MU Guide PUBLISHED BY UNIVERSITY EXTENSION, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA

Forestry AGRICULTURAL MU Guide PUBLISHED BY UNIVERSITY EXTENSION, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA Planning Tree Windbreaks in Missouri John P. Slusher, School of Natural Resources Doug Wallace, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA Your need for a windbreak is measured by the benefits you can receive from one. Windbreak research has indicated that heat-energy savings of up to 40 percent are possible when you use windbreaks. Most of these savings result from reduced wind velocity and, therefore, reduced air infiltration in homes downwind from the windbreak (see Table 1). The properly placed windbreak also serves as an effective snow barrier and can improve the working conditions in farmstead areas where you perform winter chores. Crops protected from wind use moisture and nutrients more efficiently. Windbreaks reduce burning and wilting of crops, often resulting from strong winds, high air temperatures and deficient moisture. However, because of tree root competition, crop yields will be less than normal in a strip about equal to the height of the trees. You can plant grass or legumes in these areas as roadways or turning areas. Crop yields generally increase at distances about two to 10 times the tree height. In seasons of abundant moisture, cool temperatures and little wind, the windbreak is not likely to increase crop yields. Windbreaks improve feed efficiency and reduce death losses of cattle fed in open lots. This protection has reduced weight losses in cattle by as much as 50 percent. Studies over a five-year period in Iowa showed that sheltered cattle gained 80 pounds more per year and consumed 129 pounds less feed per hundredweight of gain than those not sheltered. A windbreak can contribute food and a secure habitat for a diverse wildlife community, including game and other birds and animals. Choices of trees and shrubs can influence the types of birds and animals living there. Where wildlife values are important, two or more rows of evergreens with dense foliage and live limbs close to the ground are recommended for winter cover. You can then add rows of trees and shrubs that will produce wildlife food, such as blackhaw or wild plum, to the protective rows of evergreens. Plantings for beautification should contain flowering trees or shrubs or woody plants with other colorful characteristics to complement the basic windbreak species. Studies show windbreaks to be effective as noise barriers where busy highways or noisy industrial plants are nearby. They also provide visual screening. Tree and shrub belts 65 to 100 feet wide are effective in reducing noise from high-speed traffic. Tree belts 20 to 25 feet wide are effective in reducing noise from moderate-speed car traffic. For maximum effectiveness, tree and shrub belts should be tall, dense and located close to the noise source rather than close to the area protected. Evergreen trees and shrubs are most effective where you desire year-round screening from noise. Planning your windbreak Planning your windbreak well in advance is necessary. Make decisions about the types of plant materials that will grow well in your location and soil type. Also consider the windbreak design needed for the purpose and the available area. The design must take into consideration the equipment available for preparing the planting area, planting and maintenance. Order trees in the fall before planting to ensure the availability of desired species of trees. Many of the plant species mentioned in this publication are discussed in more detail in MU publication G 5006, Before You Order Tree Seedlings, and other publications available at your local University Extension center, the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Missouri Department of Conservation District Table 1. Effect of a windbreak on wind velocity and wind chill. Wind velocity (miles per hour) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Wind chill index at 10 degrees F 7 9 18 24 29 33 Wind velocities 75 feet in lee of windbreak 0.5 2 3 5 8 15 Percent decrease in wind velocity 90 80 80 75 68 50 $.75 G 5900 Printed with soy ink on recycled paper

Forestry Offices. On-the-ground technical assistance in soils, plant selection, and windbreak design is also available at those same offices. As you plan your windbreak, bear the following considerations in mind: Locate the windbreak where it will be most effective. Design the windbreak to fit the available space and to meet the purpose of the planting. The design must allow for proper spacing for tree growth and the use of appropriate cultivation equipment. Select tree and shrub species that are well adapted to your soil and climatic conditions. Order trees early. Prepare the planting site properly and fence areas accessible to livestock. Arrange for proper planting labor and equipment. Arrange for proper storage of seedling trees in case planting is delayed by weather. Provide care and protection for young seedlings. Provide proper management practices after windbreak establishment. Location and shape of windbreaks The prevailing winds in winter are from the north and northwest in Missouri, so protective windbreaks should be located along