Vol. 6, 4, No. 5: 228 3 Plnt Soil Environ. The yield nd qulity of roccoli grown under flt covers with soil mulching E. Kostern Siedlce University of Nturl Sciences nd Humnities, Siedlce, Polnd ABSTRACT The experiment ws crried out etween nd 2. Effect of plnts covering nd the kind of orgnic mulch pplied to soil mulching on the yield nd selected component of nutritive vlue in Mildy F 1 roccoli cultivted for erly hrvest ws investigted. The ppliction of polypropylene fire contriuted to significnt increse in the mrketle yield of roccoli on verge y 5. t/h, weight of hed y.1 kg nd length of rc y 1.44 cm. Increse of the content of chemicl components s result of plnts covering mounted to 1.6% for dry mtter, 2.5 mg/1 g fresh mtter (FM) for scoric cid,.65% FM for totl sugr nd.% FM for monoscchrides. All kinds of strw contriuted to n increse in the roccoli yield nd improvement its prmeters. The highest mrketle yield nd weight of hed ws otined in the plots mulched with uckwhet strw. Irrespective of covering, cultivtion on the mulch with uckwhet strw contriuted to slight decrese in dry mtter, totl sugrs content, wheres cultivtion on the rye strw decresed scoric cid content. Keywords: polypropylene fire; orgnic mulch; Brssic olerce L. vr. itlic Plenck; Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.; chemicl composition; vegetle The min role of orgnic mulches in vegetle crops cultivtion is to protect the soil surfce from the influence of unfvorle fctors nd to improve the growing conditions for the crop plnts (Derek et l. 26, Olfti et l. 28). They reduce soil wind nd wter erosion (Feldmn et l. 2), conserve soil moisture (Sinkevičienė et l. 2) nd help mintin stle soil temperture (Kr nd Kumr 2). Mulch increses soil porosity nd suppresses weed growth (Uwh nd Iwo 2). Björkmn nd Person (8) nd Tn et l. (2) clim tht plnt s growth conditions re the min determinnt of the qulity of their yield. The ppliction of plstic covers cn hve significnt influence on the vegetles yield. Covers re used to modify plnts environment in order to optimize plnts growth, increse yields nd improve their qulity. The profitle conditions under the covers resulted in higher yield for sweet pepper (Irr-Jimenez nd Ros-Irr 24), Chinese cge (Moreno et l. 22), erly potto (Hmouz et l. 2). According to Gordon et l. () n increse in soil temperture nd moisture under covers will not lwys cuse n increse in the yield of plnts. The study imed to determine the effect of plnt covering with polypropylene fire nd soil mulching with orgnic mulch on the yield nd qulity of roccoli cultivted for erly hrvest. MATERIAL AND METHODS Experimentl site. The experiment ws crried out etween 2 t the Experimentl Sttion of the Siedlce University of Nturl Sciences nd Humnities, which is locted in centrl-estern Polnd (52 3'N, 22 33'E). According to the interntionl system of FAO clssifiction, the soil ws clssified s Luvisol (WRB FAO 8). The totl contents of mcroelements in mg/l ir dried mtter mounted to 34 for phosphorus, Supported y the Polish Ministry of Science nd Higher Eduction s prt of the sttutory ctivities of the Deprtment of Vegetle Crops, Siedlce University of Nturl Sciences nd Humnities. 228
Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 6, 4, No. 5: 228 3 83 for potssium, 36 for mgnesium, 14 for NO 3 -N, for NH 4 -N nd 26 for clcium. Experimentl design. The experiment ws estlished s split-lock design with three replictes. Effect of plnts covering (without cover, under polypropylene fire) nd the kind of strw pplied to soil mulching (rye,, rpe, uckwhet) ws investigted. The effect of strw mulch ws compred to control plot without mulch. The influence of exmined fctors on the yield nd selected component of nutritive vlue in Mildy F 1 roccoli ws investigted. Field work. The forecrop for roccoli ws triticle. In the utumn preceding roccoli cultivtion, ploughing