Trends in developing agri-environmental measures in Northwest Russia

Trends in developing agri-environmental measures in Northwest Russia Surovtsev, Ponomarev, Nikulina Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Northwest Research Institute of Economy and Organization of Agriculture (SZNIIMESH) E-mail: vnsurovtsev@gmail.com E-mail: m.a.ponomarev@gmail.com

Northwestern Federal District (NWFD) 1. Arkhangelsk Oblast 2. Vologda Oblast 3. Kaliningrad Oblast 4. Republic of Karelia 5. Komi Republic 6. Leningrad Oblast 7. Murmansk Oblast 8. Nenets Autonomous Okrug 9. Novgorod Oblast 10. Pskov Oblast 11. Saint Petersburg city Автор: Lokal_Profil Автор: NuclearVacuum 2

Agriculture in NWFD Traditionally the region is characterised by high-risk agriculture: low accumulated positive temperatures short vegetation period high probability of frost low soil fertility seasonal over-moisturising High costs of agricultural production (especially market crop production) are linked to objective natural conditions 3

Arable land area:3 mln ha Cultivated area: 2 mln ha Agriculture in NWFD Large share of agricultural production pertains to livestock breeding (70% of gross output of agriculture). Dairy farming prevails, pig and poultry breeding are developing Production is concentrated in large agricultural enterprises (more than 600) Crop production: fodder crops; grain, potato, vegetable growing Vegetable growing under cover is developing based on innovative technologies 4

Livestock (including poultry) population in agricultural enterprises of the Russian Federation in 2001-2010as % to 2000 180 160 140 120 % 100 80 60 40 20 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 годы Птица Свиньи КРС Овцы и козы 5

Pig population and pig breeding output in agricultural enterprises in NWFD in 2000, 2005, 2008-2010 Federal subjects NWFD Republic of Karelia Komi Republic Arkhangelsk Oblast Vologda Oblast Kaliningrad Oblast Leningrad Oblast Murmansk Oblast Novgorod Oblast Pskov Oblast Annual pig population, thousand heads Production of pigs for slaughtering (live weight), Thousand tonnes 2000 2005 2008 2009 2010 2000 2005 2008 2009 2010 449.7 341.5 423.8 526.5 587.9 37.3 41.6 63.4 76.7 91.3 8.5 4.1 4.0 3.4 2.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 15.3 16.8 17.3 20.2 17.8 0.8 1.2 2 2.3 2.6 12.2 11.0 13.5 13.3 14.2 0.6 0.9 1.4 1.3 1.5 150 123.7 113.5 117.6 122.7 14.7 17.2 16.7 16.6 19.3 43.4 26.1 39.3 62.3 84.3 3.3 1.8 5.9 10.9 15.9 99.1 33.6 74.7 148.5 167.4 6.8 3.3 12.2 19.1 24.7 38.2 33.1 42.9 38.3 46.1 3 3 5.6 5.6 5.9 28.5 48.7 67.4 69.6 73.4 2.1 7.3 12.3 12.0 12.0 54.5 44.4 51.2 53.4 59.2 5.6 6.5 6.9 8.5 9.1 6

Profitability of agricultural productionin profit before taxes (subsidies included) in 2011*, % * National report on progress and results of implementing in 2011 the National Programme for Developing Agriculture and Regulating Markets of Agricultural Products, Raw materials and Food for 2008-2012 7

Output of agricultural production in farms of all categories in the Leningrad Oblast as % to 1990 120 Производство продукции, % 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 Milk, thousand t молоко, тыс. т Eggs, яйцо, млн. mln pcs шт. зерно, тыс. т Grain, thousand t 1990 1996 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Годы 8

Structure of gross agricultural output by facility in the Leningrad Oblast (as% to final result, in effective prices) Years Facility 1995 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Agricultural enterprises 48.4 60.0 73.5 74.7 75.5 70.6 76.4 Farmers 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 Personal household plots 49.9 38.4 24.5 23.5 22.8 27.7 21.9 9

Cultivated land in the Leningrad Oblast, thousand ha тыс. га 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 436,6 274,7 267 262,8 259,4 250,6 244,9 1990 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 10

Share in milk output by dairy farms with various cow populations,% 3,8 13,1 до 400 400-600 39,1 21,3 600-800 800-1000 22,7 более 1000 11

Agri-environment Livestock (including poultry) population in all types of farms in RF Cattle Pigs Poultry 20 mln 17 mln 450 mln Waste volumes from livestock-breeding farms (manure and droppings) is about 350 mln m 3 /year Less than 30%is used as fertiliser Areas under manure storage constitute 2 mln ha* * Utilisation of manure/droppings in livestock breeding farms for ensuring environmental safety of the territory, surface and subsurface bodies of water in the Leningrad Oblast, SZNIIMESH, Saint-Petersbourg, 2012 12