the north and west sides of your farmstead. The most effective zone of influence includes the distance from the windbreak out to six times the height of the trees. Drifting snow varies with the direction and velocity of the wind, the type of snow and the composition of the windbreak but often piles up behind the windbreak at distances of one to three times the height of trees. Windbreaks placed too close to houses and other buildings result in snow drifting in the very areas that should be free of snow. Therefore, you should plant windbreaks for winter protection at least 100 feet from farm buildings and feedlots that are on level land. If the land slopes steeply to the north or west, you will have to plant the trees closer to the farmstead, but never closer than 60 feet from main buildings or drives, if snow drifting is a concern. If your farmstead is close to the south or east side of a public road, where the plantings may necessarily be located across the road from buildings, recognize the possibility of the road being blocked by a drifting snow. Most winter windbreaks are U, L or E shaped. Because wind and snow whip around the ends of a wind barrier, the ends of the windbreak should be extended approximately 50 feet beyond each corner of the area to be protected. Reinforce corners with extra shrubs and conifers if you desire. Windbreaks do not have to be laid out in hard, straight lines. A curved windbreak on the contour line around the north and west sides of your farmstead is a little more difficult to fence, but it will look more pleasing and be easier to cultivate. Windbreaks can also be used to control hot, dry summer winds. Prevailing winds at this time of the year are generally from the south and southwest. Windbreaks should be located along the south and west sides of the area to be protected. Don t plant across old feedlots, near manure piles or across barnyard drainage ways. Trees, particularly evergreens, survive and grow poorly in such locations. When soils or drainage conditions change drastically, it may be necessary to correct the drainage or change the species of trees and shrubs in the windbreak to match the conditions. If it is necessary to cross field roads, driveways or large ditches with a windbreak, try to make the crossings at an angle to avoid creating wind tunnels through the planting. Don t plant windbreaks where they might create visibility hazards at road intersections. Windbreak design Windbreaks usually require several kinds of trees with different growth characteristics to provide foliage density at various heights over a period of years (see Table 2). As trees grow older, their form and crown characteristics change. The ability of a tree planting to furnish protection depends on the sum total of all tree and shrub foliage making up windbreak height, density and longevity. Height influences the extent of the protected area. The taller the windbreak, the greater the area protected. For a quick effect, use fast-growing trees that reach maximum height in a short time. Because fast growers are usually short-lived, also plant slowergrowing tall trees that mature later but remain effective for a long time. Density influences the extent of downwind protection. Most evergreens have fairly dense, compact tops that retain foliage throughout the year. In contrast, the broadleaf trees and shrubs lose foliage in the fall and cause windbreaks to have different densities in summer and winter. Density depends on the width of the windbreak and on the arrangement and spacing of species. Foliage density of the middle level of shelterbelts will be provided by the fast-growing broadleaf trees for the first 15 years. After that, evergreens will provide it. Young trees provide a lower level of density, but after 20 to 30 years you will have to rely on thickly growing shrub species for foliage density near the ground. For winter protection, the main evergreen planting should always be north and west of the taller Page 2 G 5900

Table 2. Trees and shrubs used in Missouri windbreaks. Estimated height (in feet) Species Soil tolerances after 20 years Planting zones American holly 1, 3 <26 S American plum all 8 15 all American sycamore all 26 35 all Amur maple 1, 2 <16 all Amur privet all >10 all Arborvitae (hardy strain) 1, 3 15 20 all Autumn olive 1, 2 <16 all Bald cypress 1, 3 16 25 all Basswood 1 >26 all Black cherry 1 16 25 all Blackhaw 1, 2 <16 all Black locust 1, 2 26 35 all Black walnut 1 26 35 all Black willow 1, 3 >25 all Bur oak all 16 25 all Catalpa 1 26 35 all Chinese elm 1, 2 26 35 all Chinkapin oak 1, 2 16 25 all Common lilac all <16 all Cutleaf staghorn sumac 1, 2 <8 all Deciduous holly 3 <16 all Eastern cottonwood all >35 all Eastern redcedar all 16 25 all Eastern white pine 1 26 35 all European alder 1, 3 >26 all Flowering dogwood 1, 2 <26 C, S Forsythia all <16 all Green ash all 26 35 all Hackberry all 16 25 all Highbush cranberry 1, 3 <10 all Kentucky coffee tree all 16 25 all Loblolly pine 1, 3 26 35 C, S Ninebark 1, 3 7 8 all Northern red oak 1 26 35 all Northern white cedar 1, 3 16 25 N, C Norway spruce all 26 35 all Osage orange all 16 26 all Pecan 1, 3 26 35 all Persimmon all <26 all Pin oak 1, 3 26 35 all Redbud 1, 2 <16 all Red maple all >35 all Red mulberry all <26 all Red pine 1 26 35 N, C River birch 1, 3 26 35 all Sassafras 1 >26 C, S Shagbark hickory 1, 2 >16 all Shellbark hickory 3 >16 all Shingle oak all 26 35 all Shortleaf pine 1, 2 26 35 C, S Silky dogwood all <8 all Silver maple 1, 3 >35 all Smooth sumac all <8 all Spirea all >8 all Sweetgum 1, 3 26 35 all Thornless honeylocust all 26 35 all White oak 1, 2 16 25 all Wild plum all 15 18 all Yellow poplar 1 >35 all KEY: Soil tolerances 1 = Deep or moderately deep, well-drained or moderately well-drained soils; 2 = Shallow, dry soils; 3 = Poorly to very-poorly drained wet sites; All = All of the above. Symbol for heights < = less than; > = more than. Planting zones N = Northern Missouri; C = Central Missouri; S = Southern Missouri; All = All areas. G 5900 Page 3

