Application of Ultra-high Performance Concrete in Lifeline Engineering

1 st International Conference on Transportation Infrastructure and Materials (ICTIM 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-367-0 Application of Ultra-high Performance Concrete in Lifeline Engineering Hai-xiao Zhang 1, Mi Zhou 2, Wei Feng 3, Jie Wen 4 1 Graduate student, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China, 18710622367; 568879488@qq.com 2 Associate professor, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China, 029-82334868; zhoumi@chd.edu.cn 3 Graduate student, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China, 13679219970; 544271513@qq.com 4 Graduate student, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China, 18700469919; 674105967@qq.com ABSTRACT: Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is a new type of cement based composites with high strength and excellent durability. Firstly, this paper introduces the development history and technical performance of UHPC, then application of UHPC in lifeline engineering is summarized: the UHPC application examples of 18 bridges abroad; the application of UHPC in bridge joints and bridge deck pavement; advantages of its anti-permeability and frost resistance in combination with the durability of UHPC in pipeline transportation. Based on this, the paper makes an improvement on the UHPC concrete formula, which makes it easier to be popularized in China, and 2 sets of UHPC-ECC composite pipe specimens were designed and tested for the first time. Experiments showed that the composite pipe has advantage of high strength, corrosion resistance, no leakage, and it can be widely used in the field of petroleum and hazardous chemicals transportation and so on. INTRODUCTION Since twentieth century, structure towards a higher and greater development direction, therefore, the new requirements for structural materials are also presented. At the end of the 1970s, High Strength Concrete (HSC) appeared, and for a time it was widely used. Active Powder Concrete (RPC) is one of the most typical UHPC, successfully developed in 1993 in the French Bouygues Laboratory for the first time, its compressive strength is more than 150MPa (Richard P, Cheyrezy M, 1994). Among them, RPC is divided into two grades, RPC200 (strength below 200MPa) and RPC800 (strength in 200MPa to 800MPa)(Richard P, Cheyrezy M, 1995). Ultra-high Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete international conference held in 2009 in the French, UHPC has a new application in environmental protection and super durable performance (Batoz J F, Behloul M, 2009). The material used in UHPC is different from that of ordinary concrete, the main components are: (1) cement; (2) well graded fine sand; (3) quartz sand; (4) silica fume and other mineral admixture; (5) steel fiber; (6) high efficiency water reducing agent. The following is the common mix of UHPC. 932

Table 1. Mix of foreign UHPC. Material Cement Silica Quartz Fine Steel Fume Powder Sand Fiber Accelerator Water Mass Ratio 28.5% 9.3% 8.5% 41% 6.3% 1.2% 5.2% UHPC curing is also different from the common concrete, there are three common types of curing: curing at room temperature, about 90 degrees of high temperature curing and steam curing at 200 degrees. Under normal circumstances, the strength of curing at room temperature is 10% ~ 30% lower than that of 90. Although higher than 200 steam curing can get a higher strength, but due to equipment restrictions, the first two conservation methods are often used (Deng Zong-cai, Xiao Rui, et al. 2013). The advantages of UHPC in the mechanical properties are mainly embodied in the compression. Although the steel fiber content and curing conditions have an impact on its strength, but its ultimate compressive strength can be maintained at more than 100MPa (Xu Hai-bin, Deng Zong-cai, 2014). UHPC uniaxial compressive strength of the test can be 176.9MPa, in accordance with the analysis of numerical simulation, and also has good toughness (Huang Liang, Xu Shen-chun, et al. 2015). And there are many scholars in China to actively explore the UHPC matching scheme which is in line with China's national conditions, in the case of adding coarse aggregates, the ultra-high performance concrete with the ultimate compressive strength of 170.3MPa was prepared (Wang Chong, Pu Xin-cheng, Liu Fang, 2005). Table 2. Average compressive strength under different test conditions. Curing Batch Description Average Compressive Strength (MPa) Steam Cubes/Cylinders Compression 210 Untreated Cubes/Cylinders Compression 149 The compressive strength of UHPC is still significantly higher than that of ordinary concrete under the condition of untreated, and the compressive strength of UHPC is significantly improved by steam pressure curing. High temperature autoclave curing play a very important role in the formation of UHPC intensity. While in the actual application process, the high temperature maintenance is difficult. Therefore, how to meet the requirements of ultra-high performance concrete in the curing at room temperature has a great impact on the application of UHPC. APPLICATION OF UHPC IN BRIDGE ENGINEERING There have been a considerable number of UHPC Bridge applications in the world. It is summarized in the following table and a brief analysis is made on the representative bridges in the application examples. 933

