Name Date Period The History of DNA Even though DNA has been known since the mid 1800 s, its structure and function weren t discovered until the beginning of the 20 th century. Our understanding of what DNA does and what it looked like took a long time to come together, but there were three key experiments that helped scientists learn what DNA does. I Griffith s Experiment 1. What is the independent variable in Griffith s experiment? What is the dependent variable? 2. Why did Griffith need to show that the heat-killed bacteria didn t make the mouse die? 3. Why did the mix of bacteria kill the fourth mouse? What was Griffith s Conclusion? II Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty extended Griffith s experiment: A. They treated one set of bacteria with protease. Why? B. They treated another set with DNAse. Why? What did they observe in each of these sets after they injected to a mouse? A. B. What was the conclusion of this experiment?
III Hershey- Chase Experiment A B 1. Fill in the blanks on Figure B with where the radioactivity will be detected in each experiment. In side the bacteria or in the virus coat. 2. Based on Hershey and Chase s results, how was the virus infecting the bacteria? 3. What was the purpose of the blender in this this experiment? 4. What was the purpose of the centrifugation? 5. How did this experiment show that DNA is the genetic material?
Why? DNA Structure and Replication How is genetic information stored and copied? Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the molecule of heredity. It contains the genetic blueprint for life. For organisms to grow and repair damaged cells, each cell must be capable of accurately copying itself. So how does the structure of DNA allow it to copy itself so accurately? Model 1 The Structure of DNA Nucleotide Ladder Model of DNA Helix Model of DNA Phosphate Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogencontaining base Nitrogen Bases Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine 1. Refer to the diagram in Model 1. a. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? b. What kind of sugar is found in a nucleotide? c. Which nucleotide component contains nitrogen? d. Name the four nitrogen bases shown in Model 1. 2. DNA is often drawn in a ladder model. Locate this drawing in Model 1. a. Circle a single nucleotide on each side of the ladder model of DNA. DNA Structure and Replication 1
b. What part(s) of the nucleotides make up the rungs of the ladder? c. What parts of the nucleotides make up the sides (backbone) of the ladder? d. Look at the bottom and top of the ladder in Model 1. Are the rungs parallel (the ends of the strands match) or antiparallel (the ends of the strands are opposites)? 3. On the ladder model of DNA label each of the bases with the letter A, T, C or G. 4. Refer to Model 1. When one nucleotide contains adenine, what type of base is the adenine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand? 5. The two strands of DNA are held together with hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases. These are weak bonds between polar molecules. How many hydrogen bonds connect the two bases from Question 4? 6. Refer to Model 1. When one nucleotide contains cytosine, what type of base is the cytosine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand? 7. How many hydrogen bonds connect the two bases from Question 6? 8. With your group, use a complete sentence to write a rule for how the bases are arranged in the ladder model of DNA. Read This! Erwin Chargaff (1905 2002), an Austrian-American biochemist, investigated the ratio of nucleotide bases found in the DNA from a variety of organisms. From his research, as well as research by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, Watson and Crick developed the complementary base-pair rule during their race to discover the structure of DNA. The complementary base-pair rule states that adenine and thymine form pairs across two strands, and guanine and cytosine form pairs across two strands. 9. Fill in the complementary bases on the strand below according to the base-pair rule. A T C C A G 10. The ladder model of DNA is a simplified representation of the actual structure and shape of a DNA molecule. In reality, the strands of DNA form a double helix. Refer to the double helix diagram in Model 1 and describe its shape using a complete sentence. 2 POGIL Activities for High School Biology
Model 2 DNA Replication Direction of DNA helicase Free Nucleotides DNA helicase 11. Examine Model 2. Number the steps below in order to describe the replication of DNA in a cell. Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form. Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break. Strands of DNA separate. Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA. 12. Locate the DNA helicase on Model 2. a. What type of biological molecule is DNA helicase? b. What is the role of DNA helicase in the replication of DNA? 13. What rule is used to join the free nucleotides to the exposed bases of the DNA? 14. This type of replication is called semi-conservative replication. Considering the meaning of these words (semi half; conserve to keep), explain why DNA replication is called semi-conservative. DNA Structure and Replication 3
15. DNA molecules can be tens of thousands of base pairs in length. Mistakes in DNA replication lead to mutations, which may or may not be harmful to an organism. How does semi-conservative replication help prevent mutations during DNA replication? 16. The proportions of the bases are consistent within a species; however they do vary between species. Using the base-pair rules, complete the following table to show the percentage of each type of base in the five different organisms. Organism Percentage of each type of base Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Human 31 19 Cow 28 22 Salmon 21 29 Wheat 27 Yeast 31 19 4 POGIL Activities for High School Biology
Extension Questions Model 3 Timing of DNA Replication If the chromatin were condensed, replicated chromosomes would be visible. (End of S) S If the chromatin were condensed, homologous chromosomes would be visible. (End of G 1 ) G 2 M Chromosomes are condensed. Matching sisgter chromatids are connected by a centromere. (Beginning of M) G 1 17. According to Model 3, what term refers to loose DNA inside of a nucleus? 18. During what part of the cell cycle is the DNA in a cell s nucleus replicated? 19. During what part of the cell cycle is the DNA in a cell condensed into chromosomes? 20. Replicated chromosomes are often illustrated as an X shape to match how they look in real life just before cell division. a. According to Model 3, which of the following diagrams correctly show an original set of homologous chromosomes (grey) and their sister chromatids (black) the replicated portion? b. What structure holds the two sister chromatids together as they prepare for cell division? DNA Structure and Replication 5