Components of IWRM study program at WEC and its relevance to water sector in Yemen by Prof. Dr.Abdulla Babaqi WEC IWRM Seminar Sana a 15-16 March 2010
Outline Current situation of the water sector Needs for development in water sector Tools needed Role of WEC IWRM Diploma/MSc Program Aim of the IWRM education in Yemen Approaches towards curriculum development The curriculum Implementation of the program and achievements Conclusions
YEMEN OVERVIEW Area: 460,000 km 2 Cultivated area: 1,200,000 ha Population: 20.1 million Rural 75% Urban 25% Estimated growth rate 3.1 % / year NWRA-Yemen 2006
Water status in Yemen Total renewable water: 2.1 Bm 3 /y. Total water use: 3.0 Bm 3 /y Deficit: 0.9 Mm 3 /y Cultivated area: 1,200,000 ha
Drop of Water Level in different Basins (m/y) Basin Decline Level (m/year) Sana a Basin 6.0-7.0 Northern Highlands (Sa adah) 5.0 Rada a Basin 5.0 Ta iz Basin 4.0 Southern Mountains 4.o Western Highlands 3.5 Amran Basin 3.0 Tihama Basin 3.5 Ahwar-Ma yfaih Basin 2.5 Tuban-Abyan Basin 0.2-1.0
Water Use in Yemen Agriculture: 90 %. Municipal: 8 % Industry: 2 %
Water Status in Yemen All surface water is fully utilized (only in extreme floods water reaches the sea) Water Scarcity is More Critical in the WESTERN PART of the Country, where > 90% of the population live Irrigated Area Has Expanded From 37,000 ha to about 1,200,000 ha between 1970 to 2004, Mostly Depend on Ground water Groundwater exploitation is continuously increasing More than 70,000 wells and estimated 200 drilling rigs NWRA-Yemen 2006
Water Resources Challenges in Yemen Most water constrained country in the world: 120 m3/capita/year, 10% of regional average and 2% of global average Over-exploitation of GW (Water tables drop up to 8 meters/year in some areas) Low irrigation water use efficiency (20-40%) Institutional and implementation capacity challenges for groundwater management 9
CAUSES OF THE PROBLEM Technological factors - Introduction of drilling technology and pumps -Inefficient use - particularly in agricultural sector - irrigation efficiency only 35% Social factors - Population growth - Production of Qat Economic and financial factors - Subsidy on diesel fuel - Cropping patterns are guided by market signals - Low/free water tarrifs Institutional & legal factors - Poor sectoral coordination - No enforcement for rules & regulations
Main Stakeholders in the Yemen water sector Farming Sheikhs and Large Landowners: Parliamentarians: Ministry of Water and Environment: National Water Resources Authority: Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation: WUAs Donors:
Stakeholders in the Yemen water sector (Mark Zeitoun, 2009)
Recent reforms in the water sector Creation in 1995 of a single water resource agency: NWRA Creation in 2003 of a new Ministry of Water and Environment: MWE Approval by Parliament of a Water Law in 2002 Restructuring of the urban water supply sector and tariff reforms Adoption of a National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Program (NWSSIP) in 2004 Revision of NWSSIP 2008
Needs for development In addition to the specific water related technical skills, more water management knowledge and skills are needed Need to create a national and regional intellectual IWRM resource base that has the capacity and capability to identify, formulate and undertake programs and projects of national and international organizations.