ws performed nd orgnic mnure t rte of 3 t/h ws incorported. In the spring, two weeks efore seedlings were plnted, disc hrrowing ws pplied. After tht, minerl fertilizers were pplied in the mount of supplementry content to the optiml level for roccoli: kg N, 43 kg P, 183 kg K per 1 h. Before the seedlings were plnted, prticulr type of strw t dose of 1 t/h ws pplied. In the cse of rye nd rpe strw, the thickness of the mulch lyer mounted, on verge, to 8 cm. In the cse of strw, the mulch lyer mounted to out 5 cm, however for uckwhet strw the verge ws 8 1 cm. Broccoli seedlings were grown in non-heted greenhouse. Seeds were sown in the successive study yers on the th, 18 th nd 2 th of Mrch. Plnts were plnted on the th, 18 th nd rd of April, t spcing of 5 5 cm. After plnts where plnted suitle comintions were covered with polypropylene fire Pegs Agro UV (Rynik, Polnd). The cover ws removed fter 4 weeks. After tht 5 kg N/h ws pplied (top dressing). Smple collection nd lortory nlysis. Broccoli ws hrvested y hnd on 3 June in, nd 28 June in 2 nd 2. During the hrvest ws determined: mrketle yield, weight of mrketle hed, length of roccoli rc nd stlk dimeter. From ech plot hed smple ws tken to perform chemicl nlyses. The following ws determined: dry mss y drying to the constnt weight t 15 C; l-scoric cid y the Tillmns method (Polish Stndrd PN-A-4); totl sugrs nd monoscchrides y the Luff- Schoorl method. Sttisticl nlysis. The results were sttisticlly nlysed y mens of the nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) following the model for the split-lock design. The significnce of differences ws determined y the Tukey s test t the significnce level of α =.5. Wether nd soil conditions. Yers nd 2 were chrcterized y similr temperture during the growing period nd fvorle rinfll distriution for growing nd development of roccoli (Figure 1). The lest fvorle conditions for roccoli growth were in 2, which ws chrcterized y high men ir tempertures compred with the other study yers ut insufficient quntity of rinfll. During the plnt s growing period, mesurement of the soil temperture ws performed t depth of 1 cm in ll ojects of experience, t 8.m. nd 2 p.m. (Figures 2 nd 3). Soil temperture Precipittion (mm) 5 45 4 35 3 2 1 5 2 1 5 Air temperture (ºC) 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 April My June Month/decde Figure 1. Wether conditions in the vegettion period of roccoli 22
Vol. 6, 4, No. 5: 228 3 Plnt Soil Environ. () Temperture ( C) 2 2 8.m. control rye rpe uckwhet () 2 2 p.m. 2 Figure 2. Soil temperture on different kind of strw t () 8.m. nd () 2 p.m. in non-covered comintion in the cultivtion under polypropylene fire ws higher thn in non-covered plot. The increse in soil temperture under cover mounted to 1.2 C in the morning nd 1.8 C in the fternoon. The soil temperture in the plots without strw mulch, oth t 8.m. nd 2 p.m. in non-covered plot nd under polypropylene fire ws higher thn in plots mulched with strw. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The highest yield (. t/h) nd weight of hed (.64 kg) ws otined in, the most fvorle for roccoli cultivtion (Figures 4 nd 5). In significntly higher yield nd weight of hed ws otined from the plots mulched with rye, nd uckwhet strw. The yield nd weight of hed chieved from ojects with uckwhet strw were 1.5 times higher compred to those without strw. In 2 ll kinds of strw contriuted to significnt increse in the mrketle yield nd weight of roccoli hed. The yield of roccoli in the plots mulched with uckwhet strw ws lmost 2. times higher nd weight of hed ws ove 1.5 times higher. In the study y Awodoyin et l. (2) mulching incresed growth of plnts nd yield of tomto fruit. According to uthors it ws possile through modifiction of the growing environment. In the studies y Smil et l. (2) mulching incresed totl yield of tomto compred with