ICCG Think Tank Map: a worldwide observatory on climate think tanks Arctic, Energy Poverty and Health in the Second Volume of IPCC s AR 5 Alice Favero, ICCG
Arctic, Energy Poverty and Health Alice Favero (ICCG) Abstract On March 31, 2014 the Working Group II (WGII) of the IPCC released its new Summary for Policymakers which concludes the work on the second volume of IPCC s AR 5. This study analyses the findings of WG II s contribution to AR5 with reference to three topics: Arctic, Energy Poverty and Climate & Health. Then, it compares these findings with the findings of the 2007 IPCC s AR 4. 1
Introduction On March 31, 2014 the Working Group II (WGII) of the IPCC released its new Summary for Policymakers 1 on the impacts of climate change on human and natural systems, climate-related risks and vulnerabilities, options and benefits for adaptation. 2 The Summary concludes the work of WG2 on AR 5 and provides a synthesis of the main findings of volume 2 of AR5. This note analyses the findings of WG II s contribution to AR5 with reference to three topics: Arctic, Energy Poverty and Climate & Health. These are also ICCG s hot topics, on which ICCG has recently focused its attention. This note also compares these findings with those of the 2007 AR 4 3. The Arctic topic includes all the important environmental, social, political and economic implications linked to the accelerated melting of Arctic ice due to climate change. Energy Poverty is related to the issue of reducing energy poverty in the developing world as a necessary condition to promote its economic and social development. Finally, Climate and Health assesses the impact of climate change on human health, focusing primarily on its economic implications and the urgent need for action on the part of policy makers to deal with this life-threatening transformation. Arctic The main projected risks of climate change on the Arctic have not changed much since the 2007 IPCC AR 4. They can be summarized as follows: Risks for the freshwater and terrestrial ecosystem (high confidence) and the marine ecosystem (medium confidence), due to changes in ice, snow cover, permafrost and freshwater/ocean conditions affecting species habitat quality, ranges, and productivity, as well as dependent economies. Risks for the health and well being of residents resulting from injuries and illness due to the changing physical environment, food insecurity, lack of reliable and safe drinking water and damage to infrastructure, including infrastructures in permafrost regions (high confidence). Unprecedented challenges for northern communities due to complex inter-linkages between climate-related hazards and societal factors, particularly if rate of change is faster than social systems can adapt. In addition, the new AR 5 estimates the risks across different climate change scenarios: Many species and systems with limited adaptive capacity are subject to very high risks with additional warming of 2 C. With increased warming, some physical systems or ecosystems may be at risk of abrupt and irreversible changes: risks associated with such tipping points become moderate between 0-1 C additional warming, due to early warning signs that Arctic ecosystems are already experiencing irreversible regime shifts (medium confidence). Risks increase disproportionately as temperature increases between 1-2 C additional warming and become high above 3 C, due to the potential for a large, irreversible sealevel rise from ice sheet loss. 1 The 2014 Summary for Policymakers is available at http://ipccwg2.gov/ar5/images/uploads/ipcc_wg2ar5_spm_approved.pdf http://ipcc-wg2.gov/publications/ar4/index.html 2 For more information see IPCC issues report on climate risks, impacts and adaptation at http://www.iccgov.org/default.aspx 3 The WG II AR4 report is available at http://ipcc-wg2.gov/publications/ar4/index.html 2
For sustained warming greater than some threshold 4 near-complete loss of the Greenland ice sheet would occur over a millennium or more, contributing up to 7m of global mean sea-level rise. Within this century, magnitudes and rates of climate change associated with medium-to high-emission scenarios (RCP4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) pose high risk of abrupt and irreversible regional-scale change in the composition, structure, and function of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, including wetlands in the boreal-tundra Arctic system (medium confidence). Finally, as emphasized in the 2007 AR 4, in keeping with the resilience shown historically by Arctic indigenous communities, Arctic human communities are already adapting to climate change. Some communities have begun to deploy adaptive co-management strategies and communications infrastructure, combining traditional and scientific knowledge. Energy poverty Neither AR 4 nor AR 5 treats the energy poverty issue specifically. However, in AR 5, WG II describes in detail the effects of climate change on both energy and poverty. Therefore, the analysis focuses on these two topics separately. Regarding energy, climate change is projected to reduce energy demand for heating and increase energy demand for cooling in the residential and commercial sectors (robust evidence, high agreement). Similar findings have been described in AR 4. In addition, climate change is projected to affect energy sources and technologies differently, depending on resources (e.g., water flow, wind), technological processes (e.g., cooling), or locations (e.g., coastal regions, floodplains) involved. In addition, significant co-benefits, synergies, and trade-offs exist between mitigation and adaptation and among different adaptation responses in the energy sector such as (i) improved energy efficiency and cleaner energy sources, leading to reduced emissions of health-damaging, climate-altering air pollutants and (ii) reduced energy and water consumption in urban areas through greening cities and recycling water. Regarding poverty, AR 5 stresses more than the previous AR 4 the potential impacts of climate change on people living in poverty. Authors emphasized that climate-related hazards affect poor people s lives directly through impacts on livelihoods, reductions in crop yields, or