Needs for development There is also a need for an intermediate between private sector clients (contract research) and the knowledge institutes in Yemen and abroad
Tools Needed IWRM education taking into account that implementation of water related policy needs enforcement
Tools Needed Programs offered in Water and Environment Science in the Arabic Region are primarily focused on the technical and scientific aspects of the water sector
Tools Needed It is now clear that the water crisis is not purely a technical problem, but is a multi-faceted socioeconomic problem that requires a multidisciplinary approach
Role of WEC Centre for IWRM education Centre of New water-thinking Point of contact with international organizations (IWMI, GWP, CAP-Net, ESCWA, UNESCO-IHP) Support from Wageningen University, Technical University Delft, Cairo University amongst others
Role of WEC To provide MSc curriculum and professional diploma courses on IWRM Listen to water and educational sector to provide a fitting curriculum
What is IWRM IWRM (definition): IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital eco-systems (Global Water Partnership, 2000)
IWRM Definitions IWRM (definition): Natural Resources System Infrastructure Demands Impacts IWRM Laws and regulations Socio- Economic System Administrative Institutional System
IWRM Definitions IWRM (definition): NWSA Natural Resources System Infrastructure Demands Impacts IWRM Laws and regulations Socio- Economic System Local corporation WEC CWMU Administrative Institutional System Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Water and Environment WUA NWRA GSCP GDI EPA
IWRM Definitions IWRM (definition): Land rights Strategic plans Land ownership Natural Resources System Infrastructure Demands Impacts IWRM Laws and regulations Socio- Economic System EIA Water Law Runoff rights Administrative Institutional System Drilling permits Water vision Islamic Law Environmental Law Water Rights
IWRM Definitions IWRM (definition): Farmers Women Tribes Fruit and vegetable market Natural Resources System Infrastructure Demands Impacts IWRM Laws and regulations Socio- Economic System Households Men Children Administrative Institutional System Qat market Health International Trade
IWRM Definitions IWRM (definition): pollution deforestation fuel food building materials recreation Natural Resources System Infrastructure Demands Impacts IWRM Laws and regulations Socio- Economic System Administrative Institutional System
IWRM Definitions Lakes IWRM (definition): Coastal Zone Forest Watersheds Wadis Groundwater Hydrologic cycle Natural Resources System Infrastructure Demands Impacts IWRM Laws and regulations Administrative Institutional System Socio- Economic System
IWRM Definitions IWRM (definition): dams pumps pipes Natural Resources System canals sewerage Infrastructure waste water treatment plant Demands Impacts IWRM Laws and regulations Administrative Institutional System Socio- Economic System
Lakes Coastal Zone Forest Wadis NWSA pumps Groundwater Natural Resources System pollution deforestation Infrastructure Demands Impacts IWRM IWRM Definitions fuel Laws and regulations Watersheds canals CWMU pipes Administrative Hydrologic cycle Institutional sewerage System dams Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant WUA NWRA Islamic Law Water vision building materials Women Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market Socio- Economic System Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health International Trade Environmental GDI Law GSCP Water Rights EIA Households Runoff rights Men Local corporation Children WEC Water Law Qat market EPA
IWRM Definitions pollution deforestation fuel building materials Women Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market Lakes Wadis IWRM: EIA Households Coastal Zone Forest NWSA pumps Groundwater A little bit of everything the interface of all water management aspects very complicated processes very important processes! Watersheds canals CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle sewerage dams Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant WUA NWRA Islamic Law Water vision Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health International Trade Environmental GDI Law GSCP Water Rights Runoff rights Men Local corporation Children WEC Water Law Qat market EPA
The Focus of IWRM IWRM focuses more on water resources management than on water resources development. IWRM is an approach that combines technical, social, legal, economical and political aspects of water Management (Multi-disciplinary).
The Focus of IWRM IWRM is an approach that involves multiple stakeholders to find a common acceptable solution to water management problems. IWRM is an idea that people need to be aware of and that needs continuously creative applications in water resources problems
The Focus of IWRM IWRM does NOT create more water!! It uses existing water resources better.
Aim of IWRM Education in Yemen To teach the basics of good water management, while at the same time considering technical, social, political, legal, etc. constraints. To develop students with skills, knowledge and attitude that they can apply in the context of the Yemeni water sector.
Aim of IWRM Education in Yemen The support project aims to develop an institutionally and financially sustainable educational program.
Approaches towards curriculum development A coherent set of courses, not a a collection of separate disciplines. Involvement of the teachers in the development of the complete curriculum, not a top down approach. Include the Yemeni water sector in the program, not an ivory tower approach.
