ENG 002 INTRODUCTION to ENGINEERING Structural Engineering Building Engineering
Introduction to Structural Engineering Forces in Structures Structural Systems Some Definitions of Important Structural Properties
Structural Engineering What does a Structural Engineer do? A Structural Engineer designs the structural systems and structural elements in buildings, bridges, stadiums, tunnels, and other civil engineering works (bones) Design: process of determining location, material, and size of structural elements to resist forces acting in a structure
Engineering Design Process Identify the problem (challenge) Explore alternative solutions Research past experience Brainstorming Preliminary design of most promising solutions Analyzing and designing viable solutions Testing and evaluation of solution Experimental testing or field tests Peer evaluation Build solution using available resources (materials, equipment, labor)
Design Process in Structural Engineering Select material for construction Determine appropriate structural system for a particular case Determine forces acting on a structure Calculate size of members and connections to avoid failure (collapse) or excessive deformation
Examples of Typical Structures
Forces Acting in Structures Forces induced by gravity Dead Loads (permanent): self-weight of structure and attachments Live Loads (transient): moving loads (e.g. occupants, vehicles) Forces induced by wind Forces induced by earthquakes Forces induced by rain/snow Fluid pressures Others
Forces Acting in Structures Vertical: Gravity Lateral: Wind, Earthquake
Global Stability Sliding Overturning
Forces in Structural Elements 100 kn 100 KN Tension Compression
Forces in Structural Elements 100 kn Bending Torsion
Typical Structural Systems Arch
Typical Structural Systems C Truss C T C T Forces in Truss Members
Typical Structural Systems Frame
Typical Structural Systems
Typical Structural Systems Folded Plate
Typical Structural Systems Shells
Materials Used in Civil Engineering Stone and Masonry Metals Cast Iron Steel Aluminum Concrete Wood Fiber-Reinforced Plastics
Engineering Properties of Materials Steel Concrete Wood Masonary Composite
Concrete Components Sand (Fine Aggregate) Gravel (Coarse Aggregate) Cement (Binder) Water Air
Fiber-Reinforced Composites Composite Laminate Polymer Matrix Polyester Epoxy Vinylester Function of fibers: Provide stiffness Tensile strength Fiber Materials Glass Aramid (Kevlar) Carbon Functions of matrix: Force transfer to fibers Compressive strength Chemical protection
Engineering Properties of Strength Structural Elements Ability to withstand a given stress without failure Depends on type of material and type of force (tension or compression) Tensile Failure Compressive Failure
Engineering Properties of Structural Elements Stiffness (Rigidity) Property related to deformation Stiffer structural elements deform less under the same applied load Stiffness depends on type of material (E), structural shape, and structural configuration Two main types Axial stiffness Bending stiffness
Axial Stiffness T L Lo T
Bending Stiffness Force Displacement
Stiffness of Different Structural Shapes Stiff Stiffer Stiffest
Types of Structural Elements Bars and Cables Bars can carry either tension or compression Cables can only carry tension
Types of Structural Elements Beams Loads Compression Tension
Providing Stability for Lateral Loads Racking Failure of Pinned Frame Braced Frame Infilled Frame Rigid Joints
ENGINEERING RELATED TO THE BUILDING INDUSTRY STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS CONSTRUCTION METHODS
DESIGN PROCESS DESIGN TEAM ARCHITECT STRUCTURAL ENGINEER MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL PLUMBING OTHER (CIVIL ENGINEER, ACOUSTICS, LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT) ARCHITECTURAL PLANS STRUCTURAL PLANS M E P PLANS OTHER SELECTION of CONTRACTORS
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING INVOLVES THE DESIGN OF THE BUILDING FOR STRENGTH TO RESIST THE FORCES AND LOADS DUE TO BUILDING MATERIALS, PEOPLE, FURNITURE, WIND, SNOW, AND EARTHQUAKES (all kinds of loading during design life of structures).
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER DESIGNS: FRAMEWORK OF BUILDING TO CARRY THE LOADS WITH THE HELP OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER, DESIGNS THE FOUNDATION
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ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING INCLUDES THE DESIGNS OF THE AIR CONDITIONING, ACOUSTICS, PLUMBING SYSTEMS, ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS, VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION, AND LIGHTING
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS ENGINEER DESIGNS: HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING AIR QUALITY LIGHTING PLUMBING SYSTEMS ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS ACOUSTICS ELEVATORS
Heating and Air Conditioning are a Major Operating Cost
Issues with Air Quality Proper circulation Hazardous Material Storage
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING INCLUDES THE MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION METHODS, COST ESTIMATING, AND SCHEDULING
BUILDING CONTRACTOR: ESTIMATES COST OF BUILDING SCHEDULES CONSTRUCTION MANPOWER MATERIALS EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTS BUILDING USING PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS PREPARED BY ARCHITECT AND ENGINEERS
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TYPES OF JOBS STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS CONSTRUCTION FIRMS BUILDING MECHANICAL ENGINEERS BUILDING DEVELOPERS TECHNICAL SALES STATE AND FEDERAL AGENCIES OIL COMPANIES RESEARCH LABORATORIES TESTING LABORATORIES