Using biomethane to create self sufficiency in transport Mattias Svensson, Swedish Gas Centre Natural Gas Vehicles 2011 Dublin, 17th of November 2011 1
Today s topics Summary Biogas production and upgrading to biomethane Brief overview of anaerobic digestion and upgrading basics Turning waste into fuel - EU27 potentials A total potential from waste of 500TWh, with energy crops and thermal gasification of lignocellulosics waiting in the wings Building of a biomethane market Difficult emerging market dynamics overcome through formation of Public-Private-Partnerships The Swedish biomethane market (1995-2010) Evidence of how biomethane can boost your NGV market, despite being a more costly alternative than natural gas 2
kg Anaerobic digestion Biodegradation of organic material (VS) 1000 800 Energy distribution: 600 400 H2O CH4 CO2 VS Ash Methane 95% Microbial growth 5% 200 0 Before AD After AD 3
The anaerobic digestion process An intricate interplay between different types of microorganisms performing an array of interdependent biochemical reactions Complex polymers Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Amino acids, sugars Fatty acids, alcohols Acetate Hydrogen Carbon dioxide Methane Carbon dioxide 4
Biogas cleaning and upgrading Going from raw biogas to natural gas specification 5
Biogas upgrading Increasing energy density based on differences in physical and chemical parameters Complex polymers Methane Carbon dioxide Formula CH 4 CO 2 Molecular weight 16.043 g/mole 44.010 g/mole Molecular diameter 4 Å 5.1-3.5 Å Upgrading technologies: PSA, membrane Density (S.T.P.) 0.7174 kg/m 3 1.977 kg/m 3 Boiling/sublimation point -161.52 C -78.5 C Water solubility 20 C (α*) 0.035 0.8704 Chemical: Difference in reactivity Cryogenic Scrubbing (adsorption) Chemical absorption *Bunsen solubility coefficient, v/v of gas absorbed in liquid at S.T.P. 6
Biomethane potential Waste, residual products and energy crops Cities (urban) Agriculture Forestry Sludges Household waste Ind. org. waste Landfill gas Manure Residual products Energy crops Residual products from forests and industry The biofuel with the highest potential through its high substrate flexibility and its superior conversion and surface efficiency! 7
Biomethane through waste management One solution to meet several urban challenges Giving waste treatment an image boost + saving money! Decreased treatment costs by producing a high quality energy carrier Increased citizen commitment to recycling by showing tangible results of waste treatment Facilitating fulfilment of urban transport key policy issues Climate mitigation Fossil fuel dependency Local pollution (PM, NO x, aldehydes, carcinogens) My source-separated food scraps will in 20 days time power my bus ride to work" Svensk Kollektivtrafik/Åberg 8
EU-27 Biomethane potential from waste Enough fuel for over 2 million NGV city buses* Waste water treatment sludge 68TWh/yr Urban biowaste 180TWh/yr Food related waste + park and garden waste, 138 mill. tons 40% currently landfilled may add 40-60TWh/yr** for many years Manure 205 TWh/yr Waste total: 500TWh CO 2 reduction: 90-115 Mton/yr (80-100% red., WtW***; +30% fuel) NO x reduction: 600-1,750kton/yr (comp d to EuroV and III***; +30% fuel) Energy crops may add an additional 1,500TWh! *60,000km/yr; 408kWh/100km ca 245MWh/buss-yr (conservative est. 30 % worse fuel efficiency) **90% recovery of conservative estimate of 4 mill. ton CH4/yr emitted per year (H Scharff 2008: Untapped potential Achieving adequate control of landfill gas in Europe) *** 301.7g CO2/kWh for diesel, 2,040,816 buses; 0.36 g NOx/KWh for gas buses Source for all other data: M Svensson 2010: NGVAE Position Paper Biomethane, the renewable natural gas 9
Biomethane through thermal gasification Renewable energy in larger centralised scale, injected to the grid Highly competitive compared to DME and BtL 60-70% methane yield, up to 20% heat Scales as low as 20-50MW less financial risk, district heating solutions facilitated ( strap-on gasifier) EU-28 biomethane potential 2020 from AD + gasification in the vicinity of the grid: 2,000-3,500TWh* - on par with current EU27 road transport needs!!** *Thrän, D.,Seiffert, M., Müller Langer, F., Plättner, A., Vogel, A (2007) Möglichkeiten einer europäischen Biogaseinspeisungsstrategie, Teilbericht I, Potenziale (http://www.gruenebundestag.de/cms/publikationen/dokbin/166/166883.pdf) 10 ** EU27 2005, road transport: 3,457TWh (296.9 Mtoe)
The biomethane market Complex business in an emerging market Cooperation among many actors Biomass supplier, biogas producer, digestate receiver Distributors, Refuelling network operators Vehicle manufacturers, auto repair shops, regulatory authorities End customer: From large captive fleets down to the private car owner Barriers to overcome during early formation of market Weak distribution infrastructure, hen-and-egg situation Low level of knowledge and support, obstructive regulations, weak supportive policies Difficult economics because of high investments Balancing supply and demand Formation of regional PPP s (Public Private Partnership) Local/regional government as key actors leading the way 11