Approaches towards curriculum development Build upon other efforts, not developing the wheel again. Combine the knowledge from all project partners and learn from each other (twoway traffic)
The curriculum First semester develops the basis of several disciplines. Second semester combines the disciplines in a problem oriented approach. Third semester develops research skills and makes students apply the IWRM skills and knowledge to their own problem. Fourth semester is MSc research.
First semester Introduction to IWRM Introduction to Hydrology Report Writing and basic computer skills Water and environment Hydrology of Yemen Water use in agriculture Water value / economics Water rights and policies Water use in urban and rural areas Gender and water Water and public participation Sanitation and waste water treatment Water Issues in the Arab Region IWRM case studies
Second Semester Integrated Watershed Management Integrated Water Chain Management Integrated Groundwater Management Integrated Coastal Zone Management Environmental Impact Assessment Third semester Basic Research skills IWRM Project
Student base level (BSc) Disciplinary courses Case studies Integrated concept courses Diploma project MSc Research OUT Work Fields (sectors) Curriculum objectives IN
IWRM Curriculum Lakes Wadis building materials Women pollution Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation deforestation fuel Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market 1. Introduction to IWRM: EIA Households Coastal Zone Forest NWSA pumps Groundwater Watersheds canals CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle sewerage dams Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant WUA NWRA Islamic Law Water vision Runoff rights Men Local corporation Children WEC Water Law Qat market Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health International Trade Environmental GDI Law GSCP Water Rights EPA
IWRM Curriculum Lakes Wadis building materials Women pollution Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation deforestation fuel Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market 2. Introduction to hydrology: EIA Households Coastal Zone Forest NWSA pumps Groundwater Watersheds canals CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle sewerage dams Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant WUA NWRA Islamic Law Water vision Runoff rights Men Local corporation Children WEC Water Law Qat market Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health International Trade Environmental GDI Law GSCP Water Rights EPA
IWRM Curriculum Lakes Wadis building materials Women pollution Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation deforestation fuel Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market 3. Basic skills: EIA Households Coastal Zone MSc research background knowledge Runoff rights Men Forest Local corporation Children NWSA pumps Groundwater WEC Water Law Watersheds canals Qat market CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health sewerage dams International Trade Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant Environmental GDI Law WUA NWRA Islamic Law GSCP Water Rights EPA Water vision
IWRM Curriculum Lakes Wadis building materials Women pollution Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation deforestation fuel Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market 4. Water and Environment: EIA Households Coastal Zone Forest NWSA pumps Groundwater Watersheds canals CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle sewerage dams Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant WUA NWRA Islamic Law Water vision Runoff rights Men Local corporation Children WEC Water Law Qat market Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health International Trade Environmental GDI Law GSCP Water Rights EPA
IWRM Curriculum Lakes Wadis building materials Women pollution Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation deforestation fuel Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market 5. Hydrology of Yemen: EIA Households Coastal Zone Forest NWSA pumps Groundwater Watersheds canals CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle sewerage dams Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant WUA NWRA Islamic Law Water vision Runoff rights Men Local corporation Children WEC Water Law Qat market Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health International Trade Environmental GDI Law GSCP Water Rights EPA
IWRM Curriculum Lakes Wadis building materials Women pollution Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation deforestation fuel Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market 6. Water use in agriculture: EIA Households Coastal Zone Forest NWSA pumps Groundwater Watersheds canals CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle sewerage dams Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant WUA NWRA Islamic Law Water vision Runoff rights Men Local corporation Children WEC Water Law Qat market Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health International Trade Environmental GDI Law GSCP Water Rights EPA
IWRM Curriculum Lakes Wadis building materials Women pollution Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation deforestation fuel Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market 7. Water value / economics: EIA Households Coastal Zone Forest NWSA pumps Groundwater Watersheds canals CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle sewerage dams Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant WUA NWRA Islamic Law Water vision Runoff rights Men Local corporation Children WEC Water Law Qat market Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health International Trade Environmental GDI Law GSCP Water Rights EPA
