* Determinant Sanitation Drinking-water Policy and institutions 5 5 Sufficient financing 5 5 Human resources 5 5 Regulation 5 3 Water resources 5 5 Aging infrastructure 5 5 Environmental quality 4 5 Climate change 3 3 Water quality 2 5 Internal conflict /fragility 1 1 1 - low impact, 5 - high impact Figure 1 - Determinants for sustaining achievements and progress Demographic and Economic Statistics Population (2010) a Urban population (2010) a Rural population (2010) a Annual average population growth (1999-2009) a Gross national income per capita (2009) b 13 million 5 million 8 million Health Statistics Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2009) c 56 Under 5 mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2009) c 89 Healthy life expectancy at birth, male/female (2009) c 47/50 Number of deaths due to WASH related disease or injury (2004) d 12,449 Percentage of deaths due to WASH related disease or injury (2004) d 4.00% Sanitation and Drinking-water Statistics Use of improved sanitation (2009) f 60% Use of drinking-water from improved source (2009) f 73% Coverage of sanitation facilities in schools and hospitals f Primary schools, urban/rural (2010) - Secondary schools, urban/rural (2010) - Hospitals, urban/rural (2010) - Healthcare centres/clinics, urban/rural (2010) - (a) World Population Prospects, UN Population Division; (b) World Development Indicators, World Bank; (c) World Health Statistics, World Health Organization (WHO); (d) Safer Water, Better Health, WHO; (e) WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme; (f) National data Progress towards Millennium Development Goals Estimated year national sanitation target will be reached 2015 Estimated year national drinking water target will be reached 2015 100% urban / 80% rural 100% urban / 100% rural * Unless otherwise indicated, the primary source of data for this profile was the 2011 UN Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water survey. Page 1
Overview of Sanitation and Drinking-water status Zimbabwe's WASH sector is managed by the National Action Committee (NAC) for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) which superintends over the three subsectors of Rural WASH, Urban WASH and Water Resources Management. The NAC is an interministerial steering committee which provides policy guidance to the entire WASH sector. Overview of Sector Progress Safe drinking water and sanitation are essential to the improvement of living standards as they reduce morbidity & mortality from WASH related epidemics. Regrettably, Zimbabwe has faced a deterioration in WASH services and this has been cited as one of the risk factors to WASH epidemics (cholera and now typhoid) that have besieged the country. Current Status-Water -73% of the population use improved drinking water sources (MIMS,2009) -61% of the in rural population used an improved drinking water source (MIMS, 2009) -The disparity between urban & rural sources remains a distinctive feature of the sector :98 per cent of those without an improved drinking water source live in rural areas (JMP estimates, 2010) -35% of the population used drinking water appropriately treated at household level irrespective of source(mims, 2009) -Only 28% of the rural population used drinking water appropriately treated at household level (MIMS, 2009) Current Status_Sanitation -60% of the total population in Zimbabwe use improved sanitation facilities (MIMS,2009) -43% in rural areas use improved sanitation facilities as compared to 97% in urban areas (MIMS,2009) -Open defaecation remains the greatest menace and faecal pollution is on the increase -33% of the total population practice open defaecation; the rate is over 82% in the poorest quintile and in rural areas the rate is 48% (MIMS,2009) NAC Priorities for 2012 The NAC prioritised the following as part of its 2012 roadmap Develop a National WASH Sector Policy Re-engineer Sector Information Systems to support effective and sustainable recovery. Build a basis for sector regulation, poverty reduction and gender based development Rehabilitate rural, urban and water resources management sub-sectors infrastructure Take strong steps towards elimination of open defaecation Institutional capacity and coordination The institution of the NAC is composed of subcommittees at national, provincial, district and sub-district levels. These are the Provincial, District, Ward and Village Water Supply and Sanitation Subcommittees. These subcommittees provide policy guidance and technical support to Rural District Councils and coordinate WASH activities in areas under their jurisdiction. These subcommittees are involved in managing WASH activities at the various levels and hence plan, monitor,evaluate and regulate activities of sector agencies. These subcommittees had gone dormant over the years owing to a harsh economic environmnet and need to be resuscitated and re-oriented in order to fulfill their management and coordinatory role in WASH. Financial capacity Most sector finance is off-budget, managed by NGOs and donors. There is a very large scale of the investment gap for water supply, largely as a result of the costs of rehabilitating a costly and high standard urban infrastructure. The total annual CAPEX requirement for water is $544m and $415m for sanitation. The requirements for sanitation are equally steep; the required increase in investment is even larger, largely because of the cost of rehabilitating and extending urban sewerage. The