Figure 1. Windbreak design. Prevailing wind Row 1 Dense shrubs 15-20 15-20 20 Minimum 15-20 Row 2 Medium evergreen Row 3 Medium deciduous or tall evergreen Row 4 Tall deciduous Row 5 Flowering shrubs Example species of trees and shrubs for windbreaks. Rows 1 and 5. American holly, amur privet, blackhaw, common lilac, deciduous holly, forsythia, highbush cranberry, ninebark, redbud, silky dogwood, spirea, sumac. Row 2. Arborvitae (a hardy strain), eastern redcedar, northern white cedar. Row 3. Eastern white pine, European alder, green ash, loblolly pine, Norway spruce, Osage orange, red mulberry, red pine, river birch, shortleaf pine. Row 4. Baldcypress, black locust, black walnut, bur oak, catalpa, eastern cottonwood, hackberry, northern red oak, pecan, pin oak, red maple, silver maple, sweetgum, thornless honeylocust, yellow poplar. Windbreaks with fewer rows. For two-row windbreak, use rows 2-3 or 1-3 or 1-4. For three-row windbreak, use species listed for rows 1-2-3 or 2-3-4. For four-row windbreak, use species listed for 1-2-3-4 or 2-3-4-5 or 1-2-3-5. Note: Most species have site limitations (example, pin oak is not suited to soils with a high ph). To be sure species chosen are suitable to your specific location, contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service, Missouri Department of Conservation, or University of Missouri Extension center for assistance. broadleaf trees for best control of drifting snow. Evergreens provide maximum winter protection and help trap snow. Shrubs also trap snow and reduce wind near the ground. Mixtures of species offer more insurance against a windbreak being damaged by disease, insects or climatic factors. Windbreaks with both deciduous and evergreen species must have adequate space. For example, if evergreen and deciduous trees are planted as close as 6 to 8 feet apart, the deciduous trees will soon overtop the evergreens. When this happens, the evergreens will suffer from shading and their form will be ruined, their growth stunted and their effectiveness greatly reduced. There must be at least 15 to 20 feet of space between rows of evergreen and deciduous species. Five rows of trees make an effective windbreak. If limited space prevents planting five rows, it is better to use fewer rows than to crowd the trees. Three rows, with room to grow, will give better long-range results than five crowded rows. Where there is not sufficient area for even three rows, a narrow windbreak of two rows of dense evergreens gives the most practical protection under the circumstances. Staggering the trees in an alternate pattern so they are not directly behind the tree in the next row will optimize spacing. Windbreaks can also modify the summer environment. A well-designed summer windbreak reduces wind velocity but will still allow a breeze for ventilation. Summer windbreaks usually consist of one or two rows of plants located to the south and west of the area to be protected. A one-row windbreak may be either evergreen or deciduous trees. The south row of a two-row summer windbreak usually consists of deciduous shrubs or small deciduous trees, and the row to the north, of moderate to tall deciduous trees. Locate the summer windbreak about five times the mature height of the trees from the area to be protected. Dense windbreaks located more closely reduce Page 4 G 5900

wind speed more but may increase midday air temperature and reduce or eliminate ventilation. Single-row windbreaks are sufficient for summer crop protection and should initially be located along field borders. Additional interior windbreaks may be needed every 10 to 20 times the mature height of the initial windbreak for optimum crop protection and benefit. Spacing and arranging trees in windbreaks Plan spacing according to the probable size of the crowns after the trees reach 20 to 30 years of age. It takes longer for trees to form an effective wind barrier at wider spacing, but you can overcome this by staggering the trees in adjacent rows. The delay in effectiveness will be more than offset by the increased growth and vigor of the trees that have adequate growing space. Such trees live longer, retain their lower limbs better and produce more foliage. Spacing between rows ranges from 15 to 30 feet, depending on the types of trees or shrubs in the adjacent row (see Figure 1). Space 10 to 12 feet between shrub rows. Space 15 to 20 feet between shrub and tree rows. Space 15 to 20 feet between medium and tall tree rows. Space 20 feet between tall evergreen rows. Space a minimum of 20 feet between tall evergreen