Principles of Ecology 1 Keystone Anchors Describe ecological levels of organization in the biosphere. o Describe the levels of ecological organization (i.e., organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere). o Describe characteristic biotic and abiotic components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Describe interactions and relationships in an ecosystem. o Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem (e.g., food chains, food webs, energy pyramids o Describe biotic interactions in an ecosystem (e.g., competition, predation, symbiosis). Describe interactions and relationships in an ecosystem. o Describe how matter recycles through an ecosystem (i.e., water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle). Describe interactions and relationships in an ecosystem. o Describe how ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbances (e.g., climate changes, introduction of nonnative species, pollution, fires). Describe interactions and relationships in an ecosystem. o Describe the effects of limiting factors on population dynamics and potential species extinction. Ecology Study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environments Living things are affected by nonliving and living parts of the environment Abiotic factors: nonliving parts of the environment o Air, temperature, moisture, light, soil Biotic factors: living organisms in the environment o Producers: Organisms that take in energy from their surroundings to make their own food (Plants and some bacteria) o o Consumers: Organisms that eat (consume) other organisms for energy (animals) Decomposers: Consumers that eat waste products for energy. Waste products are feces, urine, fallen leaves, dead animals. (Fungi, some bacteria) Ecology studies the relationship of organisms and their environment on several levels Organism Population: group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area at the same time o Organisms may compete with each other for resources such as food, water, space, mates, etc. Biological community: group of populations that live in the same area at the same time o A change in one population can cause a change in another population
2 Ecosystem: a biological community and the nonliving things in the community s environment o Terrestrial ecosystem: located on land o Aquatic ecosystem: located in water Biosphere: portion of the Earth that supports living things o Air, land, fresh water, salt water Habitat: the place where an organism lives out its life Niche: all the strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment o Includes all its interactions with the biotic and abiotic parts of the environment o Each type of organism occupies its own niche to avoid competition with other types of organisms Two species can share the same habitat but not the same niche o Example: Ants and bacteria both live in the dirt (habitat) but have different niches. Ants eat dead insects and bacteria eat dead leaves, dead logs, and animal waste. So ants and bacteria don t compete for resources. Survival Relationships Predator-prey: predators are consumers that hunt and eat other organisms called prey Symbiosis: relationship in which one species lives on, in, or near another species and affects its survival o There are 3 types of symbiosis 1. Mutualism: type of symbiosis in which both species benefit Ø Ants living in the tropical acacia trees- trees are protected when ants attack animals that try to feed on the tree and ants receive nectar and shelter from the tree. 2. Commensalism: type of symbiosis in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited Ø Spanish moss grows on the branches of trees. The moss gets a habitat and the tree gets nothing. 3. Parasitism: type of symbiosis in which one species benefits and the other species is harmed Ø Parasite: organism that harms but does not kill another organism Ø Host: organism that is harmed by a parasite Ø Ticks feed on dogs, people, etc. The ticks get food (blood) and the hosts lose blood and can be infected with disease. Feeding Relationships Autotrophs: Organisms that make their own food (plants and some bacteria) Heterotrophs: Organisms that cannot make their own food and must eat other organisms o Herbivores: eat plants (cows) o Carnivores: eat meat (wolves) o Omnivores: eat plants and meat (humans)
Trophic Levels and Food Chains Trophic level: A feeding level in an ecosystem Food chain: lineup of organisms that shows who eats who o Shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystem 3 Eaten by 1 st trophic level: producers (make their own food) 2 nd trophic level: primary consumer (eats plants) Eaten by 3 rd trophic level: secondary consumer (eats meat) Eaten by 4 th trophic level: tertiary consumer (eats meat) Eaten by Bacteria Last trophic level: decomposer (eats dead animals)
Energy Pyramid Every time an organism eats, it obtains energy from its food So energy is transferred from the 1 st trophic level to the 2 nd trophic level to the 3 rd trophic level and so on. Some of this energy is lost along the way during an organism s metabolism and as heat This energy can be measured in kilocalories (kcal) Energy pyramid: picture showing how much energy is transferred to the different trophic levels in a food chain 4 Trophic Level 2 nd Primary consumers 1 st Producers 4 th Tertiary consumers 3 rd Secondary consumers Energy Available 10 kcal/m 2 /year 100 kcal/m 2 /year 1000 kcal/m 2 /year 10,000 kcal/m 2 /year
Food web A network of connected food chains More realistic than a food chain because most organisms feed on more than one species for food 5 Cycles in Nature There is only a limited amount of resources (water, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon) on the earth In order to keep these resources available to organisms, they must be recycled after they are used Cycle: a process that recycles a resource so that you end up with what you started with
Nitrogen Cycle 6 1. Nitrogen fixation: Bacteria in the ground change nitrogen from the atmosphere (N 2 ) to different nitrogen compounds 5. Denitrification: Bacteria change the nitrogen compounds back to N 2 and release it to the atmosphere 2. These bacteria live in plants and transfer the nitrogen compounds to the plants 4. Bacteria eat the dead animals and animal waste and take in the nitrogen compounds 3. Animals eat the plants and take in the nitrogen compounds Bacteria change nitrogen compounds back to nitrogen and release it into the atmosphere Nitrogen in atmosphere Bacteria in roots change nitrogen to nitrogen compounds Bacteria eat dead animals
Water Cycle 7 2. Seepage: Water seeps into the ground and plants use it 3. Transpiration: Plants give off water to the atmosphere 1. Precipitation: Rain and snow fall from the atmosphere to the earth 2. Runoff: Extra water runs off the land to lowerlying bodies of water 3. Evaporation of water from the bodies of water back into the atmosphere
Oxygen-Carbon Cycle 8 1. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and oxygen (O 2 ) are found in the atmosphere 2. Plants use CO 2 to make their own food (photosynthesis) 2. Animals and plants use the O 2 to make energy (respiration) 3. During photosynthesis, plants release O 2 back into the atmosphere 3. During respiration, animals and plants release CO 2 back into the atmosphere
9 Limiting Factors and Populations Factors that cause populations to decrease in size Lack of territory Lack of food and water Lack of resources Carrying Capacity Human interactions with the environment Negative: Human activity threatens biodiversity Habitat destruction Introduced and Invasive species Pollution Climate change Agricultural run off Soil erosion Over- usage of fresh water resources Positive and Restorative Sustainability (cities, homes, business, agriculture) Protected species Protected reserves restoration ecology (restoration of lost and damaged habitats) limiting pollution production cleaning up pollution clean- energy