Natural Gas Facts & Figures New Approach & Proposal
1. Production and reserves Sources : Total G&P, WOC1, IEA, IHS Cera, Resources- Reserves o Conventional o Unconventional : types and reserves Countries, companies Costs of production New techniques and advances (pre-salt, high depth, distant offshore) Environmental issues (as a specific part)
Natural Gas reserves: plenty & more to come Proven conventional reserves are growing In addition: Unconventional gas has come within technological & economic reach Conventional Unconventional Coal bed methane Shale gas Tight gas 3 Volume The total long-term recoverable conventional gas resource base is more than 400 tcm, another 400 tcm is estimated for unconventionals: only 66 tcm has already been produced. - IEA-Golden Age of Gas 2011-
tcm Conventional Reserves: plenty and more to come Growing proven reserves 200 160 120 80 40 Europ e Latin America North America Africa Asia-Pacific E. Europe/Eurasia Middle East 0 1980 1990 2000 2010 Global proven gas reserves have more than doubled since 1980, reaching 190 trillion cubic metres (tcm) at the beginning of 2010 Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2011 4
5 World gas resources by major region (tcm) significant unconventional prospects world-wide Inventorization of unconventional gas is still at an early stage Source: IEA Golden Age of Gas, 2011
Proven reserves of Natural Gas by Region Region Proved Reserve Share Middle East 2799.98 41% Eurasia 2164.80 32% Africa 545.69 8% Asia & Oceania 504.75 7% North America 412.39 6% Central & South America 270.05 4% Europe 146.94 2% World 6844.60 -- Note (Conversion): 1 trillion cubic feet is equivalent to 0,0283 trillion cubic metre Proven reserves of natural gas by region (Tcf) - 2012 North America Central & South America Europe Middle East Asia & Oceania Eurasia Source: DOE Energy Information Agency 12/2/2014 6
Proven reserves of Natural Gas by Country (Tcf) 2012 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 220 170 120 70 20-30 800 600 400 200 0 Source: DOE Energy Information Agency 12/2/2014 7
Evolution of proved reserves (Tcf) 2000-2012 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Shale Gas Revolution Europe Central & South America North America Asia & Oceania Africa Eurasia Middle East 0 12/2/2014 Source: DOE Energy Information Agency 8
Proven Reserves of Natural Gas by IOCs (Bcf) 2010-2012 90000 80000 70000 74 091 Bcf 60000 50000 40000 30000 42 792 Bcf 35 813 Bcf 30 877 Bcf 29 195 Bcf 2010 2011 2012 20000 20 957 Bcf 19 164 Bcf 10000 0 Source: 2012 Annual Reports
Production of Natural Gas by Region (Bcf) 2011 COUNTRY Natural gas (Bcf) Share OECD Total 40252.49 35% Africa 7003.48 6% Asia (excluding China) 10685.19 9% China (P.R. of China and Hong Kong) 3530.04 3% Non-OECD Americas 5932.32 5% Middle East 18114.02 16% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 29751.24 26% OECD Total Africa Asia (excluding China) China (P.R. of China and Hong Kong) Non-OECD Americas Middle East Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Source: IEA International Energy Agency 12/2/2014 10
Production of Natural Gas by Country (Bcf) 2011 25000 2500 2000 20000 1500 1000 15000 500 0 10000 5000 0 12/2/2014 Source: IEA International Energy Agency 11
Production of Natural Gas by Country (Bcf) 2011 Country Production (Bcf) Russian Federation 22706.30 Qatar 5526.10 Islamic Republic of Iran 5225.08 People's Republic of China 3529.32 Indonesia 2917.89 Saudi Arabia 2877.13 Algeria 2858.75 Turkmenistan 2214.67 Uzbekistan 2103.07 Egypt 2049.51 Malaysia 1947.23 United Arab Emirates 1800.69 India 1580.68 Trinidad and Tobago 1473.21 Argentina 1433.48 Nigeria 1200.01 Pakistan 1106.62 Oman 1072.26 Kazakhstan 1039.58 Venezuela 983.80 Thailand 903.21 Bangladesh 682.51 Ukraine 637.90 Brazil 581.64 Azerbaijan 563.72 Bolivia 550.46 Peru 482.93 Kuwait 453.99 Brunei Darussalam 439.48 Myanmar 412.89 Colombia 376.32 Romania 355.93 Yemen 353.48 Bahrain 328.55 Vietnam 305.87 Libya 263.68 Syrian Arab Republic 261.93 Iraq 205.60 Source: IEA International Energy Agency 12/2/2014 12
