Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 65 (2015 ) 257 263 Conference and Exhibition Indonesia - New, Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation (The 3 rd Indo-EBTKE ConEx 2014) Evaluating Micro Hydro Power Generation System under Climate Change Scenario in Bayang Catchment, Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan, West Sumatra Pinto Anugrah a, *, Ahmad Agus Setiawan a, Rachmawan Budiarto a, Sihana a a Dept. of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jln. Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Abstract This study aimed to investigate climate change impacts on micro hydro power generation in Bayang catchment, Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan, West Sumatra. There are three micro hydro power systems in operation today, namely Pancuang Taba (40 kw); Muaro Air (30 kw); and Koto Ranah (30 kw). The Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system was applied to simulate hydrological model and micro hydro power projection under different scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions (A2 and B2) from IPCC reports. The model was performed for the 2013 2025 period. Results demonstrated that climate change will reduce micro hydro power production. Changes in power generation were varying up to 7.6 % under B2 scenario and up to 15.7 % under A2 scenario at the last projection year. 2015 2015 The P. Anugrah, Authors. Published A.A. Setiawan, by Elsevier R. Budiarto, Ltd. This Sihana. is open Published access article by Elsevier under the Ltd. CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of EBTKE ConEx 2014. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of EBTKE ConEx 2014 Keywords: Climate change; micro hydro; Pesisir Selatan; WEAP * Corresponding author. Phone: +62 878 3937 7714 E-mail address: pinto.anugrah@mail.ugm.ac.id; pinto.anugrah@gmail.com 1876-6102 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of EBTKE ConEx 2014 doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.01.043
258 Pinto Anugrah et al. / Energy Procedia 65 ( 2015 ) 257 263 Nomenclature A2 low economic growth but high population growth scenario B2 mid economic and population growth scenario CO 2 carbon dioxide GIS geographic information system IPCC intergovernmental panel on climate change WEAP water evaluation and planning software 1. Introduction Climate change is one of the central issues facing by people nowadays. The Fifth Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that man-made global warming is due mainly to greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO 2 [1]. One of the reason greenhouse gas emissions were increasing is due to fossil fuels consumption. To reduce fossil fuel consumption, many countries including Indonesia have developed renewable energy technologies such as hydropower. Hydropower systems are at the management nexus of energy supply, water supply, freshwater ecosystems and flood control [2]. In many developing countries, hydropower represents a significant contribution to the electricity generation matrix [3]. In Indonesia, 10.68 % of total electricity was generated by hydropower system [4]. A small scale hydropower system is called micro hydro, which can generate power up to 100 kw. The impact of global warming is characterized by changes in temperature and precipitation which affected the hydrological system in many rivers. These two changes in hydrological system will influence the water supply to generate electricity using micro hydro power. Clearly, hydropower production is very sensitive to short- and longterm climatic variability [5-7]. Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) software was used to simulate the changes on hydrological system and assess the impact on micro hydro power generation. Case studies have been carried out in Bayang catchment, Pesisir Selatan, West Sumatra Province. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the micro hydro power generation system and to predict the electricity production until year 2025 under climate change impacts. 2. Material and method 2.1. Study area Bayang River in Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan runs through Kecamatan Bayang Utara and flows into the Indian Ocean. Alongside the river, there were three micro hydro power plants currently operating and producing electricity for 350 households. The micro hydro power plants are Pancuang Taba, Muaro Air, and Koto Ranah which have generating capacity 40 kw, 30 kw, and 30 kw respectively. The catchment encompasses a total area of 196 km 2. The locations of the micro hydro power plants are shown in Figure 1. 2.2. Water evaluation and planning (WEAP) WEAP was developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). WEAP is a unique water resources and planning software where it simulates hydrologic pattern based on climatic inputs such as precipitation, temperature, humidity, and wind speed. WEAP has two primary functions [8,9]: Simulation of natural hydrological processes (e.g., runoff and infiltration) to enable assessment of the availability of water resources within a catchment; and Simulation of anthropogenic activities superimposed on the natural system to influence water resources and their allocation (e.g., consumptive and non-consumptive water demand) to enable evaluation of the impact of human water use.
