Controlling the Water Pressure in the Pressure Control Networks Using a New Automatic Pressure-Reducing Valve

World Applied Sciences Journal 18 (8): 1088-1094, 2012 ISSN 1818-4952 IDOSI Publications, 2012 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.18.08.2262 Controlling the Water Pressure in the Pressure Control Networks Using a New Automatic Pressure-Reducing Valve H.R. Lotfizadeh, H. Barza and M. Abdevalipour Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ilam Branch, Ilam, Iran Abstract: Increase in urban water networks, network management is one of most important problem in which the parameters of the network pressure and leakage at night in search of networks and connections will be worn. Given that the urban water networks with more than 30 years old have been worn and is part of the network and still have not replaced the night of exhaustion and pressure leakage is due to increased consumption. Network Management in day and night in order to pressure, pressure-reducing valve was designed and built automated. In order to reduce demand hours (night) to minimize automatically pressure and increasing pressure on consumers can be provided for the maximum allowable pressure. The pressure-reducing valve on the network's performance is such that the input by a pilot pressure to a constant pressure at the output decreases. If the pressure is 6 bars pressure-reducing valve can be input by a pilot pressure to 3 times reduced and the pressure will be night and day, 3 times a night if not need this pressure will cause a leak. Pressure-reducing valve built in this research can be proposed to minimize the pressure in the night and day in different time with different pressure curve of the network will deliver. Key words: Urban water networks Network pressure and leakage Pressure-reducing valve INTRODUCTION even some nodes will not be able provide any water [6, 7]. For this purpose, it is necessary to use flow relationships According to the analysis of water networks profile, - the demand-related pressures considered. One of the flow rate and head tube are unknown at the nodes. most important problems in a network there are leaks in It should be possible for all phenomena occurring in the the network. To combat this scourge must be able to water supply network [1]. Logical study of these estimate the leakage in the network, then attempted to phenomena as well as be able to provide answers for the reduce it. Actually, cause leaks in the network, wasting a unknown fact in accordance with the offer. Answers lead large percentage of water is distributed. Additional costs to more accurate results than utilizations are correct. that the company responsible for supply, transport, Phenomena that occur in water distribution networks refining, pumping, storage and distribution of water is include leaks and broken pipes should logically be likely to be one of the damaging effects of leakage. studied and analyzed. Check for correct function of these Moreover, in cases where there is water shortage crisis is events to see what these are factors that contribute to more serious problem. Water companies to reduce leakage these factors, presented a method for reducing network are often the first step towards replacing the old tubes are [2-5]. In these models is assumed that the flow rate output in the network. This process was time consuming and is designed for consumers, always prepared and fixed. cost effective than replacing all the pipes in a short time Research in the last two decades has shown that the and financial resources is not possible. Irrigation systems outflow rate of virtually every node in the node is for proper management and proper planning is needed proportional to the pressure and flow-based methods to with regard to the urban water supply and water prove the efficiency, especially in critical situations in distribution networks, pressure and flow values always the hydraulic analysis of the water will not be networks. apply to various demands of consumers, including Due to unexpected changes such as fractures or broken domestic, industrial, agricultural etc. During the day, be pipes and valves, pumps, resulting in excessive pressure accountable. A type of water supply network analysis, drop than the rate for consumers greatly reduced and demand analysis, the analysis cannot prove that this type Corresponding Auhtor: H.R. Lotfizadeh, Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ilam Branch, Ilam, Iran. 1088

of network reality shows, especially in critical situations. This type of analysis only works in normal mode [1]. Other type of demand-based method can be based on the pressure the network behavior of the model. The tank should be kept in mind when considering the balance of time in bed or static or dynamic analysis is performed [8-11]. In this study discharge pressure is assumed to be variable and then providing an automatic pressurereducing valve designed by the research team and consider an arbitrary time intervals can be changed according to the needs of consumer s pressure. On the other hand, high consumption period (peak usage) added pressure and low consumption period (midnight to dawn) pressure to a minimum, the second section, including review of technical literature Pressure-reducing network is fluid valve. Relations used to compare the strengths and weaknesses of each are discussed. In the third section, methods and components used in this research pressure-reducing valve and water supply networks and relationships - discharge pressure and other parameters related to network components needed to be reflected. In the fourth section, with the valve installed in a real network equipment performance and accuracy of its operation is demonstrated. Finally, in the final section of the paper, we summarized and conclusions. Types of Pressure-Reducing Valve: Pressure management is important issues of global water industry. However, in spite of extensive research and experience on domestic and international corporations, government agencies of such experiences. We are in control, low interest and unfortunately, the greater part of project and the water industry, large-scale hardware is concerning this and leaks in networks that are already in some provinces are more than twenty percent without increasing power of new water sources, horizontal accountability plans increase. Mankenberg International Co., Inc. Org and mechanical valves Pressure-reducing water developments have had a good talk but nevertheless managed to solve because they can not push the valves installed on a constant outlet pressure is set (Figure 1). Solenoid valves type Danfoos electric company and can only act as zero and one. Electric Solenoid valve so that the pressure to zero at night to reduce the possibility of this problem is that at night there is no minimum consumption (Figure 2). Watts the most advanced international companies in a variety of valves between the aforementioned companies have marketed but have been unable to solve the problem of automatic pressure management. Fig. 1: Normal pressure-reducing valve Fig. 2: Different parts of Solenoid pressure-reducing valve: 1) Opening and closing valve, 2) - filter, 3) one-way valve, 4) Solenoid Some products include valve, water level control tank, Solenoid valve closed, the valve float off and normal pressure-reducing valve. Solenoid valve in open and closed is shown in Figure 3. Theory Water Consumption in the Network: The amount of water that enters the network and can be used can be divided into two categories: Controlled Consumption: The amount of water entering the network is part of the consumer is placed. Each share of the total water consumption of the controlled input is more network, network design and performance in order to create favorable conditions for taking the step. 1089