How to create a niche market of biomethane powered NGV s? Municipal/regional actors are key controlers and have most to gain Waste treatment turned into fuel production provides cheap gas Several key policy issues addressed at the same time (waste treatment, local pollution, global warming, fossil fuel dependency) Control over large captive vehicle fleets, new environmental demands enforced through procurements Long-term contracts and ambitious future targets provide security to the private market Formation of regional networks/platforms (PPP) to involve key target groups and learn from each other Private and public energy companies Municipals and the regional government Biomass suppliers and their interest organisations, e.g. agriculture 12
How to create a niche market of biomethane powered NGV s? Knowledge sharing, raising of political and societal support and creation of business opportunities in regional PPP s Creating win-win situations between private and public stakeholders Set long-term targets of biomethane utilization for the whole region Raising public awareness and preparing potential customers Involving vehicle dealers and manufacturers in information campaigns Lobbying for national supportive policies, e.g. tax exemptions, introducing local and regional policies, e.g. free parking Example: Starting small and then expanding The market starts by upgrading the biogas from the wastewater treatment plant into biomethane, which is funneled to a slow-filling station, refueling the city buses during night. Natural gas works as a backup solution The captive LDV fleet of the city is refuelled through the first public station; companies and private persons are invited to do the same 13
Biogas production in Sweden Substrates mostly waste and residues of urban origin 1.38 TWh in total (2010) No. of plants: 135 18 14 5 57 229 [GWh] Source: Swedish Energy Agency, ES2011:07 Landfill supply declining over time Compensated by increase in co-digestion and WWTP s 14
Biogas production in Sweden Still more vehicle gas to get from current production 1.38 TWh in total (2010) 2010: 47 upgrading facilities (8 with grid injection) [GWh] Source: Swedish Energy Agency, ES2011:07 Trend toward final utilization as automotive fuel 2007-2010: 275 333 414 572GWh Supplied by WWTP s and centralized co-digestion plants Gas grid injection 2010: ca 170GWh (capacity 233GWh) 15
Volumes of vehicle gas in Sweden Evidence of a fruitful interplay between the use of natural gas [GWh] and biomethane 2010: 942GWh (61% renewable) 16
No. of NGV s in Sweden The NGV market base: Captive fleets of buses (1 bus 30 LDV s) 2009 onwards : Intro. of new LDV models improved sales 2010: 32038 (30105; 499; 1434) 17
NGV market dynamics of Sweden Local pollution problems + no grid access = biomethane buses Converting to NG buses to solve local pollution problems Grid connected cities of Malmö and Gothenburg NG companies searching for a new market segment Environmental state funding to municipals decisive (1998-2010) Non-grid cities upgraded to biomethane to fuel their buses Captive bus fleets shown* providing the essential niche of the emerging NGV market in Sweden The intercity bus sector is now also under gasification in Sweden *Sandén, NGV 2011 B., Dublin: Jonasson, Mattias K. Svensson Variety Creation, Using biomethane Growth and to create Selection self sufficiency Dynamics in in transport the Early Phases of a Technological Transition: The Development of Alternative Transport Fuels in Sweden 1974-2004. pp. 76, 2005. http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/cpl/record/index.xsql?pubid=12635) 18
Poland: Giving further evidence Successful emergent market strategy of PPP s and bus fleets Local and regional PPP s secure refueling base load through captive fleet conversions of buses + other vehicles 50 + 40 % of Polish public refuelling established this way Providing the essential initial niche market of NGV s Emergent market dynamics the same as in Sweden The local bus company MPK Rzeszow harbours over 40 NGV buses in its fleet 19
Added benefits of biomethane-ngv s Full utilization of energy in the most oil dependent sector with solutions available now Inevitable heat losses in CHP utilization, wind & sun better alt. Commercially available solutions for oil dependent transports of all types (LDV, MDV, HDV, short, medium and long-distant) Promotional value compensates for added costs Steadily increasing the renewable share gives true greening The biomethane race team in the Swedish racing contest STCC achieved team gold and individual silver in their 3 rd season of 2011. Off the track, E. ON's and VW s advertising campaigns has given a huge boost to the knowledge of and interest in biogas as vehicle fuel among Swedish people. 20