non-mulched plot. Sinkevičienė et l. (2) reported tht yield of vegetles depended on the kind of mulch ppliction to soil mulching. The uthors found tht yields of vegetles from plots mulched with grss were the highest, from the ojects with strw nd pet sustrte mulch they were similr however, swdust ws less useful s mulch. The study results showed significnt influence of the interction etween the covering nd the kind of strw on the yield level nd weight of hed (Tle 1). In the non-covered comintion ll kinds of strw contriuted to significnt increse in the mrketle yield nd weight of hed compred to control plot. In the covered plots the highest yield nd weight of hed ws otined from the plots mulched with uckwhet strw. The increse () Temperture ( C) 2 2 8.m. control rye rpe uckwhet () 2 2 p.m. 2 Figure 3. Soil temperture on different kind of strw t () 8.m. nd () 2 p.m. in covered comintion
Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 6, 4, No. 5: 228 3 Yield (t/h) 3 2 1 c c c control rye rpe uckwhet c c c Weight (kg).8..6.5.4.3.2 control uckwhet rye rpe 5.1 Figure 4. Mrketle yield of roccoli depending on the kind of strw in the successive yers of study. Vlues in rows followed y the sme letters do not differ significntly t α =.5 Figure 5. Weight of mrketle hed depending on the kind of strw in the successive yers of study. Vlues in rows followed y the sme letters do not differ significntly t α =.5 in the mrketle nd totl yield of Chinese cge s result of plnt covering ws reported in the study y Moreno et l. (22). The mrketle yield ws higher y 486% nd totl yield y 18%. In the study y Gordon et l. (28) erly mrketle yields of sqush were lowest from plnts grown on re soil with row cover followed y re soil lone. The highest erly mrketle yield ws otined from comined cultivtion of lck mulch with row cover. A significnt influence of the investigted fctors on the length of rc nd stlk dimeter ws found (Tle 2). In the cultivtion without cover the est length of rc ws oserved t heds from plots mulched with rye strw. However, ll kinds of strw contriuted to n increse in the stlk dimeter compred to non-mulched control. In the cultivtion under cover roccoli heds cultivted on the nd uckwhet strw longer rc hd. The heds with higher stlk dimeter were otined from ojects mulched with uckwhet strw. Olfti et l. (28) showed tht ll orgnic mulches hd significnt influence on the incresed length of crrot roots. However, the uthors did not find differences in the height of plnts or root dimeter. The increse of tomto fruits dimeter s result of soil mulching with strw ws found y Smil et l. (2). In the study y Gordon et l. (28) sqush plnts grown with mulch nd row covers were tller nd hve higher stlk dimeter thn those grown with plstic mulch lone or on re soil. The chemicl composition of vegetles is geneticlly determined s well s it is modified y fctors ffecting the plnt during growth (Lee nd Kdr 2). At conducted reserch the content of dry mtter in roccoli rnged from.6% to 1.5% (Tle 3). A similr content of this component ws found y Growsk et l. (2). The content of scoric cid mounted to 84. mg/1 g fresh mtter (FM). In the study y Yildirim et l. (2), the content of vitmin C rnged from 81 to Tle 1. Mrketle yield of roccoli nd weight of mrketle hed (men for 2) Kind of strw Mrketle yield (t/h) Weight of hed (kg) A B men A B men Control.88.58.3.3.52.45 Rye 18.5 22.3 2.53.56.63.5 Corn.3 22.5.26.56.61.5 Rpe 18.5.5 2.2.53.5.55 Buckwhet.16 28.14.65.53.4.64 Men.66 22.1 2.2.51.61.56 for mrketle yield: covering 3.; kind of strw 2.54; interction covering kind of strw 3.54; for weight of hed: covering.8, kind of strw.6, interction covering kind of strw.. A without cover; B under polypropylene fire 1
