PipelineNet: A GIS Based Water Quality Model for Distribution Systems William B. Samuels, Ph.D Science Applications International Corporation Hazard Assessment and Simulation Division McLean, Virginia
Project Sponsors Technical Support Working Group (1999- to date) Federal Emergency Management Agency (1999-2000) Environmental Protection Agency (2001 to date) American Water Works Association Research Foundation (2002-2003)
Introduction Contaminant Transport Consequence Assessment Monitoring Location Regulatory Compliance System Isolation Concentration, Ageing Tracing, Pressure, Head Population at Risk Critical Facilities at Risk PipelineNet EPANET Toolkit Visual Basic EPANET ArcView Pipes, Tanks, Reservoirs Valves, Pumps SCADA Water Distribution Infrastructure Schools, Hospitals, Population, etc.
EPANET Overview No limit on the size of the network Models non-reactive and Reactive contaminants Models the age of water Models the percent of flow from a given node reaching all other nodes over time
EPANET Hydraulic Model Headloss - Hazen-Williams, Darcy-Weisbach, or Chezy-Manning Minor head losses - bends, fittings, etc. Models constant or variable speed pumps Computes pumping energy and cost Models valves - shutoff, CV, PRV, FCV, PSV Allows storage tanks to have any shape Considers multiple demand categories at nodes Models pressure-dependent flow issuing from emitters System operation on both simple tank level or timer controls and on complex rule-based controls
EPANET Water Quality Model Models reactions - bulk flow and at the pipe wall Uses n-th order kinetics - bulk flow Uses zero or first order kinetics - pipe wall Accounts for mass transfer limitations Allows growth or decay reactions Employs global reaction rate coefficients Allows wall reaction rate coefficients to be correlated to pipe roughness Allows for time-varying concentration or mass inputs Models storage tanks - complete mix, plug flow, or two-compartment reactors
EPANET Water Quality Bulk flow n-th order kinetics Wall Reactions R = K b C n
GIS Overview Capable of assembling, storing, manipulating,and displaying data For the drinking water industry, GIS allows large amounts of distribution system data to be compiled and users to query that data to identify areas in a distribution system meeting specified criteria. It is equivalent to plotting various data on individual seethrough maps and laying those maps on top of each other so all data can be viewed together, geographically.
Technical Approach Hydraulic Model Extended Period Simulation Model Water Quality Model GIS data
Why Extended Period Simulation? EPS - Extended Period Simulation Demands vary Tanks drain and fill Pumps go on and off Valves open and close No change in tank levels Assumes infinite volume at constant level No impact of contaminants entering reservoir No impact of contamination on down stream area
Hydraulic Data - Input Working Hydraulic Model Temporal water use patterns Tank characteristics Demand Patterns Pump controls Controls and Rules
GIS Data - Input Water Distribution System Water Pipelines Filtration Plants (Source) Pressure Zones Intakes Valves Pumps Tanks Reservoirs Sewer Pipelines Sewage Treatment Plants Basic GIS Coverages Population Transportation Hydrography Aerial Photos, Imagery Contours Parcels Land Use Water Quality monitoring locations Other infrastructure: schools, hospitals, airports
PipelineNet Capabilities Hydraulic Model Flow Velocity Pressure Head Water Quality Contaminant Fate and Transport Water Tracing Water Ageing
PipelineNet Capabilities Consequence Assessment Population & Critical Facilities Isolation System Containment IDSE Tools GIS & Model Monitoring Location Routine & Purposeful Contamination
EPANET GIS Data Conversion and Import EPANET Input File GIS Output File
Contaminant Fate & Transport
Source Tracing in PipelineNet Tracing Node Source Tracing: This graphic illustrates the percent of water reaching any pipe in the network (in 6 hours time) given that it had its origin at the tracing node.