Added benefits of biomethane-ngv s Only biofuel chemically identical to fossil counterpart Natural gas and biomethane: freely intermixed and interchangeable Evident co-distribution and backup synergies (backup for market fluctuations, process failure) String of technical improvements awaiting to unfold Mid-term: Higher engine efficiencies, powertrain hybridization Short-term: HDV market needs fulfilled through fuel-efficient methane diesel engines and space efficient liquefied methane Link to SGC articles on biomethane: http:///rapport.asp?menu=rapporter&typ=publikation&rubrik=sgc Artikel 21
Using biomethane to create self sufficiency in transport Thank you for your attention! Any questions? mattias.svensson@sgc.se +46-706-80 20 66 www.gashighway.net www.nordicbiogas.com 22
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Fuel tax exemptions Examples of supportive policy measures Fringe company car tax reductions Parking benefits, congestion fee exemptions Environmental demands regarding fuels and vehicles in regional and local government procurements and contracts Creation of clean(er) vehicle definition, preferably national Funding of biomethane refueling stations Establish national and/or EU standards regarding storage, handling and transport of biomethane, e.g. LMG Many more examples can be found in the Biofuel Cities Handbook The local implementation of clean(er) fuel policies in Europe! 24
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Compounds Gas Composition Biogas Landfill gas Natural gas Methane (vol-%) 60-70 35-65 89 Other hydro carbons (vol-%) 0 0 9.4 Hydrogen (vol-%) 0 0-3 0 Carbon dioxide (vol-%) 30-40 15-50 0.67 Nitrogen (vol-%) ~0.2 5-40 0.28 Oxygen (vol-%) 0 0-5 0 Hydrogen sulphide (ppm) 0-4000 0-100 2.9 Ammonia (ppm) ~100 ~5 0 Lower heating value (kwh/nm 3 ) 6.5 4.4 11.0 26
Cleaning of biogas Water Hydrogen sulphide Oxygen Nitrogen Ammonia Siloxanes Precipitation in digester Adsorption Absorption Biological treatment Particles 27
Upgrading, i.e. increasing the energy content by removing carbon dioxide from the energy rich metane gas. Different characteristics are used: Size Biogas upgrading technologies PSA, membrane Solubility Water scrubber, organic physical scrubber Boiling/sublimation point Cryogenic Chemical characteristics Chemical absorption 28
Biogas upgrading Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) separation by size Adsorption on a high specific surface material* under elevated pressures Regeneration by sequential decrease in pressure Several vessels working in parallell *Adsorbing material usually activated carbon or zeolites 29
Biogas upgrading Membrane technology separation by size Membranes permeable to CO 2, H 2 O and NH 3 H 2 S and O 2 permeate through the membrane to some extent, while N 2 and CH 4 only pass to a very low extent Often two stages are used Operated around 8 bars 30
Biogas upgrading Scrubbing technologies Physical adsorption through dissolution in a liquid at elevated pressure Gas/liquid counter flow in a high surface area column Liquid is pure water or a proprietary solution* CO 2 dissolving to a much higher degree than CH 4 Dissolved CH 4 recovered in a flash tank CO 2 desorbed from the solution in a high surface column, meeting a counter flow of air at lower pressure *e.g. Selexol, i.e. a solution of polyethylene glycol 31
Biogas meets a counter flow of an amine solution Carbon dioxide is chemically bound to the amine* Highly selective reaction Low methane losses Heat regeneration Biogas upgrading Chemical absorption 32
Biogas upgrading Cryogenic upgrading separation by cooling Cooling of biogas to the point where CO 2 condenses/ sublimates, when removed as liquid/solid Unique feature: N 2 removal Methane accumulation in the gas phase Further cooling liquefies the methane 33
Organic physical scrubbing Biogas meets a counter flow of an organic solvent (e.g. polyethylene glycol) in a column filled with plastic packing Carbon dioxide dissolves in the liquid Methane dissolves to a much lower extent 34
kr/kwh 0,4 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 PSA Vatten skrubber Kemisk absorption 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Rågaskapacitet (Nm3/h) 35
Swedish Standard for biogas as fuel for otto engines Particles < 1 μm Methane 97+/- 2 % Water < 32 mg/nm 3 CO 2, O 2, N 2 < 5% Oxygen < 1 vol % Sulphur < 23 mg/nm 3 N (except for N 2 ) expressed as NH 3 <20 mg/nm 3 Odorised Compressed to 200 bar For grid injection: Addition of propane (around 7-9 vol%) 36
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