Pinto Anugrah et al. / Energy Procedia 65 ( 2015 ) 257 263 259 Fig. 1. Locations of micro hydro power plants (Source: Google Earth) Prior research has been done using water year method and climate sequences in Bayang catchment. This research was conducted based on historical data on climatology (precipitation, relative humidity, temperature, solar radiation and wind speed). As the result, micro hydro power productions are decreasing in dry season. On the contrary, in wet season, the power productions could not exceed the maximum turbine flow [10]. Following research was modeling hydrological system and micro hydro power generation under climate change condition. The climate change scenario was simulated under the A2 and B2 scenario of IPCC in greenhouse gas emissions [11]. Both scenarios described increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation particularly in Sumatra region. 3. Results and discussion There were three micro hydro power plants which currently operating alongside Bayang River. Each micro hydro generated electricity for one village. All electricity supply to this area was generated by these three micro hydro systems. Approximately 350 households utilize electricity from micro hydro. In addition, the electricity was also used for government buildings and street lighting. Detailed information related to all three micro hydro systems were shown in Table 1. Table 1. Detail of micro hydro power plants. Micro hydro Coordinate Fixed head Discharge Power Catchment area Pancuang Taba 1 0 9 16,99 S / 100 0 39 48,20 E 11 m 600 L s 1 40 kw 72 km 2 Muaro Air 1 0 8 56,69 S / 100 0 37 49,90 E 22 m 300 L s 1 30 kw 90 km 2 Koto Ranah 1 0 9 27 S / 100 0 37 17,60 E 15 m 400 L s 1 30 kw 196 km 2 All data related to climate condition were collected from the Department of Public Works, Water Resource Management Agency of West Sumatra Province. There were two climatology stations identified for this research, shown in Table 2.
260 Pinto Anugrah et al. / Energy Procedia 65 (2015) 257 263 Table 2. Climatology station near Bayang River. Station Danau Diatas Tarusan Coordinate 0 Sub-basin 0 1 4 40,3 S / 100 46 35,7 E 10 15 12 S / 100029 13 E Bujanggadang & Bayanggadang Bayangnyalo All data for climate-hydrological measurement were inserted based on the current accounts for the year 1992. WEAP calculated the stream flow using soil moisture method. A GIS-based map was needed to model the basins of each micro hydro. The hydrological model of Bayang catchment in WEAP was shown in Figure 2. Fig.2. Schematic view of Bayang River on WEAP As a data validation, WEAP results on monthly stream flow were compared to discharge calculation using Mock Method [12]. The calculation was applied to three sub-basins as a representation of each micro hydro power plant, using historical data on climatology from 1992 to 2012. Comparison results proved that WEAP calculation relatively equal to monthly stream flow using Mock Method. Figure 3 shows the comparison between WEAP calculation and Mock Method on monthly stream flow.
Pinto Anugrah et al. / Energy Procedia 65 ( 2015 ) 257 263 261 (c) Fig. 3. Data validation on monthly stream flow: sub-basin Bujanggadang; sub-basin Bayanggadang; (c) sub-basin Bayangnyalo Two different scenarios (A2 & B2) from IPCC reports were conducted to describe climate change condition in Indonesia, particularly in West Sumatra. Climate changes in both scenarios define as increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation until year 2100, due to changes in global greenhouse gas emissions. The A2 scenario (low economic growth but high population growth) will cause increasing temperature up to 2.6 o C and decreasing precipitation up to 40 mm in year 2100. Moreover, the B2 scenario (mid economic and population growth) will cause increasing temperature up to 2.25 o C and decreasing precipitation up to 30 mm in year 2100. Temperature and precipitation changes on both scenarios are shown in Figure 4. and Figure 5. respectively. Fig. 4. Temperature changes in Indonesia: A2 scenario; B2 scenario [11] Fig. 5. Precipitation changes in Indonesia: A2 scenario; B2 scenario [11]
262 Pinto Anugrah et al. / Energy Procedia 65 ( 2015 ) 257 263 Simulation results indicate that electricity generation is decreasing on both scenarios. Power generation in A2 scenario was decreasing more significantly than in B2 scenario. This was due to economic and population growth is more extreme in A2 scenario compared to B2 scenario. Annual power production on A2 and B2 scenario is shown in Table 3. and Table 4. respectively. Table 3. Annual micro hydro power generation in A2 scenario (MWh). 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Pancuang Taba 186.6 182.4 177.9 174.6 170.4 164.6 159.4 153.4 147.5 142.9 137.2 130.1 124.8 Muaro Air 207.2 204.9 202.4 199.4 196.4 193.3 190.0 186.7 183.5 180.2 176.1 171.3 167.2 Koto Ranah 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.0 261.2 Total 656.5 650.0 643.0 636.7 629.5 620.6 612.1 602.8 593.7 585.8 576.0 563.4 553.2 Table 4. Annual micro hydro power generation in B2 scenario (MWh). 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Pancuang Taba 189.3 187.6 185.4 184.2 181.9 179.1 177.3 174.5 171.5 169.5 165.5 161.3 158.3 Muaro Air 209.7 209.7 209.4 208.3 207.1 205.6 203.7 201.7 199.6 197.2 194.9 192.6 190.2 Koto Ranah 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 262.7 Total 661.7 660.1 657.5 655.2 651.6 647.4 643.6 638.9 633.8 629.4 623.1 616.6 611.1 Based on the tables above, it is known that power production at the end of year projection (2025) is 553.2 MWh and 611.1 MWh under A2 and B2 scenario respectively. Electricity generation is reduced by 15.7 % in A2 scenario and 7.6 % in B2 scenario. Graphs of each micro hydro power generation annually are shown in Figure 6. Fig. 6. Power generation in: A2 scenario; B2 scenario As shown in Figure 6, micro hydro Pancuang Taba and Muaro Air are relatively vulnerable compared to Koto Ranah. This was due to the location of each micro hydro. As known from Figure 2, Koto Ranah micro hydro is located more at the downstream of the river. Thus, it has a larger catchment area than the other micro hydro. As a comparison, electricity production of each micro hydro under different climate change scenario is shown in Figure 7 below.