Table 3. Application examples of UHPC in Bridge Engineering. Name Country Year Application Mars Hill Bridge 2006 I shaped beam Cat Point Creek Bridge 2008 I shaped beam Jakway Park Bridge 2008 PI shaped beam Sherbrooke Pedestrian Overpass Canada 1997 Bridge deck, web bar, chord Glenmore Foot Bridge Canada 2007 Prestressed T beam PS34 Bridge France 2005 Box girder Pinel Bridge France 2007 Prestressed T beam Pont du Diable Foot Bridge France 2008 U shaped beam Friedberg Bridge France 2007 PI shaped beam Shepherds Gully Creek Bridge Australia 2004 Precast, pretensioned I-beam WILD Bridge Australia 2010 Arch rib GSE Bridge Japan 2008 U shaped beam Akasaka Yogenzaka Foot Bridge Japan 2009 U shaped beam Papatoetoe Foot Bridge New Zealand 2005 PI shaped beam Number 5 Foot Bridge New Zealand 2007 Prestressed PI shaped beam Seonyu Sunyudo Foot Bridge South Korea 2002 PI shaped beam Figure 1. Canada Sherbrooke Overpass. In 1997, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, the first UHPC bridge in the world, marking the formal application of UHPC in the field of bridge engineering. The bridge adopts the steel pipe UHPC truss structure, the span is 60m, the bridge panel is made of UHPC thick 3cm bridge deck, and the truss web bar is a steel tube with a diameter of UHPC 15cm. The bottom chord for prefabricated UHPC segments, each segment is 10m. Ordinary steel bars are not arranged in the segment, which are assembled by the prestressing force. 934

Figure 2. South Korea Seonyu Sunyudo Foot Bridge. In 2002, Seonyu Sunyudo Foot Bridge is built, it is the world's first and the largest UHPC arch bridge so far (Rebentrost, M. and Wight, G. 2008). The main arch span of bridge is 120m and the PI shaped section, the section height 130cm, wide 430cm, 3cm thick roof, the interval 122.5cm set 10cm high transverse stiffeners, and both ends are provided with longitudinal stiffening rib and transverse stiffeners and webs are arranged prestressed reinforcement. The main arch is composed of prestressed assembled 6 precast segments. The main arch of stitching, wet joints between the closure block and the arch ribs were using cast-in-place gap. Application of UHPC in bridge joint Table 4. Application of UHPC in Bridge Engineering Joint of Foreign Countries. Name Country Year Application State Route 31 Bridge 2009 Transverse connection of plate Fingerboard Road Bridge 2011 Transverse connection of plate U.S. Route 6 Bridge Longitudinal and transverse joints of 2011 beams State Route 42 Bridge 2012 Bridge panel connection Rainy Lake Bridge Canada 2006 Precast bridge panel connection Sunshine Creek Bridge Canada 2007 Longitudinal connection of box girder Hawk Lake Bridge Canada 2008 Transverse and longitudinal connection of box girder Buller Creek Bridge Canada 2009 Transverse connection of box girder Eagle River Bridge Canada 2009 Transverse and longitudinal connection of box girder Highway 105 Bridge Canada 2009 Box beam connection Wabigoon River Bridge Canada 2010 Large span box girder connection Hawkeye Creek Bridge Canada 2012 Box beam connection Blackwater River Bridge Canada 2013 Box beam connection Westminster Bridge Canada 2014 Vertical connection of superstructure 935

