Carbon Budget 2007 GCP-Global Carbon Budget team: Pep Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Thomas Conway, Christopher B. Field, Corinne Le Quéré, Richard A. Houghton, Gregg Marland, Michael R. Raupach Last update: 26 September 2008
Outline 1. Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration 2. CO 2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel and Cement 3. Drivers of Fossil Fuel Emissions 4. CO 2 Emissions from Land Use Change 5. Natural CO 2 Sinks 6. Summary of the Global Carbon Budget
1. Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration
Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration Year 2007 Atmospheric CO 2 concentration: 383 ppm 37% above pre-industrial 1970 1979: 1.3 ppm y -1 1980 1989: 1.6 ppm y 1 1990 1999: 1.5 ppm y -1 2000-2007: 2.0 ppm y -1 2007: 2.2 ppm y -1 Data Source: Pieter Tans and Thomas Conway, NOAA/ESRL
2. Emissions from Fossil Fuel and Cement
Emissions from Fossil Fuel + Cement 2007 Fossil Fuel: 8.5 Pg C Fossil Fuel Emission (GtC/y 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Emissions 1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 1990-1999: 0.9% y -1 2000-2007: 3.5% y -1 Data Source: G. Marland, T.A. Boden, R.J. Andres, and J. Gregg at CDIAC
Fossil Fuel Emissions: Actual vs. IPCC Scenarios Fossil Fuel Emission (GtC/y) 10 9.5 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 CDIAC IEAall A1B(Av) A1FI(Av) A1T(Av) A2(Av) B1(Av) B2(Av) 5 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Raupach et al 2007, PNAS (updated)
Regional Shift in Emissions Share Percentage of Global Annual Emissions 62% 38% FCCC Kyoto Reference Year 57% 43% Kyoto Protocol Adopted 49.7% 50.3% Kyoto Protocol Enter into Force 53% 47% Current J. Gregg and G. Marland, 2008, personal communication
Regional Share of Fossil Fuel Emissions 100% 80% D3-Least Developed Countries D2-Developing Countries 60% 40% 20% 0% Cumulative Emissions [1751-2004] Flux in 2004 Flux Growth in 2004 Population in 2004 India China FSU Japan EU USA D1-Developed Countries Raupach et al. 2007, PNAS
3. Drivers of fossil fuel emissions
Carbon Intensity of the Global Economy Photo: CSIRO Kg Carbon Emitted to Produce 1 $ of Wealth Carbon intensity (KgC/US$) 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2006 Raupach et al. 2007, PNAS; Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
Drivers of Anthropogenic Emissions Factor (relative to 1990) 1.5 1.4 World 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1 1 0.9 0.9 0.8 F Emissions (emissions) 0.8 0.7 P Population (population) 0.7 0.6 g Wealth = G/P= per capita GDP 0.6 h Carbon = F/Gintensity of GDP 0.5 0.5 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1980 Raupach et al 2007, PNAS
Regional Emission Pathways C emissions Wealth per capita Population C Intensity Developed Countries (-) Developing Countries Least Developed Countries Raupach et al 2007, PNAS
4. Emissions from Land Use Change
Carbon Emissions from Land Use Change Tropical deforestation Borneo, Courtesy: Viktor Boehm 13 Million hectares each year 2000-2007 Tropical Americas 0.6 Pg C y -1 Tropical Asia 0.6 Pg C y -1 Tropical Africa 0.3 Pg C y -1 [2007-Total Anthropogenic Emissions:8.5+1.5 = 10 Pg] 1.5 Pg C y -1 Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS; FAO-Global Resources Assessment 2005
Historical Emissions from Land Use Change Carbon Emissions from Tropical Deforestation 1.80 1.60 1.40 Africa Latin America 2000-2007 1.5 Pg C y -1 (16% total emissions) Pg C yr -1 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 S. & SE Asia SUM 0.40 0.20 0.00 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 R.A. Houghton, unpublished
Regional Share of Emissions from Land Use Change Canadell, Raupach, Houghton, 2008, Biogeosciences, submitted
5. Natural CO 2 sinks
Fate of Anthropogenic CO 2 Emissions (2000-2007) 1.5 Pg C y -1 4.2 Pg y Atmosphere -1 46% 7.5 Pg C y -1+ 2.6 Pg y -1 Land 29% 2.3 Pg y -1 Oceans 26% Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS (updated)
Climate Change at 55% Discount Natural CO 2 sinks absorb 55% of all anthropogenic carbon emissions slowing down climate change significantly. They are in effect a huge subsidy to the global economy worth half a trillion US$ annually if an equivalent sink had to be created using other climate mitigation options (based on the cost of carbon in the EU-ETS).