This relationship, the relationship between pressure and flow at each node for a specific period covered The relationship between flow direction can not be a good indicator - if the pressure at each node [1]. Continuous relations: These relationships have been between flow rate- pressures at each node for the entire range and continue to consider. Germanopoulos [2] proposed the following relationship: avl req Qj = Qj 1 be j min H j H j cj des min H j H j (1) Fig. 3: Solenoid Valve opening and closing Here it is necessary that the two concepts are defined: the flow rate demand (Demand) and the discharge or outflow (Outflow). Discharge flow rate or flow rate at each node is a node in the head based on head and compare this with the minimum required head is obtained. This amount may be less than or equal to the amount of discharge in each node wanted to be in place. Network design is based on the available flow or output node, the node closer to the flow demand. The network condition is closer to normal conditions. Uncontrolled Consumption: This amount includes the portion of the water entering the network is out of the cycle without the consumer being consumed or the amount to be paid. Relationship Between Pressure and Flow in Demand Nodes: Over the past decade, various researchers have tried on was the relationship between flow rate and the pressure in the receiver node is in its offer. Relationship can be controlled with the use of them to be divided into two general categories: Discontinuous Relations: The earliest expression of the relationship between discharge and pressure at each network node in this group are presented. where Q avl : is flow in which the nodes j, req j Q : demand j rate at node j and H j: is the head node j. Absolute minimum in the head so the head node is smaller or equal to the amount of any current does not pass. Where the value is not enough information in hand, is usually considered to be equal to the height of land. Required minimum design head, the heads of these amounts do not have the ability to satisfy consumer needs. This amount is usually less than 30 meters above the base level is considered. Empirical coefficients of the equation and their values are 10 and 5 respectively. Also the relation flow rate- pressure of the appropriate algorithm to use is required. According to the research Tabesh [1], among the algorithms Gupta, Bhave [2], the manner in which the flow - pressure at the nodes and term leak directly in the continuity equations in the node set and in all replicates of Network Analysis, it used the best response between models based on pressure and the answer is having [1, 2]. Leakage: The costs of water distribution network at a cost of pumping and water treatment is injected into the network. The amount of water that is produced entirely in the network always been available to consumers and some of it is wasted in the production to consumption. This water loss is mainly due to leakage and unauthorized links causes water out of the cycle and reduced water. Wastewater companies to impose heavy costs will be. This time also limits the use of water resources, the shortage is more serious and need to deal with various aspects of the spill will tell. 1090

Unfortunately, this problem has always existed in A, P B, P C P Values are fixed and are determined urban water distribution network and sometimes experimentally. The pump manufacturer usually provides includes the percent of total water entering the these values. Where H P Head produced by the pump, QP network is extensive. For example, in England, Flow generated by the pump. between 10 to 50 percent of the total amount of water unaccounted for water injection and the average was The Amount of Leakage in the Network: 24 percent [3]. In another report, this amount of between Considering the above mentioned conditions and 5 to 55 percent is approximated [4]. In Malaysia, Sweden the current lack of information and ease of use, and Brazil, the amount of leakage, respectively 40, 25 and the study of the relationship Germanopolous [2] is used 25% have been reported [5]. In Iran, the average amount to determine the amount of leakage in the network: of unaccounted water in the entire country is about 30 percent. I should note that the studies are usually 1.18 QL, ij = Cl L ij 0.5( Hi GLi + H j GLj ) (3) between 40 to 70 percent of total water unaccounted for water loss or leakage to be physical. Factors such as pressure in the pipeline leaks in the network, the traffic Leakage in each node is calculated as follows: route, aging pipelines, connection quality, water quality and the bed is made. QL, j= 0.5 QL, ij (4) Leak and Pressure: As mentioned above the pressure of the pipeline is leaking. In practice, the network can be Q L,j leakage in the node j and I Number of connections seen that with the pressure well reduced the leakage in the leading to node j. network and thereby reduce the frequency of burst pipes network [6-8]. Among all the factors in the leak, pressure Experimental most efficient, easiest and most economical solution is to Valve Pressure-Reducing: Fluctuations in a distribution reduce leakage. Between leaks - pressure based on field network of drinking water, during a night, include a studies performed in the United Kingdom Water Research challenge that can be converted into opportunities. Centre is obtained. As previously noted, leaks in the During the interval between twelve at night to six in the network is not only a function of pressure, so that the morning that consumption is virtually zero network out of vertical axis represents the leakage index is larger than the orbit in twenty-five percent of the time pressure at least actual spill volume in the network. Leakage index is the equal to one half to two times a day, has a leak can be ratio of pressure to leak in a pressure leak. The horizontal reduced. In the inlet, pressure is defined for automatic axis of this curve at night MV (AZNP) is. AZNP is the pressure-reducing valve by the boards of the converter mean pressure within the system that occurred at night output. This control system for an electric (AC or battery) and pests affected area is hydraulic and topographic and adjustable (time pressure and output) with the changes. Therefore, the position of the night when information network in the downstream pressure sensor demand is selected because it had the lowest and the and pressure applied by a command to increase or reduce network can be represented well for network leaks. the outlet pressure regulator. Other electric equipment in Therefore, it can be concluded that the pressure in the the valve of a gearbox with four different tests and change high range can lead to a significant reduction in leakage the RPM of the gearbox and electromotor ensure that any compared to the same amount of pressure in the low impact on the upstream network does not. Performance range. management system can be briefly stated thus the pressure, which reduces time spent in the control system Pumps: The head - discharge curves of the pumps can be automatically reduces the pressure and at a minimum need inherit a share that will be remembered as the pump for keeps. Moreover, the timing of intake, with the system characteristic curve, stated: provides pilot pressure to the desired command (Figure 4). Typically consume higher in early morning and 2 HP = H j Hi = APQP + BPQP + C (2) evening and at midnight is less. The system pressure P must fulfill the requirements for high consumption users i I 1091

