Climate Vulnerabilities and Programmes & Measures to Climate Change -MYANMAR- Aung Kyaw Soe Dry Zone Greening Department Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry, MYANMAR May 20-21, 2015; Manila
Introduction
Location & Population Area: 676,578 km 2, 800 km east to west and 1,300 km north to south Population: 54.6 million 66% in rural The majority is concentrated in the Central Myanmar, the Ayeyarwady Delta & Yangon Deltaic region
Major Climate hazards & Respective Highest Impact Areas Sr. No. Climate hazard Highest impact areas 1 Drought Central Dry Zone 2 Extreme high temperatures Central Dry Zone 3 Cyclone Coastal areas: Rakhine, Ayeyarwady Delta Mon State 4 Flood/storm surge River basins Coastal areas: Rakhine, Ayeyarwady Delta Mon State
A general increase in temperatures (~0.08 C per decade), Departure from the mean temperature (1960 to 2005 ) Most notably increase in the northern and central regions;
Change of Rainfall(1951-2007) -Increased by 29 mm per decade on average- The problem is that- some regions have experienced an increase in rainfall (Sagaing Region: + ~215 mm per decade) Some have experienced a decrease (Bago region: - 81 mm per dacade).
A decrease in the duration of monsoon Departure from the mean normal monsoon duration -1950-2005-
Increase in the Occurrences of Extreme Weather Events Drought events Severe droughts have increased in frequency from 1990 to 2002. 2010 is a year note for its sever drought and high temperature 1,482 heat-related disorders were reported and 260 heat-related deaths occurred across Myanmar. Cyclone/Strong winds During over a period of a centure (1887 to 2005), 80 cyclones had reached Myanmar s coastline. Recent cyclones of note are- Cyclone Mala (2006), Nargis (2008) and Giri (2010) (Therefore, severe storm comes almost every two years nowadays)
Myanmar s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change
First Priority Sector I. Agriculture; II. Early Warning Systems; III. Forest; Prioritized Sectors for Climate Change Adaption Second Priority Sector I. Public Health; II. Water Resources; Third Priority Sector I. Coastal Zone; Four Priority Adaptation activities per sector have been identified Fourth Priority Sectors I. Energy, and Industry; and II. Biodiversity
Four Priority Activities under The Forestry Sector First priority: Building the resilience of degraded/sensitive forest areas to climate change impacts through reforestation. Second priority: Community-based reforestation for climate-resilient ecosystems and rural livelihoods in degraded watershed areas of the Central Dry Zone. Third priority: Community-based mangrove restoration for climate-resilient ecosystems and rural livelihoods in vulnerable and degraded coastal regions. Fourth priority: Enhancing the climate change resilience of rural livelihoods through community-based restoration at the Indawgyi and Inle Lake watershed areas in the Northern Hilly Region.
Dry Zone Greening Department to The Priority Activities under the Forestry Sector Implementing the first two priorities
Where it Does? Sr. Region District Township Area (mil. ha) 1 Sagaing 3 17 2.144 2 Mandalay 5 16 2.379 3 Magway 4 21 3.642 Total 12 54 8.165 Others, 16 Forests, 26.7 Agri., 57.3
Objectives: For What (Objectives) & What Operations it Does? Prevent desertification Fulfill basic needs of forest produce of the rural people Improve socio-economic status of the rural people Operations: Plantations Natural Forest Conservation Fuelwood Substitution (Energy) Water
Plantations 1997-98 to 2014-15 Sr. No. Type Area (ha) 1 Local Uses 71,700 2 Watershed 45,932 3 Mountain Greening 11,750 4 Research 164 5 Others 17,796 Total 147,342
Natural Forests Conservation 1997-98 to 2013-14 Natural Forest Conservation : 81,173 ha Silvicultural operations Natural Regeneration Operations Protection works
What the Plantations & Natural Forests Conservations Do for Climate Change? Improve Microclimate Provide Forest Products & Job Opportunities Make the surrounding weather mild Contribute to the local livelihood Help the people resilient to the Climate change Remove CO2 from the Air Prevent from emitting CO2 from the forest Mitigate CC -Given the production of 64 ton/ha/10yrs, -One hectare plantation offset 116 metric ton of CO2 in 10 years
Fuelwood Substitution (Engegy) -Distribution of Efficient Stoves- Given two year life span of stove, it saves- -2 tons of fuelwood (or) -3.6 metric ton of CO2 emission -Save 40% of firewood required by the traditional cooking way Distribution of Efficient Stoves (1997-98 to 2014-15) : 499, 856 Save the forests Mitigate CC Help the people resilient to the Climate change
Fuelwood Substitution (Energy) -Extension Activities- Mitigate CC Save the forests Help the people resilient to the Climate change To Promote Utlization of Briquettes Utlization of agri. Residue Awareness role of forests in Environmental Conservation During 1997-98 to 2014-15, Extension Activities: 11, 813 times Model Villages: 444 (Utilizing Efficient Stoves and Agri. Residues)
Water Resources Development and Conservation 1997-98 to 2014-15 Sr. No. Activities Count (no.) 1 Pond 1,766 2 Rain-fed Tenk 3
Water Resources Development and Conservation 1997-98 to 2014-15 Sr. No. Activities Count (no.) 3 Tube Well 117 4 Check Dam 2,362 5 Small Dam 5
What the Water Resource developments and conservation Do for Climate Change Contribute to Greening Help improve Socio-economic status Help the people resilient to the Climate change
million (US$) How much we have been contributing to the Efforts? -Annual Budget- 3 2 1 0 Fiscal Year
Dhaka Declaration; Article-3 We, as vulnerable countries, resolve to demonstrate moral leadership by committing to a low-carbon development path on a voluntary basis within the limitations of our respective capabilities
The International Co-operations
The Projects Implemented 1996-97 to 1999-00 Myanmar Yomiuri Afforestation Project with Yomiuri Shinbun, Nyaung U Township 486.0 ha 1997-98 to 2002-2003 Afforestation Projects with JIFPRO-I, II, III, Nyaung U Township 1107.0 ha 1999-2000 to 2001-02 Afforestation Project with OISCA, Yesagyo Township 243.0 ha 2003-04 to 2008-09 Project for Afforestation in Dry Zone Phase I to V with JICA, Nyaung U 1537.3 ha 1998-99 to 2010-11 Project for the Greening of the Dry Zone in Central Myanmar I, II, III with KOICA, Nyaung U Township 600.0 ha Total 3973.3 ha
The Projects on the Implementation and in the Pipeline On the Implementation (KOICA): Project for Capacity Building for Forest Management to Address Climate Change In the Pipeline (UNDP) (Addressing Climate Change Risks on Water and Food Security in the Dry Zone of Myanmar)
Dhaka Declaration; Article-4 ADAPTATION:. We call upon developed countries to support implementation in the developing countries, - of our national adaptation plans and climate resilient development strategies and lowcarbon development plans
Conclusion All of our efforts fall into both categories of climate change adaptation and mitigation To be more effective in our initiatives, additional assistance to our efforts is still needed To reinforce the effectiveness of our initiatives, joint implementations between our institution and international org./agencies is preferable and recommended
Thank You Vey Much for Your Attention