IWRM Curriculum Lakes Wadis building materials Women pollution Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation deforestation fuel Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market 8. Water rights and policies: EIA Households Coastal Zone Forest NWSA pumps Groundwater Watersheds canals CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle sewerage dams Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant WUA NWRA Islamic Law Water vision Runoff rights Men Local corporation Children WEC Water Law Qat market Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health International Trade Environmental GDI Law GSCP Water Rights EPA
IWRM Curriculum Lakes Wadis building materials Women pollution Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation deforestation fuel Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market 9. Water use in urban and rural areas: EIA Households Coastal Zone Forest NWSA pumps Groundwater Watersheds canals CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle sewerage dams Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant WUA NWRA Islamic Law Water vision Runoff rights Men Local corporation Children WEC Water Law Qat market Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health International Trade Environmental GDI Law GSCP Water Rights EPA
IWRM Curriculum Lakes Wadis building materials Women pollution Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation deforestation fuel Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market 10. Gender and water: EIA Households Coastal Zone Forest NWSA pumps Groundwater Watersheds canals CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle sewerage dams Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant WUA NWRA Islamic Law Water vision Runoff rights Men Local corporation Children WEC Water Law Qat market Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health International Trade Environmental GDI Law GSCP Water Rights EPA
IWRM Curriculum Lakes Wadis building materials Women pollution Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation deforestation fuel Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market 11. Water and public participation: EIA Households Coastal Zone Forest NWSA pumps Groundwater Watersheds canals CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle sewerage dams Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant WUA NWRA Islamic Law Water vision Runoff rights Men Local corporation Children WEC Water Law Qat market Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health International Trade Environmental GDI Law GSCP Water Rights EPA
IWRM Curriculum Lakes Wadis building materials Women pollution Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation deforestation fuel Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market 12. Sanitation and waste water treatment: EIA Households Coastal Zone Forest NWSA pumps Groundwater Watersheds canals CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle sewerage dams Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant WUA NWRA Islamic Law Water vision Runoff rights Men Local corporation Children WEC Water Law Qat market Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health International Trade Environmental GDI Law GSCP Water Rights EPA
IWRM Curriculum Lakes Wadis building materials Women pollution Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation deforestation fuel Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market 13. Water issues in the Arab World: EIA Households Coastal Zone Forest NWSA pumps Groundwater Watersheds canals CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle sewerage dams Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant WUA NWRA Islamic Law Water vision Runoff rights Men Local corporation Children WEC Water Law Qat market Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health International Trade Environmental GDI Law GSCP Water Rights EPA
IWRM Curriculum Lakes Wadis building materials Women pollution Land rights Strategic Tribes plans food Farmers recreation deforestation fuel Fruit and Land vegetable ownership market 14. IWRM Case studies: EIA Households Coastal Zone Small project with interdisciplinary views Runoff rights Men Forest Local corporation Children NWSA pumps Groundwater WEC Water Law Watersheds canals Qat market CWMU pipes Hydrologic cycle Drilling Ministry permits of Agriculture Health sewerage dams International Trade Ministry of Water waste and water Environment treatment plant Environmental GDI Law WUA NWRA Islamic Law GSCP Water Rights EPA Water vision
Achievements The second group of students has finished their diplomas and currently working in their MSc thesis researches. The third group of students has finished their diplomas and currently preparing their research plans. The fourth group of students has started in 2009. In general, the achievements of the educational program at the WEC with the students are very satisfying. There is still a lack of funding for some students.
Conclusions Actual ownership of the curriculum is with the Water and Environment Center and the lecturers. Response from the Yemeni water sector on course content so far is encouraging. Curriculum is a coherent set of courses with a clear build up of skills, knowledge and attitude.
Conclusions IWRM capacity building is successful with the lecturers. IWRM capacity building now has spread to and through the students.
Thank You