Livestock population and volume of manure/droppings produced in agricultural organisations* * Utilisation of manure/droppings in livestock breeding farms for ensuring environmental safety of the territory, surface and subsurface bodies of water in the Leningrad Oblast, SZNIIMESH, Saint-Petersbourg, 2012 13

Output of manure/droppings in the NWFD* * Utilisation of manure/droppings in livestock breeding farms for ensuring environmental safety of the territory, surface and subsurface bodies of water in the Leningrad Oblast, SZNIIMESH, Saint-Petersbourg, 2012 14

Coefficient of utilising manure/droppings in the Russian Federation, NWFD and the Leningrad Oblast* * Utilisation of manure/droppings in livestock breeding farms for ensuring environmental safety of the territory, surface and subsurface bodies of water in the Leningrad Oblast, SZNIIMESH, Saint-Petersbourg, 2012 15

Nutrient release from agriculture in the Leningrad Oblast Approximate annual output of manure/droppings in the Leningrad Oblast constitutes: 2.4 mln t for cattle 1.6 mln t for poultry 0.7 mln t for pigs This volume contains about 40 thousand tof N and22 thousand t of P 16

Ammonia emissions in federal subjects of the NWFD* * Utilisation of manure/droppings in livestock breeding farms for ensuring environmental safety of the territory, surface and subsurface bodies of water in the Leningrad Oblast, SZNIIMESH, Saint-Petersbourg, 2012 17

Estimated damage to the environment from agricultural production* * Utilisation of manure/droppings in livestock breeding farms for ensuring environmental safety of the territory, surface and subsurface bodies of water in the Leningrad Oblast, SZNIIMESH, Saint-Petersbourg, 2012 18

Environmental measures in agriculture Statutory regulation State support Technological upgrading Awareness raising 19

Statutory regulation International law Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1992 o Livestock breeding density o Manure storage o Water discharge from agriculture and silage making o Application of organic fertilisers 20

Statutory regulation Statutory acts of the Russian Federation Federal Law No. 7 on Environmental Protection Federal Law No. 89 on Managing Waste from Production and Consumption GOST26074-84onSlurry: Veterinary and Sanitary Provisions for Processing, Storing, Transporting and Applying GOST R53117-2008onLivestock Breeding Waste as Organic Fertilisers: Technical Provisions NTP17-99. Provisions for Technical System Design, Removal and Preparation for Use of Manure and Droppings RD-APK1.10.15.02-08 Guidelines for Technical Design of Systems for Removal and Preparation for Use of Manure and Droppings RD-APK1.10.01.02-10 Guidelines for Technical Design of Farms and Facilities for Cattle 21

Statutory regulation Legal provisions set forth 3 types of pollution charges for: - emissions of harmful substances within established limits - emissions of harmful substances beyond established limits or without procuring permits by relevant authorities - waste disposal The procedure for determining the charges and their limits for polluting the natural environment, waste disposal and other types of harmful impact is set forth in the Regulation No.344 of 12 June 2003 of the Government of the Russian Federation onstandard Charges Imposed for Emitting Pollutants from Fixed and Mobile Sources into Air,Discharges of Pollutants into Surface and Underground Waters,as well as Disposal of Waste from Production and Consumption (with amendments by decrees No. 410of 01.07.2005 and No. 7 of 08.01.2009 of the government of the Russian Federation) 22

Standard Charges Imposed for Disposal of Waste from Production and Consumption (with amendments by the decree No. 410of 01.07.2005 of the government of the Russian Federation) 23

Coefficients that are applied to standard rates according to environmental parameters (condition of air and soil)of the economic districts of the Russian Federation Notes: * An additional coefficient of 1.2 is applied if pollutants are discharged into air in urban areas ** The coefficient is applied for determining the charges for disposal of waste from production and consumption 24

Coefficients that are applied according to environmental parameters (condition of bodies of water) of basins of seas and rivers 25

Code and category of hazard of manure and droppings according to FKKO Charges applied in the Leningrad Oblast in 2012 for disposing outside waste storage facilities*: - Chicken droppings or pig manure, category of hazard 3: 1,350 RUB/t - Cattle manure, category of hazard 4: 675 RUB/t Territories violating the hazardous waste legislation in force that fail to comply with environmental safety requirements can be brought to administrative and criminal responsibility (fines, restriction of activities, incarceration of relevant officials) * Utilisation of manure/droppings in livestock breeding farms for ensuring environmental safety of the territory, surface and subsurface bodies of water in the Leningrad Oblast, SZNIIMESH, Saint-Petersbourg, 2012 26

State support State Programme for Developing Agriculture and Regulating the Markets of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food for 2008-2012 State Programme for Developing Agriculture and Regulating the Markets of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food for 2013-2020 27