Fig. 4: The optimal consumption Fig. 5: The input and output pressure during the night and day are high, while the pressure is higher than the amount having a system with feedback from the network, the required to be low during the night hours. In high-use, immediate decision-making and control water pressure hours and the pressure at the beginning of each region must be specified (Figure 5). should be high so the water pressure drops due to flow Network is a real need for performance evaluation over the tubes. Since the problem is caused by low purposes. It is necessary that at least a few days testing consumption hours, with reduced water flow, pressure the pressure changes occur in a pipeline based on the drop due to the lost, the pressure inside the pipeline parameters to be measured. pressure is equal. The water pressure in the pipe pressure is much more than they can be used for fill. High-pressure Studied Network: Ilam drinking water network has 8 zone water, creating a permanent change in one hand and of compressive pressure fluid valve that is running in the fatigue, causing premature wear joints, cracks, leaks breaker zone Tuesday and four were installed in the and burst pipes provides severe. If the leakage rate of network due to the high altitude zone of 60 meters in each pre-created gaps and wasted water and energy levels also half of the zone has been designed and tested in a It took add to the above, the amount of damages will be difficult half of the zones. to change water pressure. The old management system pressure, water pressure at the beginning of each region Designed Automatic Pressure-Reducing Valve: was kept constant by the pressure control valve. One of In order to model the behavior of pressurethe most important problems in these systems is the lack reducing valve must be a node in the network a of feedback from the network. Despite the importance of little extra valve after the primary node can be defined. 1092

Fig. 6: Automatic pressure-reducing valve downstream pressure sensor feedback control board and motor 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Pressure (Bar) 0.5 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Time(H) Fig. 7: Pressure downstream of the outlet valve installed in the evening hours This node has its head in the valve in pressure- experts Ilam was installed at the pumping station zone, reducing valve is considered. Pressure-reducing three cities and a pilot test was carried out through a valve show the ability to be placed in the network. bypass line. Figure 7 shows the head in the pipe downstream of the PRV. However, referring to Figure 7 can be seen that CONCLUSIONS only when the pressure-reducing valve will do their duty to the electronic board to give him command of the The aim of this study was to analyze the demand keys installed on the pension board monthly or for urban water supply networks based on the pressure. quarterly be modified or are the. Pressure-reducing The effect of leakage on water distribution networks is valve with electric actuator for a period of twenty required, the formula that makes the connection to leak days on the zone lines were installed and Results Four pressure, discharge pressure in the continuity equations Ilam water system pressure downstream of the outlet with the relations between nodes, can be integrated. valve and the sensor feedback system in place as This relationship is assumed that the leak in the pipe boarding was recorded following the curve of the length, which is distributed equally according to the results show. Twenty days of the completion of the network needs to investigate the leak is in place, in test car battery is installed. The important point this simple premise of this software is used. As mentioned precision pressure sensor downstream of the in the hydraulic analysis of water supply networks control system was defined as 0.1 Bar to the fluctuations must be possible for all phenomena occurring in the of less than one tenth of the load control system, network, including leakage, fire flow analysis is logical, does not react because of the severe depreciation of its etc., to obtain answers in accordance with reality. energy consumption by motor valve engine uses the Considering that the purpose of HDSM pressure flow incoming electrical shocks. Experts also very well attend relationships to address water supply network analysis, once the valve from rural to urban Abfa regional water was used. Unlike current methods, this method DDSM 1093

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