IWK 103 Pulp Preparation and Paper Recycling [Penghasilan Pulpa dan Pengitaran Kertas]

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UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA Second Semester Examination Academic Session 2009/2010 April/May 2010 IWK 103 Pulp Preparation and Paper Recycling [Penghasilan Pulpa dan Pengitaran Kertas] Duration: 3 hours [Masa: 3 jam] Please check that this examination paper consists of SEVEN pages of printed material before you begin the examination. [Sila pastikan bahawa kertas peperiksaan ini mengandungi TUJUH muka surat yang bercetak sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan ini.] Instructions: Answer FIVE (5) out of six questions. You may answer the question either in Bahasa Malaysia or in English. [Arahan: Jawab LIMA (5) daripada enam soalan. Anda dibenarkan menjawab soalan sama ada [untuk KBI] dalam Bahasa Malaysia atau Bahasa Inggeris.] In the event of any discrepancies, the English version shall be used. [Sekiranya terdapat sebarang percanggahan pada soalan peperiksaan, versi Bahasa Inggeris hendaklah diguna pakai]. 2/-

- 2-1. Even in the era of the electronics and advanced materials today, paper products are still preferred due to its eco-friendly nature. Demonstrate the idea of paper as sustainable product and comment on the most rapid phase of development in the paper making history. (20 marks) 2. Based on the chemical composition of the woody and non-woody biomass given in Table 1, predict the challenges likely to be encountered in the (a) Processing of Biomass A, in comparison to Biomass D. (b) Soda pulping of the woody biomass in comparison to the non-woody biomass. Table 1: Chemical Composition and Processing Requirement of Selected Biomass Component Wood Composition (%) Non-Wood Composition (%) Biomass A Biomass B Biomass C Biomass D 1. Lignin 26.1±5.0 22.2±7.2 16.1±1.2 17.1±3.3 2. Cellulose 45.2±3.1 56.4±2.2 66.2±2.3 64.1±3.1 3. Hemicellulose 18.1±0.6 13.2±0.6 10.5±0.7 8.8±0.4 4. Ash 0.3±0.1 0.5±0.1 3.3±0.3 6±0.2 5. Extractives 7.1±0.6 5.2±0.6 2.3±1.0 1.3±0.1 6. Processing Debarking Hammering Grinding requirement* and Chipping (Dry) * for pulp production (20 marks) 3. Describe the chemical and energy recovery processes in kraft pulping. How does this compare to the chemical recovery of any hybrid pulping system? (20 marks) 3/-

- 3-4. (a) What are the differences of strategy between the bleaching of chemical and mechanical pulps? Give appropriate bleaching chemical reactions to support your answer. (12 marks) (b) State the advantage and disadvantages of conventional chlorine-based bleaching and environmentally compatible chlorine-free bleaching of pulp. Based on your opinion, give appropriate suggestions to increase the application of chlorine-free bleaching in pulp and paper industry. (8 marks) 5. (a) Give FOUR categories of waste papers and describe the characteristic of each category. (8 marks) (b) Give the strength and weakness of positive and negative wastepaper sorting procedures. (4 marks) (c) Why does the strength property of paper decrease after every recycling process? Give THREE methods that normally used by recycled paper mills to restore the paper strength. (8 marks) 6. (a) For chlorine-free bleaching sequence, why ozonation (Z) is not suitable to be used as first bleaching stage? (4 marks) 4/-

- 4 - (b) Answer the following questions based on Table 2: (i) Which one is the best hydrogen peroxide (P) bleaching condition? Discuss your answer by giving appropriate reasons. (12 marks) (ii) What do you expect if the bleaching time of condition IV is extended to 120 min? (4 marks) Table 2: Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching (P) Conditions and Properties of the Resultant Pulps Conditions of P stage OZ I II III IV Reaction temperature, o C 80 80 100 80 Alkali charge, % 2.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 H 2 O 2 Charge, % 1.8 2.0 2.5 1.8 MgSO 4 Charge, % - 0.5 0.5 0.5 Na 2 SiO 3 Charge, % - 1.5 1.5 1.5 Consistency, % 18 18 15 18 Reaction time, min 60 90 60 60 Analysis Kappa Number 3.6 2.9 1.3 1.7 1.9 Brightness, % 72 75 70 82 80 Pulp Viscosity, cp. 16.7 11.3 13.7 11.5 15.8 5/-