The and Canada play a very critical role in the application of the UHPC bridge connection. The New York Department of transportation and the Ontario Department of transportation are more representative. These two traffic department are involved in many bridge UHPC engineering test and get a lot of engineering experience. Engineering practice shows that the effect is very significant by using UHPC in the application of the key connection parts of the bridge (Graybeal B A. 2010). Application of UHPC in bridge deck pavement Bridge deck pavement belongs to the bridge of the wear parts, which are not only affected by vehicle friction. In the steel concrete composite structure bridge, the temperature deformation of the steel is more obvious, which causes the deformation and crack of the concrete bridge. The emergence of UHPC provides an effective way to solve this problem. The Ma Fang bridge is a railway bridge, located in Zhaoqing city of Guangdong Province, built in 1984. After the completion of the bridge, there has been a number of bridge renovation, but these methods are not ideal, although the use of a lot of bridge deck pavement. In order to solve this problem, the researchers first make full-scale model test on Ma Fang bridge pavement. On the basis of the experimental results, they use the UHPC in the bridge eleventh span bridge deck pavement (Shao Xu-dong, Huang Zheng-yu, Xiao Li-jing, 2012). After that, China Railway Science Research Institute conducted two detection of Ma Fang bridge eleventh span light composite beams. Test results show that after the application of UHPC, it makes the bridge did not appear cracking phenomenon, the stiffness of the bridge has been greatly improved, and the local stress also has been improved. APPLICATION OF UHPC IN WATER PIPELINE PROJECT River Diversion Project in Tacheng area (Yang Jian-ming, Zhang Chao, Yuan Fen, 2014) is located in the hinterland of Central Asia. The average annual rainfall in the area is below 200mm, and there are heavy rain and hail. The level of freezing and Thawing Environment in the area has been extremely serious, and the grade of chemical erosion environment has been far more than extreme. In order to solve this problem, the high performance concrete is used in construction, to resist external harsh environmental conditions. The project tests show that the concrete meet the requirements of construction quality, such as the anti-permeability, anti-freezing and thawing, sulfate resistance and so on. Through the micro experiment, the comparison of the structure and electron microscope photographs of different conditions, it shows the superiority of the ultra-high performance concrete in the aspect of durability. EXPERIMENT OF 2 SETS UHPC-ECC COMPOSITE PIPE Based on the study of the ratio, the paper makes an improvement on the UHPC 936

concrete formula, which makes it easier to be popularized in China, and 2 sets of UHPC-ECC composite pipe specimens were designed and tested for the first time. The test results show that the composite pipe can be obtained with high strength. The following figure is the lateral limit load stress and strain curve of the composite pipe. Stress(kN) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Strain(mm) Stress(kN) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Strain(mm) Figure 3. Stress-Strain Curves of the Composite Pipe. After adding shear studs and steel mesh to UHPC-ECC pipe fittings, the ultimate lateral compressive strength is increased to 85 ~ 100kN, and the ultimate compressive strength has been greatly improved. And the stripping time between the steel tube and concrete has been greatly extended. This shows that the resistance to lateral load, shear studs and the existence of a large steel mesh of great utility, then the advantages of UHPC concrete can be fully played out. Although the UHPC concrete costs are relatively high, but compared to ordinary transport pipelines, it has a fairly high economic advantage in providing the same resistance. It also has a very high competitive advantage in pipeline transportation, and has a great prospect for popularization. CONCLUSIONS UHPC has 25 years of development history, there has been a lot of progress on its theoretical research. But because of its high cost of raw materials, the maintenance process is more complex, there are still a lot of difficulties in our country if we want to promote the use. At present, the domestic application is relatively small, mostly in small areas such as the bridge deck connection and the use of a small range, the advantages are not obvious. Therefore, on the one hand, there is a need to develop the UHPC ratio in line with our national conditions, reduce the cost of replacing some expensive raw materials, enhancing economic competitive advantage; on the other hand, we should improve the construction and maintenance technology of UHPC, make it more easy to be used in the general engineering construction, so as to improve the application performance. For a long period of time in the future, UHPC will have a very broad application prospects, the in-depth study of UHPC will provide a new direction for the construction of the foundation engineering in our country. 937

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