Vol. 6, 4, No. 5: 228 3 Plnt Soil Environ. Tle 2. Length of roccoli rc nd stlk dimeter (men for 2) Kind of strw Length of rc (cm) Stlk dimeter (cm) A B men A B men Control 24.2 24.68 24.35 4. 3.86 3.8 Rye 26.5 26.42 26.68 4.5 4.12 4.35 Corn 24.43 2.1.2 4.6 3.5 4.31 Rpe 24.56 26.5.56 4.6 3.1 4.34 Buckwhet 24.4 26..2 4.63 4.51 4.5 Men 24.8 26.33.61 4.55 4. 4.31 for length of rc: covering.35; kind of strw 1.54; interction covering kind of strw.; for stlk dimeter: covering.28, kind of strw.2, interction covering kind of strw.43. A without cover; B under polypropylene fire 1 mg/1 g FM. An verge content of totl sugrs nd monoscchrides in roccoli mounted to 3.2% FM nd 1.65% FM, respectively. In the study y Growsk et l. (2) the content of monoscchrides mounted from.54% to 1.53% FM. A significnt influence of the covering nd kind of strw on the content of investigted components in roccoli ws found (Tle 3). In the study y Moreno et l. (22) n ppliction of polypropylene fire contriuted to incresed dry mtter content in the Chinese cge on verge y 18% nd scoric cids content y %, which is confirmed in the present study. In the cultivtion without covering more dry mtter ws found in heds from plots mulched with rye nd strw nd control plot. In turn, scoric cid content decresed t soil mulching with rye strw. The highest content of totl sugrs ws found in heds from the plots mulched with strw nd monoscchrides with, rpe nd uckwhet strw. Prmr et l. (2) were found tht soil mulching with strw nd dry leves slightly reduced flesh cidity of melon ut cused n incresed monoscchrides nd totl sugrs contents. In the studies y Smil et l. (2) mulch with strw contriuted to incresed dry mtter, protein nd crohydrte content in tomto. In the cultivtion with polypropylene fire roccoli from the plots mulched with rye nd rpe strw nd from control plot ccumulted more dry mtter thn cultivted on the nd uckwhet strw. The higher scoric cid content ws found in the roccoli from plots mulched with rpe strw nd non-mulched control. Higher totl sugr content ws oserved in heds from plots mulched with rye thn uckwhet strw. In the study y Mjkowsk- Gdomsk () the highest dry mtter ccumultion ws noted in the fruit of melon grown in mulched Tle 3. The content of selected components of nutritive vlue of roccoli (men for 2) Kind of strw Dry mtter (%) Ascoric cid (mg/1 g FM) Totl sugrs (% FM) Monoscchrides (% FM) A B men A B men A B men A B men Control 8. 1.53.5 83.2 8.33 85.3 2. 3.3 3.4 1.53 1. 1.62 Rye 8.6 1.58.63.3 85.36 82.33 2.65 3.43 3.4 1.54 1.3 1.64 Corn.3.4.22 83.4 83. 83. 2.8 3.2 3.8 1.58 1.3 1.66 Rpe.6 1.5.22 83.88 85. 84.3 2.66 3.3 3.3 1.5 1.2 1.66 Buckwhet.81.3 8. 85. 85. 85. 2.5 3.22 2.8 1.61 1. 1.66 Men 8.44 1.2.32 82.2 85.42 84. 2.6 3.34 3.2 1.5 1.2 1.65 for dry mtter: covering.3; kind of strw not significnt; interction covering kind of strw.2; for scoric cid: covering 2.4, kind of strw 1., interction covering kind of strw 2.6; for totl sugrs: covering.18; kind of strw.; interction covering kind of strw.; for monoscchrides: covering.3, kind of strw.3, interction covering kind of strw.4. A without cover; B under polypropylene fire; FM fresh mtter 2
Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 6, 4, No. 5: 228 3 soil under non-woven polypropylene cover (.36%), nd the lowest (6.%) in plnts grown under non-woven PP cover only. Plnt nd soil covering hd no significnt influence on the scoric cid, sugrs nd orgnic cids chnges. REFERENCES Awodoyin R.O., Ogeide F.I., Oluwole O. (2): Effects of three mulch types on the growth nd yield of tomto (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) nd weed suppression in Idn, rinforestsvnn trnsition zone of Nigeri. Tropicl Agriculturl Reserch nd Extension, 1: 53 6. Björkmn T., Person K.J. (8): High temperture rrest of inflorescence development in roccoli (Brssic olerce vr. itlic L.). Journl of Experimentl Botny, 4: 16. Derek M.L., Rowell A.B., Snyder J.C., Willims M.A. (26): Weed control efficcy of orgnic mulches in two orgniclly