New State Programme* Development of crop production and processing and sale of its output Development of livestock breeding and processing and sale of its output Development of meat livestock breeding Support to small scale production Technical and technological upgrading, innovative development(biotechnologies) Subprogrammes Ensuring the implementation of the State Programme FTP for Social Development of Rural Areas up to 2013 Draft FTP for Sustainable Development of Rural Areas for 2014-2017 and for the period up to 2020 FTP for Preserving and Restoring Fertility of Agricultural Lands and Agricultural Landscapes as National Asset of Russia for 2006-2010 and for the period up to 2013 Draft FTP for Promoting Amelioration of Agricultural Lands of Russia for the period up to 2020 Federal Target Programmes (FTP) * Ministry of Agriculture of the RF

Goals of the State Programme Food sufficiency within targets set by the doctrine Competitiveness of Russia s agricultural produce in the domestic and external markets in the context of Russia joining WTO Financial sustainability of agricultural and industrial producers Sustainable development of rural areas Recovery of land and other resources and efficiency of their agricultural use, as well as environmentally-friendly production The State Programme envisages a comprehensive development of allindustries, sectors and activities of agricultural and industrial productionin the context of Russia joining the WTO 29

Significant trends to appear in the planning period Increasing investment in raising soil fertility and promoting amelioration of agricultural lands, stimulation of more efficient use of land Overcoming stagnation in livestock breeding, creating conditionsfor increasing output and import substitution of cattle meat and milk Accelerating upgrade of equipment in agricultural and industrialproduction through recovery and development of Russia-based agriculture-oriented mechanical engineering Stimulating environmentally-friendly and organic agricultural and industrial production by using new technologies in crop production, livestock breeding and food industry in order to preserve the natural potential and raise food safety 30

Regional programmes for developing agriculture Regional support measures «+» subsidies for specific measures of organic fertilising «-»subsidies for purchasing mineral fertilisers (recast in view of joining the WTO) «-»support to scaling up production without considering environmental impact 31

Technological upgrading Using modern technologies and equipment, replacing equipment with more efficient items for treating manure/droppings: Collection and removal from livestock breeding facilities Transporting Storage Processing Use, application to the soil 32

Collection and removal of manure/droppings from livestock breeding facilities* Mechanic methods(v-shaped scraper, combined scraper, rotating chain scrapers, auger transporter and rod conveyer, bulldozers and front loader, cleaning robot) Hydraulic methods(self-floating manure removal system, recirculation system, hydraulic flushing) Combined scraper for manure removal * Utilisation of manure/droppings in livestock breeding farms for ensuring environmental safety of the territory, surface and subsurface bodies of water in the Leningrad Oblast, SZNIIMESH, Saint-Petersbourg, 2012 33

Manure separation into fractions* Gravity method(settling basins) Mechanic methods (auger separator) Combined method * Utilisation of manure/droppings in livestock breeding farms for ensuring environmental safety of the territory, surface and subsurface bodies of water in the Leningrad Oblast, SZNIIMESH, Saint-Petersbourg, 2012 34

Transporting manure/droppings to storage facilities Fixed transporters Mobile transporting Hydraulic transporting (pumping through pipes) * Utilisation of manure/droppings in livestock breeding farms for ensuring environmental safety of the territory, surface and subsurface bodies of water in the Leningrad Oblast, SZNIIMESH, Saint-Petersbourg, 2012 35

Storing manure/droppings Outdoor storing About 10 types of manure storages 1 2 3 4 1 reinforced-concrete storage; 2 framed cylinder-type storage; 3 film-covered basin; 4 enamelled-metal-plate storage Authors: Bryukhanov, Maksimov (SZNIIMESH) 36

Processing manure/droppings More than 20 ways to process Transforming into organic fertilisers Combustion with release of heat and complex mineral fertilisers in the form of ashes Processing producing biogas for generating electricity and heat,as well as organic and mineral fertilisers Using as fuel for boiling houses for producing heat, hot water, electricity and mineral fertilisers in the form of ashes Transforming into fuel for boiling houses, boilers, etc. 37

Processing manure/droppings Main technologies for transforming solid manure into organic fertilisers Composting by mixing with moisture-absorbing material outdoors Composting by mixing with moisture-absorbing material in barrel-type bioreactors Composting by mixing with moisture-absorbing material in multiple-chamber bioreactors Main technologies for transforming semi-liquid and liquidmanure into organic fertilisers Cattle manure processing by long-term preservation in storage Cattle manure processing by separation into liquid and solid fractions Authors: Bryukhanov, Maksimov (SZNIIMESH) 38

Outdoor composting Clamp coverer (ROU-6/PRT-10) Front loader Authors: Bryukhanov, Maksimov (SZNIIMESH) 39