and tall deciduous tree rows. Spacing must always allow for proper use of suitable maintenance equipment. Between trees in a row: Allow 4 to 6 feet for deciduous shrubs. Allow 10 to 16 feet between medium-sized evergreens. Allow 12 to 20 feet between deciduous trees. Allow 10 to 16 feet between tall evergreen trees. Use narrowest spacings for single-row field windbreaks. Selecting trees and shrubs for windbreaks You can get planting stock from commercial nurseries or from the Department of Conservation s State Nursery at Licking, Missouri. Application blanks for trees from the state nursery are available from University Extension centers in every county, Natural Resources Conservation Service offices or Missouri Department of Conservation District Forestry Offices. A partial list of private nurseries carrying seedling trees is available by writing: Extension Forester, School of Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife, 1-34 Agriculture Building, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Seedling trees will be relatively small and will require good care from their arrival to planting time but are the most commonly used size because of their low cost. Medium- and larger-sized, bare-rooted stock, balled and burlapped stock, and containergrown trees and shrubs will usually produce an effective windbreak two to three years sooner than seedling trees. However, they greatly increase the cost of planting. Preparing the area for planting Proper preparation of the planting site is important for good tree survival and growth. Except on light, sandy soils where weeds and sod are not a problem, begin control of competing vegetation during the fall before spring planting. Control all competing vegetation, including sod, weeds and brush. Where the ground is level and erosion is not a problem, plow the entire area in the fall, then disk and harrow it in the spring just before planting. When erosion may be a problem, prepare a 4- to 6-foot-wide strip in the fall by plowing or using chemicals. Leave a strip of sod between rows to cut down on erosion. Rows should also be aligned on the contour. If the slope is steep, a circle of sod or other vegetation 2 to 6 feet in diameter may be removed or chemically treated where each tree or shrub is to be planted. Apply the chemical treatment the fall before planting. Plant the tree in the dead patch during the following spring. Be sure the chemicals are appropriate. Follow the label instructions. Pesticides used improperly can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, plants, crops, beneficial insects, and fish and wildlife. Control of competing vegetation will be necessary for a minimum of three years after planting. If you use mechanical cultivation, it should be shallow to prevent injury to tree roots. Woven fabric weed barriers can also be effective for weed control and moisture conservation. Planting methods When the trees arrive from the nursery, open the bundles and inspect the trees for damage, mold, overheating and settlement of packing material away from the tree roots. Repack the roots and moisten the packing if needed. If the trees will be planted within a few days, they may be kept in the bundles in a cool, shaded place, protected from freezing. If planting must be delayed for a longer period, the trees should be heeled in. Dig a trench in the ground in a shady location protected from the wind and spread the tree roots along the trench with the trees upright. Cover the roots with moist soil, refill the trench and pack firmly to eliminate air pockets. G 5900 Page 5

When you are ready to plant the windbreak, remove the trees from the bundle or the heel-in trench as needed and place them in a bucket of water or wet packing material for transporting. Keep the roots wet until the tree is planted. Do not plant in dry soil. Plant with a planting machine, shovel or tree planting bar. The details of handling and planting forest nursery stock are covered in MU publication G 5008, How to Plant Forest Trees. Instructions on the use of a tree planting machine are found in MU publication G 5009, Mechanical Tree Planting. Both publications are available at your local University Extension center. Technical assistance in planning or establishing your windbreak is available as well. Your Extension center can also assist you in locating free technical assistance in all aspects of tree care, including planting windbreaks. For additional information, see your local University of Missouri Extension center, Department of Conservation Forester or Natural Resources Conservation Service Office. Notes University Extension UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. Ronald J. Turner, Director, Cooperative Extension, University of Missouri and Lincoln University, Columbia, MO 65211. University Extension does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability or status as a Vietnam era veteran in employment or programs. If you have special needs as addressed by the Americans with Disabilities Act and need this publication in an alternative format, write ADA Officer, Extension and Agricultural Information, 1-98 Agriculture Building, Columbia, MO 65211, or call (573) 882-8237. Reasonable efforts will be made to accommodate your special needs. Page 6 G 5900 Revised 8/97/5M