- 5-1. Walau dalam era elektronik dan bahan termaju hari ini, produk berasaskan kertas masih dipilih atas dasar sifat mesra-alamnya. Demostrasikan idea yang menggambarkan kelestarian kertas dan berikan komen anda bagi fasa pembangunan terpantas dalam sejarah pembuatan kertas. (20 markah) 2. Berdasarkan komposisi kimia bagi biojisim kayu dan bukan kayu pada Jadual 1, ramalkan cabaran yang mungkin dihadapi dalam (a) Pemprosesan Biojisim A berbanding Biojisim D. (b) Pemulpaan Soda bagi biojisim berkayu berbanding biojisim bukan kayu. Jadual 1: Komposisi Kimia dan Keperluan Pemprosesan bagi Biojisim Terpilih Komponen Komposisi Kayu (%) Komposisi Bukan Kayu (%) Biojisim Biomass Biojisim C Biojisim D A B 1. Lignin 26.1±5.0 22.2±7.2 16.1±1.2 17.1±3.3 2. Selulosa 45.2±3.1 56.4±2.2 66.2±2.3 64.1±3.1 3. Hemiselulosa 18.1±0.6 13.2±0.6 10.5±0.7 8.8±0.4 4. Abu 0.3±0.1 0.5±0.1 3.3±0.3 6±0.2 5. Ekstraktif 7.1±0.6 5.2±0.6 2.3±1.0 1.3±0.1 6. Keperluan Pemprosesan* Penyahkulitan (Kering) Pengetukan Pengisaran *bagi penghasilan pulpa (20 markah) 3. Berikan deskripsi bagi proses-proses perolehan kimia dan tenaga bagi Pemulpaan Kraft. Bagaimanakah perbandingannya dengan proses perolehan kimia bagi sesuatu pemulpaan hibrid? (20 markah) 6/-

- 6-4. (a) Apakah berbezaan strategi antara pelunturan pulpa kimia dan pulpa mekanik? Berikan tindak balas kimia yang sesuai untuk menyokong jawapan anda. (12 markah) (b) Nyatakan kebaikan dan keburukan pelunturan pulpa konvensional yang berdasarkan klorin dan pelunturan mesra alam yang bebas daripada klorin. Berdasarkan pandangan anda, berikan cadangan-cadangan anda yang sesuai untuk meningkatkan penggunaan pelunturan pulpa bebas klorin di indutri pulpa dan kertas. (8 markah) 5. (a) Berikan EMPAT kategori kertas buangan dan huraikan sifat-sifat untuk setiap kategori. (8 markah) (b) (c) Berikan kekuatan dan kelemahan prosedur pengasingan positif dan negetif kertas buangan. (4 markah) Mengapakah sifat kekuatan kertas menurun selepas setiap proses pengitaran. Berikan TIGA cara yang biasa digunakan oleh kilang pengitaran kertas untuk meningkatkan kekuatan kertas. (8 markah) 6. (a) Bagi urutan pelunturan bebas-klorin, mengapakah pengozonan (Z) tidak sesuai digunakan sebagai peringkat pelunturan pertama? (4 markah) 7/-

- 7 - (b) Jawab soalan-soalan berikut berdasarkan Jadual 2: (i) Keadaan pelunturan hidrogen peroksida (P) yang manakah adalah terbaik? Bincangkan jawapan anda dengan memberikan sebab-sebab yang sesuai. (12 markah) (ii) Apakah yang anda jangka sekiranya masa pelunturan keadaan IV dipanjangkan ke 120 min? (4 markah) Jadual 2: Keadaan Pelunturan Hidrogen Peroksida (P) dan Sifat-sifat Pulpa yang Terhasil. Keadaan peringkat P OZ I II III IV Suhu Tindak-balas, o C 80 80 100 80 Caj Alkali, % 2.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 Caj H 2 O 2, % 1.8 2.0 2.5 1.8 Caj MgSO 4, % - 0.5 0.5 0.5 Caj Na 2 SiO 3, % - 1.5 1.5 1.5 Konsistensi, % 18 18 15 18 Masa Tindak-balas, min 60 90 60 60 Analisis Nombor Kappa 3.6 2.9 1.3 1.7 1.9 Kecerahan, % 72 75 70 82 80 Kelikatan Pulpa, cp. 16.7 11.3 13.7 11.5 15.8 - ooooooo -