Factors that Influence the Airborne Fraction 1. The rate of CO 2 emissions. 2. The rate of CO 2 uptake and ultimately the total amount of C that can be stored by land and oceans: Land: CO 2 fertilization effect, soil respiration, N deposition fertilization, forest regrowth, woody encroachment, Oceans: CO 2 solubility (temperature, salinity),, ocean currents, stratification, winds, biological activity, acidification, Springer; Gruber et al. 2004, Island Press
Decline in the Efficiency of CO 2 Natural Sinks Fraction of all anthropogenic emissions that stay in the atmosphere % CO 2 Emissions in Atmosphere Emissions 1 tco 2 400Kg stay 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2006 Emissions 1 tco 2 450Kg stay Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
Efficiency of Natural Sinks Land Fraction Ocean Fraction Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
Causes of the Declined in the Efficiency of the Ocean Sink Part of the decline is attributed to up to a 30% decrease in the efficiency of the Southern Ocean sink over the last 20 years. This sink removes annually 0.7 Pg of anthropogenic carbon. Credit: N.Metzl, August 2000, oceanographic cruise OISO-5 The decline is attributed to the strengthening of the winds around Antarctica which enhances ventilation of natural carbon-rich deep waters. The strengthening of the winds is attributed to global warming and the ozone hole. Le Quéré et al. 2007, Science
6. Summary of the global carbon budget
Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget 2000-2007 CO 2 flux (Pg C y -1 ) Sink Source extra-tropics deforestation tropics 1.5 Time (y) Global Carbon Project (2008)
Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget CO 2 flux (Pg C y -1 ) Sink Source fossil fuel emissions deforestation 2000-2007 7.5 1.5 Time (y) Global Carbon Project (2008)
Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget CO 2 flux (Pg C y -1 ) Sink Source fossil fuel emissions deforestation 2000-2007 7.5 1.5 Time (y) Global Carbon Project (2008)
Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget CO 2 flux (Pg C y -1 ) Sink Source fossil fuel emissions deforestation atmospheric CO 2 2000-2007 7.5 1.5 4.2 Time (y) Global Carbon Project (2008)
Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget CO 2 flux (Pg C y -1 ) Sink Source fossil fuel emissions deforestation atmospheric CO 2 2000-2007 7.5 1.5 4.2 ocean 2.3 Time (y) Global Carbon Project (2008)
Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget fossil fuel emissions 2000-2007 CO 2 flux (Pg C y -1 ) Sink Source deforestation atmospheric CO 2 land 7.5 1.5 4.2 2.6 ocean 2.3 Time (y) Global Carbon Project (2008)
Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS (updated to 2007)
Drivers of Accelerating Atmospheric CO 2 1970 1979: 1.3 ppm y -1 1980 1989: 1.6 ppm y 1 1990 1999: 1.5 ppm y -1 2000-2007: 2.0 ppm y -1 To: Economic growth Carbon intensity Efficiency of natural sinks 65% - Increased activity of the global economy 17% - Deterioration of the carbon intensity of the global economy 18% - Decreased efficiency of natural sinks (calculations based on the period 2000-2006) Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
Conclusions (i) Anthropogenic CO 2 emissions are growing x4 faster since 2000 than during the previous decade, and above the worst case emission scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Less Developed Countries are now emitting more carbon than Developed Countries. The carbon intensity of the world s economy is improving slower than previous decades.
Conclusions (ii) The efficiency of natural sinks has decreased by 5% over the last 50 years (and will continue to do so in the future), implying that the longer it takes to begin reducing emissions significantly, the larger the cuts needed to stabilize atmospheric CO 2. All these changes have led to an acceleration of atmospheric CO 2 growth 33% faster since 2000 than in the previous two decades, implying a stronger climate forcing and sooner than expected.
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