mnged ell pepper production systems. HortTechnology, 16: 2 2. Feldmn R.S., Holmes C.E., Blomgren T.A. (2): Use of fric nd compost mulches for vegetle production in low tillge, permnent ed system: Effects on crop yield nd lor. Americn Journl of Alterntive Agriculture, : 146 3. Gordon G.G., Foshee W.G., Reed S.T., Brown J.E., Vinson E.L. (): The effects of colored plstic mulches nd row covers on the growth nd yield of Okr. HortTechnology, 2: 224 3. Gordon G.G., Foshee W.G., Reed S.T., Brown J.E., Vinson E., Woods F.M. (28): Plstic mulches nd row covers on growth nd production of summer sqush. Interntionl Journl of Vegetle Science, 14: 322 338. Growsk A., Kunicki E., Liik A. (2): The effects of different methods of cultivtion nd plnt spcing on the chemicl composition of roccoli heds. Foli Horticulture, : 34. Hmouz K., Dvořák P., Erhrtová D. (2): Effect of polypropylene covering on the yield formtion dynmics of erly pottoes. Act Fytotechnic et Zootechnic, 3: 5 6. Irr Jimenez L., Ros Irr M. (24): Comprison etween microtunnels with polyethylene nd polypropylene in cucumer nd sweet pepper with plstic mulching. Revist Chpingo, Serie Horticultur, 1: 3. Kr G., Kumr A. (2): Effects of irrigtion nd strw mulch on wter use nd tuer yield of potto in estern Indi. Agriculturl Wter Mngement, 4: 6. Lee S.K., Kder A.A. (2): Prehrvest nd posthrvest fctors influencing vitmin C content of horticulturl crops. Posthrvest Biology nd Technology, 2: 2 22. Mjkowsk-Gdomsk J. (): The chemicl composition of fruit in selected melon cultivrs grown under flt covers with soil mulching. Act Scientirum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus, : 3 52. Moreno D.A., Víllor G., Hernández J., Cstill N., Monrel L.R. (22): Yield nd chemicl composition of chinese cge in reltion to therml regime s influenced y row covers. Journl of the Americn Society for Horticulturl Science, 12: 343 348. Olfti J.A., Peyvst Gh., Nosrti-Rd Z. (28): Orgnic mulching on crrot yield nd qulity. Interntionl Journl of Vegetle Science, 14: 362 368. Prmr H.N., Polr N.D., Virdiy R.R. (2): Effect of mulching mteril on growth, yield nd qulity of wtermelon (Citrullus Lntus Thun) cv. Kirn. Universl Journl of Agriculturl Reserch, 1: 3 3. PN-A-4 (8): Determine of vitmin C content using the Tillmn method. Smil A.A., Amns E.B., Bji B.A. (2): Yield nd fruit qulity of tomto (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) s influenced y mulching, nitrogen nd irrigtion intervl. Interntionl Reserch Journl of Agriculturl Science nd Soil Science, 1: 5. Smil A., Amns E.B., Aukr I.U., Bji B.A. (2): Nutritionl qulity of tomto (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) s influenced y mulching, nitrogen nd irrigtion intervl. Journl of Agriculturl Science, 3: 266 2. Sinkevičienė A., Jodugienė D., Puplienė R., Uronienė M. (2): The influence of orgnic mulches on soil properties nd crop yield. Agronomy Reserch, : 485 41. Tn D.K.Y., Wering A.H., Rickert K.G., Birch C.J. (2): Broccoli yield nd qulity cn e determined y cultivr nd temperture ut not photoperiod in south-est Queenslnd. Austrlin Journl of Experimentl Agriculture, 3: 1. Uwh D.F., Iwo G.A. (2): Effectiveness of orgnic mulch on the productivity of mize (Ze mys L.) nd weed growth. The Journl of Animl nd Plnt Sciences, : 5 53. World Reference Bse for Soil Resources (WRB FAO) (8): World Soil Resource Reports FAO, Interntionl Soil Reference nd Informtion Centre, Interntionl Society of Soil Science, Rome. Yildirim E., Guvenc I., Turn M., Krts A. (2): Effect of folir ure ppliction on qulity, growth, minerl uptke nd yield of roccoli (Brssic olerce L., vr. itlic). Plnt, Soil nd Environment, 53: 12 128. Received on Ferury, 4 Accepted on April, 4 Corresponding uthor: Edyt Kostern, Ph.D., University of Nturl Sciences nd Humnities in Siedlce, B. Prus 14, 8 Siedlce, Polnd e-mil: edyt.kostern@uph.edu.pl 3