Pinto Anugrah et al. / Energy Procedia 65 ( 2015 ) 257 263 263 Fig. 7. Micro hydro power generation under different climate change scenario 4. Conclusion Simulation result showed that the annual power production of all three micro hydro is decreasing under climate change scenario. Koto Ranah power plant is relatively stable under climate change scenario compared with the other two micro hydro. This finding could be hints for future adaptation within the electricity generation on Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan. On further research, it is recommended to compare the electricity production which has been simulated on this research with the electricity demand on sub-district scale. In addition, it is also recommended to devise greenhouse gases mitigation scenario based on findings in this research. References [1] Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, et al. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis, contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Switzerland: IPCC; 2013. [2] Rheinheimer DE, Viers JH, Sieber J, Kiparsky M, Mehta VK, Ligare ST. Simulating high elevation hydropower with regional climate warming in the west slope Sierra Nevada. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 2014: 140(5): 714-23. [3] McPhee J, Rubio-Alvarez E, Meza R, Ayala A, Vargas X, Vicuna S. An approach to estimating hydropower impacts of climate change from a regional perspective. In: Potter KW, Frevert DK, editors. Proceedings of Watershed Management Conference 2010. Wisconsin, United States, August 23 th -27 th 2010. p. 13-24. [4] PT PLN, Statistik PLN 2012 [PLN Statistics 2012]. Annual Report. PLN: Jakarta: 2013. [Bahasa Indonesia] [5] Ospina-Noreña JE, Gay García C, Conde C, Magaña V, Sánchez G. Vulnerability of water resources in the face of potential climate change: generation of hydroelectric power in Colombia. Atmósfera 2009: 22(3): 229-52. [6] Ospina-Noreña JE, Gay García C, Conde C, Sánchez G. Water availability as a limiting factor and optimization of hydropower generation as an adaptation strategy to climate change in the Sinú-caribe river basin. Atmósfera 2011: 24(2): 203-20. [7] Mehta VK, Rheinheimer DE, Yates D, et al. Potential impacts on hydrology and hydropower production under climate warming of the Sierra Nevada. Journal of Water and Climate Change 2011: 2(1): 29-43. [8] Yates D, Sieber J, Purkey D, Huber-Lee A. WEAP21: a demand, priority, and preference driven water planning model part 1: model characteristics. Water International 2005: 30(4): 487-500. [9] Yates D, Sieber J, Purkey D, Huber-Lee A. WEAP21: a demand, priority, and preference driven water planning model part 2: aiding freshwater ecosystem service evaluation. Water International 2005: 30(4): 501-12. [10] Setiawan AA, Anugrah P, Budiarto R. Assessment of water supply potential to generate electricity as micro hydro power plant in Bayang catchment, West Sumatra. In: Nur H, editor. The Proceedings of 8 th SEATUC Symposium. Malaysia, March 4 th -5 th, 2014. p. [OS01]1 4. [11] Susandi A. Bencana perubahan iklim global dan proyeksi perubahan iklim Indonesia [Disaster of global climate change and projected climate change in Indonesia]. Kelompok Keahlian Sains Atmosfer (Research Groups of Atmospheric Sciences). Bandung Institute of Technology, 2006. [Bahasa Indonesia]. [12] Mock FJ. Land capability appraisal, Indonesia. water availability appraisal - basic study 1. Field Document of FAO, Land and Water Development Div, 1973.