destruction of homes, and indirectly through increased food prices and food insecurity. The impacts are projected to slow down economic growth, make poverty reduction more difficult, further erode food security, and prolong existing and create new poverty traps, the latter particularly in urban areas and emerging hotspots of hunger (medium confidence). In particular, in urban and rural areas, poor wage-labor-dependent households that are net buyers of food are expected to be particularly affected due to food price increases, especially in regions with high food insecurity and high inequality (particularly in Africa). Finally, climate change can indirectly increase risks of violent conflicts in the form of civil war and inter-group violence by amplifying the drivers of these conflicts such as poverty and economic shocks (medium confidence). Observed positive effects of climate change for poor and marginalized people, which are limited and often indirect, include examples such as diversification of social networks and agricultural practices. Adaptation plans and policies such as insurance programs, social protection measures, and disaster risk management may enhance long-term livelihood resilience among poor and marginalized people, if policies address poverty and multidimensional inequalities. 4 Threshold is greater than about 1 C (low confidence) but less than about 4 C (medium confidence) sustained global mean warming above preindustrial levels. 3
Climate and Health At present the world-wide burden of human ill-health from climate change is relatively small compared with effects of other stressors, and is not well quantified. However, there has been increased heat-related mortality and decreased cold-related mortality in some regions as a result of warming (medium confidence). Local changes in temperature and rainfall have altered the distribution of some water-borne illnesses and disease vectors (medium confidence). Impacts from recent climate-related extremes, such as heat waves, droughts, floods, cyclones, and wildfires, reveal significant vulnerability and exposure of many human systems to current climate variability (very high confidence). Impacts of such climate-related extremes include morbidity and mortality, and consequences for mental health and human well-being. The key risks of climate on health are summarized below: Risk of death, injury, ill-health, or disrupted livelihoods in low-lying coastal zones and small island developing states and other small islands, due to storm surges, coastal flooding, and rise in sea-level. Risk of severe ill-health and disrupted livelihoods for large urban populations due to inland flooding in some regions. Systemic risks due to extreme weather events leading to breakdown of infrastructure networks and critical services such as electricity, water supply, and health and emergency services. Risk of mortality and morbidity during periods of extreme heat, particularly for vulnerable urban populations and those working outdoors in urban or rural areas. Risk of food insecurity and the breakdown of food systems linked to warming, drought, flooding, and precipitation variability and extremes, particularly for poorer populations in urban and rural settings. Risk of loss of rural livelihoods and income due to insufficient access to drinking and irrigation water and reduced agricultural productivity, particularly for farmers and pastoralists with minimal capital in semi-arid regions. Risk of loss of marine and coastal ecosystems, biodiversity, and the ecosystem goods, functions, and services they provide for coastal livelihoods, especially for fishing communities in the tropics and the Arctic. Although authors of the 2014 AR 5 present more health-related risks than in the AR 4, they do not mention the risk of increase of specific diseases such as diarrhoeal disease, cardio-respiratory diseases and infectious disease. Risks are analyzed also across time: until mid-century, projected climate change will impact human health mainly by exacerbating health problems that already exist (very high confidence). Throughout the 21st century, climate change is expected to lead to increases in ill-health in many regions, especially in developing countries with low income, as compared to a baseline without climate change (high confidence). Positive effects are expected to include modest reductions in cold-related mortality and morbidity in some areas due to fewer cold extremes (low confidence), geographical shifts in food production (medium confidence), and reduced capacity of vectors to transmit some diseases. But globally, as in the 2007 Report, the magnitude and severity of negative impacts are projected to increasingly outweigh positive impacts (high confidence). Adaptation experience to reduce the abovementioned risks is accumulating across regions in the public and private sector and within communities (high confidence). Governments at various 4
levels are starting to develop adaptation plans and policies and to integrate climate-change considerations into broader development plans. Examples of adaptation across regions include: disaster risk management, adjustments in technologies and infrastructure, ecosystem-based approaches, basic public health measures, and livelihood diversification. The most effective vulnerability reduction measures for health in the near-term are programs that implement and improve basic public health measures such as provision of clean water and sanitation, secure essential health care including vaccination and child health services, increase capacity for disaster preparedness and response, and alleviate poverty (very high confidence). Conclusion The recently released second volume of IPCC AR 5 emphasises high climate related risks for three relevant topics: the Arctic, Energy poverty, and Human Health. In the Arctic, there could be problems for ecosystems, risks for the health and well-being of residents, and challenges for communities. AR 5 suggests that unchecked climate change will undo poverty reduction efforts and cause major global health problems. In addition, the report emphasises the important role of adaptive plans and measures in order to reduce the consequences of climate change. 5