Water Ageing
Consequence Assessment
Isolation Module Output
IDSE Tools Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule Initial Distribution System Evaluation Distribution System Evaluation Guidance Manual
IDSE Tools Water Quality Pressure, Flow, Demand Current Monitoring Stations Population Water Complaint Areas Pressure Zone Boundaries Sources of Water Sources of Contamination Oversized pipes Dead Ends (Pipes)
IDSE Tools
Monitoring Locations Hierarchical Selection Concept Hierarchical Selection Concept Locations Step 3 Critical Facilities & Population Density Step 2 Distribution System Response GIS Layers PipelineNet Output Step 1 Source Prioritization Hydraulic Model Input Data Water Distribution System
Step 1 Source Prioritization Source prioritization is performed at the node (junction) level Initially, all nodes are considered available and are assigned a score of 1 All the nodes, which are either not available or not accessible are assigned a score of 0 Nodes at the junction of two pipes with different diameter Nodes at the junction of pipes with different material Nodes associated with dead end pipes Nodes associated with crosses, tees, and other distribution facilities Nodes on backbone pipes Nodes associated with a backflow-preventer Nodes which are physically inaccessible Only nodes with score equal to 1 are considered for Step 2
Source Prioritization Interface
Step 2 Distribution System Response Distribution System Score Matrix Parameter Scores 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Flow High Low Velocity High Low Pressure High Low Ageing Low High Concentration Low High
Distribution System Response Interface
Step 3 Critical Infrastructure and Population Density Critical Infrastructure and Population Density Score Matrix Parameter Scores 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hospitals Far Near Schools Far Near Population Density Low High
Final Selection The total score for each pipe is tabulated based on the values assigned to the matrices These final scores are linked to the GIS pipeline layer The user can identify areas where monitoring stations should be placed based on the display of pipes with high scores
Monitoring Location Output Location selection based on: Flow Velocity Pressure Critical Facilities Population Probable Monitoring Locations
Summary GIS-based water distribution model Hydraulic modeling Water Quality Simulation Consequence Assessment Critical Customers Population, schools, and hospitals IDSE of Stage 2 of DBP Compliance Location of monitoring stations Post intrusion Isolation of the system Emergency response capability Contingency Planning Operational Support
PipelineNet Applications Salt Lake City (2002 Winter Olympics) Park City, Provo, Murray City East Bay Municipal Utility District (AwwaRF Project 2922) DC Water and Sewer Authority San Francisco Seattle Las Vegas St. Paul
PipelineNet Applications New York City (Republican National Convention) Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission Phoenix Fort Worth Ann Arbor Manchester Cincinnati
PipelineNet Distribution EPA Water Security Division Kevin B Mccormack 4606M USEPA Headquarters Ariel Rios Building 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W. Washington, DC 20460 202-564-3890 mccormack.kevin@epa.gov WaterISAC Request Form Information http://eh2o.saic.com/iwqss
Distribution of PipelineNet EPA EPA Region I (Boston) EPA HQ Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water EPA HQ - Continuity of Operations Program (COOP) EPA Office of Research and Development EPA Health Protection and Modeling Branch EPA Office of Water EPA National Homeland Security Research Center EPA Emergency Operation Center Technical Support Working Group FEMA USGS USGS District Office in Washington State USGS District Office in NJ Centers for Disease Control The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) US Department of Agriculture US Forest Service Agricultural Research Service Defense Threat Reduction Agency Naval Surface Warfare Center Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine Academia (including UK, France, Netherlands and Canada) Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin American Water Works Association Research Foundation Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory US Olympic Public Safety Command (USOPC) Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. and other contractors (> 20)
Distribution of PipelineNet and RiverSpill STATE and COUNTY AGENCIES (> 10) Idaho Department of Environmental Quality Washington Department of Ecology New York State Department of Health NC Department of Environment And Natural Resources CITIES (> 40) Birmingham Water Works and Sewer Board Tampa Water Department City of Wilmington, DE Evesham, NJ Municipal Utilities Authority City of Forth Worth City of Yuma City of St. Paul Washington, DC Las Vegas Valley Water District Seattle Public Utilities San Francisco Public Utilities Park City Provo Murray City Philadelphia Water Department Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities Cincinnati Water Department East Bay Municipal Utility District (Oakland, CA)
Program Contacts Kevin B McCormack Perry Pederson USEPA Headquarters 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W. MS 4606M Washington, DC 20460 Technical Support Working Group 1111 Jefferson Davis Highway Suite # 300 Arlington, VA 22202 202-564-3890 mccormack.kevin@epa.gov 703-602-6215 Pedersonp@tswg.gov
Technical Contacts Dr. William B. Samuels Dr. Rakesh Bahadur Telephone: (703) 676 8043 (703) 676 8048 Email: William.b.samuels@saic.com rakesh.bahadur@saic.com SAIC 1410 Springhill Road MS SH 2-1 Mclean, VA 22102 Fax: (703) 676 8025 http://eh2o.saic.com/iwqss