Authors: Bryukhanov, Maksimov (SZNIIMESH) Stockpiler Amkodor30 Composting field Self-propelled pile turner ABONO "17.43" 40

Authors: Bryukhanov, Maksimov (SZNIIMESH) 41

Biofermentation in closed-type reactors Authors: Bryukhanov, Maksimov (SZNIIMESH) 42

Composting in barrel-type bioreactor Development by SZNIIMESH Barrel-type bioreactors by BAUER Authors: Bryukhanov, Maksimov (SZNIIMESH) (possibility to produce bedding) 43

Teaching and producing facility for chicken droppings processinginto organic fertiliser, ООО BIOZEM located in the territory of ZАО Agrokompleks Oredezh Authors: Bryukhanov, Maksimov (SZNIIMESH) 44

Teaching and producing facility for chicken droppings processing into organic fertiliser, ООО BIOZEM located in the territory of ZАО Agrokompleks Oredezh 45 Authors: Bryukhanov, Maksimov (SZNIIMESH)

Composting in hoses (Murska) Author: Bryukhanov, Maksimov (SZNIIMESH) 46

Author: Bryukhanov, Maksimov (SZNIIMESH) 47

Manure separation into fractions Author: Bryukhanov, Maksimov (SZNIIMESH) 48

Two-stage separation of manure into solid and liquid fractions 1. Manure receiver 2. Separator 3. Averager and flocculent-preparing unit 4. Belt-type thickener and pressing filter 5. Receptacle of purified liquid fraction Author: Bryukhanov, Maksimov (SZNIIMESH) 6. Aerator 7. Outdoor field 8. Greenhouse 9. Biological pond cascade 10. Compressor 11. Accelerated biotermic fermentation unit 49

Drying manure/droppings Thermal drying Vacuum drying Granulating manure/droppings First commercial biogas plant in Russia, cattle-breeding farm, Kaluga Oblast, 2009* Combusting manure/droppings Pyrolysis Plasma-assisted combustion Complex systems for processing manure/droppings Methane fermentation (biogas plants) Processing with release of gas, heat and energy Biotechnologies * Utilisation of manure/droppings in livestock breeding farms for ensuring environmental safety of the territory, surface and subsurface bodies of water in the Leningrad Oblast, SZNIIMESH, Saint-Petersbourg, 2012 50

Applying organic fertiliser Solid organic fertiliser Equipment for wide surface spreading (spreaders). Using navigation and cutting parts enables more even spreading of manure Liquid organic fertiliser Surface spreading, subsurface spreading, application with watering Vehicles (road tankers) for wide surface spreading (sprayers andhose systems) Equipment for subsurface spreading (injection) 51

Equipment for applying liquid organic fertiliser Author: Bryukhanov, Maksimov (SZNIIMESH) 52

Informative impact International initiatives and cooperation with countries around the Baltic Sea: - governmental bodies and foundations (ministries and regional organisations: ministries of environment and ministries of agriculture of Finland, Sweden and other countries; HELCOM, EU BSRP, Sida, SI, etc.) - non-governmental organisations and foundations (Nefco, JNF, BalticSea2020, etc.) - cross-border cooperation projects Private national initiatives: NGOs, journalists, environmental councils; green patrol, etc. 53

Informative impact Research organisations: - collecting information on presence of pollution, its severity, sources, etc. - implementing research-based practical and informational projects (also international ones) - informing producers about new ways for reducing the load and environmentally-friendly resource-saving technologies (arranging and holding seminars) - advising agricultural organisations and public authorities through reports and publications 54

Scientific research areas at SZNIIMESH 1. Monitoring of innovative economically efficient and environmentally friendly technologies for using organic waste in livestock breeding, analysing economic efficiency of their use in the context of particularitues of agricultural producton in the NW of the Russian Federation. 2. Analysing efficiency of concentration and intensification of producing livestock breeding output taking into account environmental safety and protection requirements for producers, possibilities for innovating production technologies and management for raising efficiency ofproduction with a lower level of concentration. 3. Analysing problems and drafting recommendations for raising competitiveness of dairy production in the NW as a sector most capable of capitalising the comparative advantages of the region in agriculture and to ensure cohesive development of rural areasas this sector, if using innovative production technologies and management, creates minimal load on the environment. 4. Analysing problems and drafting recommendations for raising the capacity of argicultural production to adapt to dynamic changes of the environment, including, higher requirements for environmental safety of the production and global climate change. 5. Drafting proposals for adjusting regional agricultural policy aimed at raising competitiveness of agricultural products while taking into account requirements forensuring environmental safety of production, increasing sustainability of agricultural productionand ensuring social stability in circumstances of a dynamically changing environment. 55

Thank you for your attention! 56