial hazardous waste management operations, see the second report, cited on page 1. Almost all of the hazardous waste managed by the electrical, gas, and sanitary services industry was managed by the refuse systems specific industry. Chart 3.6-4 Most Common Specific Industries in the Electrical, Gas, & Sanitary Services Industry by the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 4-digit SIC) Percentage of Number Quantity Total Quantity of Managed for Industry RCRA SIC Description (million tons) (SIC 49) TSDRs Refuse Systems Electric Services ~~ 13.57 96.9 0.32 2.3 4959 Sanitary Services 0.10 0.7 3 All Other Electrical, Gas, & 0.02 0.1 25 Sanitary Services Industries Total Industry 14.01 100.0% 169 Source: TT-144 (A3, A1 7) 82 59 For the primary metal industry (SIC 33), Chart 3.6-5 shows the specific industries managing the greatest quantities of hazardous waste in RCRA TSDR units. Gray iron foundries and blast furnaces and steel mills managed 5 million tons of hazardous waste each in 1986, or a total of over 80 percent of the total quantity of hazardous waste managed in the primary metals industry. The top five specific industries shown managed over 99 percent of all hazardous waste managed by the primary metals industry in RCRA TSDR units..

3. Survey Findings 35 Chart 3.6-5 Most Common Specific Industries In the Primary Metals Industry by the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 4-digit SIC) Quantity Percentage of Total Quantity Number of SIC Description Managed (million tons) for Industry (SIC 33) RCRA TSDRs 3321 Gray Iron Foundry 5.19 41.7 12 331 2 Blast Furnaces & Steel Mills 5.1 7 41.5 40 331 7 Steel Pipes 1 :31 10.5 5 3341 Secondary Nonferrous Metals 0.37 3.O 17 331 5 Steel Wire 0.32 2.6 9 All Other Primary Metals Industries 0.09 0.7 41 Total lndustrv 12.45 1 00.0% 124 Source: TT-144 (A3, A17) Chart 3.6-6 shows the most common specific industries in the primary metals industry (SIC 33) by the quantity of hazardous waste managed in RCRA TSDR units in 1986. The refrigeration and heating industry (SIC 3585) managed 83 percent of all hazardous waste managed by the nonelectrical machinery industry, although it managed only one percent of the total quantity of hazardous waste managed by all industries. Chart 3.6-6 Most Common Specific Industries In the Nonelectrical Machinery Industry by the Quantity of Hazardous Waste Managed in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 4-digit SIC) Percentage of Number Quantity Total Quantity of Managed for Industry RCRA SIC Description (million tons) (SIC 35) TSDRs 3585 Refrigeration and Heating 3.07 83.0 3573 Computing Equipment 0.23 6.3 351 9 Internal Combustion Engines 0.22 5.9 3552 Textile Machinery 0.12 3.2 2 3523 Farm Equipment 0.02 0.6 2 All Other Nonelectrical Machinery 0.04 1.o 40 Industries I Total Industry 3.70 100.0% 92 Source: TT-144 (A3, A1 7) 7 34 7

36 1986 Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA-Requlated Units Chart 3.6-7 shows the general industries (2-digit SIC code) with the largest numbers of facilities managing hazardous waste in RCRA TSDR units. This chart can be compared to Chart 3.6-1, which shows the top general industries based on the quantity managed. In both charts, the chemical products industry (SIC 28) is the most common industry. However, the chemical products industry managed almost 75 percent of all hazardous waste, but had only 25 percent of all facilities. This is because several chemical products companies managed relatively large quantities of hazardous waste. This is further evidence of the concentration of hazardous waste management in several of the largest facilities, as discussed in Section 3.1. Comparing the industries listed in Chart 3.6-1 with those shown in Chart 3.6-7, we see that only the. chemical products industry and the electrical, gas, and sanitary services industry had both large numbers of facilities and managed large quantities of hazardous waste in RCRA TSDR units during 1986. Chart 3.6-7 Top Five General Industries by the Number of Facilities Managing Hazardous Waste in RCRA TSDR Units in 1986 (by 2-digit SIC) 28 Chemical Products 36 Electronics 34 Metal Fabrications 37 Transportation Equipment P.......:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:. @.$$ (155) All Other industries (1 $1 75) I I I I I I I I I 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% \late: Numbers in parentheses indicate number of RCRA TSDRs in the industry indicated. Source: TT-144 (A17)