annual operations and maintenance budget for WASH is estimated at US$81m (CSO, 2010). /achievements to date The WASH sector has over the years been the envy of a lot of other countries. The ensuing is a summary of the milestones achieved by Zimbabwe's WASH sector: Year Event 1980 National Independence 1985 National Master Plan for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (1985-2005) (NMWP) approved 1987 National Action Committee (NAC) established with MLGRUD in the chair 1997 Strategy developed 1999 Water Act promulgated 1999 Establishment of Zimbabwe National Water Authority 1999 Community Based Management adopted by the NAC 2004 Draft Domestic Water Supply and Sanitation policy submitted to cabinet 2006 Urban water assets transferred to ZINWA 2008 Urban water assets returned to local authorities 2010 Cabinet approves sector leadership and the relaunch of the NAC, with MWRDM in the chair Page 2
Sanitation Drivers and Barriers Policy and institutions Coverage targets in national plan or PRSP Approved sanitation policy Lead coordinating government institution Policies for sanitation in public places Participation and Equity Procedures to inform/consult stakeholders Differentiated targets and strategies for access of vulnerable and excluded groups Equity criteria used to allocate funding Measurable impact of equity policies Access targets in policy for schools Urban Rural Annual increase sufficient to meet national Urban Rural targets Human right to sanitation recognized Human right to sanitation claims tried in domestic court Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation Sector wide approach Investment program for sanitation Regular review to monitor sub-sector performance Adequate complaint mechanisms Budgeting and Expenditure Funding available at local level Solutions adopted and used at scale to promote sanitation Availability of sanitation products sufficient and affordable Sufficient number of operators to meet household demands Aging infrastructure Climate change resilience % service provision contracted to private sector Urban Rural Human Resource Capacity Separate budget lines for sanitation Urban Rural Sufficient financial flows to meet MDG Use of domestic capital commitments Absorption of official donor commitments % sanitation budget targeted to the poor HR addressed in strategy or sector reviews In-country education and training for subsector personnel Sufficient extension staff for sanitation promotion Legend Adequate Progressing Needs attention Human Resources Policy and Institutions very high high medium Urban Sanitation Rural Sanitation low very low Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation Budgeting and Expenditure Participation and Equity Figure 2 Sanitation Sector Capacity Radar National monitoring institutions: Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MoHCW) Page 3
Policy and institutions Coverage target in national plan or PRSP Approved drinking-water policy Clearly defined instituional roles Participation of ministry of education in drinking-water sub-sector coordination Drinking-Water Drivers and Barriers Participation and Equity Procedures to inform/consult stakeholders Differentiated targets and strategies for access of vulnerable and excluded groups Equity criteria to allocate funding Measurable impact of equity policies Participation of ministry of health in drinkingwater sub-sector coordination Urban Rural Annual increase sufficient to meet national targets Urban Rural Human right to drinking-water recognized Funding available at local level Human right to drinking-water claims in domestic court Drinking water quality monitoring Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation Sector wide approach Investment program for drinking-water Regular review to monitor performance Adequate complaint mechanisms Regular inventories of rural drinking water infrastructure Technical and financial support to maintain systems? Regular tariff reviews resulting in adjusted tariffs Preventive risk management used (e.g. WSPs) Budgeting and Expenditure Aging infrastructure Water scarcity plans Urban Rural O&M costs for utilities covered by revenues Sufficient financial flows to meet MDG Use of domestic capital commitments Human Resource Capacity Absorption of official donor commitments Urban Rural % drinking-water budget targeted to the poor Legend Adequate Progressing HR addressed in strategy or sector reviews In-country education and training for subsector personnel Sufficient staff for operation and maintenance Needs attention Policy and Institutions Human Resources very high high medium low very low Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation Urban Water Supply Rural Water Supply Budgeting and Expenditure Participation and Equity Figure 3 Drinking-Water Sector Capacity Radar National monitoring institutions: Ministry of Water Resources Development and Management Local Authorities and the District Development Fund Page 4
Hygiene promotion included in national health strategy Hygiene promotion promoted in : % Population covered by main hygiene promotion programmes Does hygiene promotion address the following messages? Primary Schools Use of toilets Secondary schools Importance of drinking clean water Primary health care centres Need for hand washing Secondary health care centres Tertiary services Contact Information: Tinayeshe Mutazu mutazut@gmail.com +2634253025 Director Water Resources Dev and Mgt P.Bag 7767 Causeway Harare Page 5