Production of Natural Gas by IOCs (Mmcfd) 2010-2012 14000 12000 12 322 Mmcfd 10000 9 449 Mmcfd 8000 2010 6 609Mmcfd 2011 6000 5 880 Mmcfd 5 074 Mmcfd 4 540 Mmcfd 4 245 Mmcfd 2012 4000 2000 0 Source: 2012 Annual Reports
Production of Natural Gas by NOCs (Mmcfd) 2010-2012 50000 45000 42100 Mmcfd 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 2010 2011 2012 15000 13536 Mmcfd 10000 7511 Mmcfd 5000 2832 Mmcfd 0
Oil and Gas fields Worldwide Source: IHS (2014)
Oil and Gas fields Middle East Source: IHS (2014)
Oil and Gas fields Africa Source: IHS (2014)
Oil and Gas fields CIS Source: IHS (2014)
Oil and Gas fields Continental Europe Source: IHS (2014)
Source: IHS (2014) Oil and Gas fields Far East
Oil and Gas fields North Sea Source: IHS (2014)
Oil and Gas fields Asia Pacific Source: IHS (2014)
Oil and Gas fields Latin America Source: IHS (2014)
Oil and Gas fields North America Source: IHS (2014)
Unconventional resources
26 Types of Unconventional Gas Tight Gas Shale Gas Coalbed Methane Occurs in tight sandstone Low porosity = Little pore space between the rock grains Low permeability = gas does not move easily through the rock Natural gas trapped between layers of shale Low porosity & ultralow permeability Production via triggered fractures Natural gas in coal (organic material converted to methane) Permeability low Production via natural fractures ( cleats ) in coal Recovery rates low Source: Shell
Types of Unconventional Gas Tight Gas : Natural gas produced from reservoir rocks with such low permeability ( 0.1md) that massive hydraulic fracturing is necessary to produce the well at economic rates. The gas is sourced outside the reservoir and migrates into the reservoir over geological time. Shale Gas : Natural gas produced from ultra-low permeability (0.001-0.0001md) formations that may also be the source rock for other gas reservoirs. Coal Bed Methane (CBM) : Gas associated and produced from coal beds, its composition is predominately methane, but can also include other constituents, such as ethane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and hydrogen Gas Hydrates : Also called methane hydrate, methane clathrate, or natural gas hydrate Gas hydrate is an ice-like crystalline solid consisting of gas molecules (usually methane, but also ethane, carbon dioxide, etc.) each surrounded by a cage of water molecules (clathrate).
Technically Recoverable Shale Gas Resources by Country (Tcf) China United States Argentina Mexico South Africa Australia Canada Libya Algeria Brazil Poland France Norway Chile India Paraguay Pakistan Bolivia Ukraine Sweden Denmark Uruguay U.K. Colombia Tunisia Netherlands Turkey Venezuela Morocco Germany Western Sahara Lithuania 83 64 63 62 51 48 42 41 23 21 20 19 18 17 15 11 11 8 7 4 231 226 187 180 290 396 388 485 681 774 862 1275 Source: DOE Energy Information Administration 2013
Shale gas Resources worldwide Map of basins with assessed shale oil and shale gas formations, as of May 2013
North American gas forecast: the growing importance of US Shale Gas Source: Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) 30
US current and prospective shale plays Source: DOE Energy Information Administration 2013
China s Shale Gas and Shale Oil Basins
Source: IHS Unconventional Plays - Europe
Unconventional Plays L.A. Source: IHS
Source: IHS Unconventional Plays South Asia
New techniques and developments Brazilian Pre-Salt o Heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs, with highly variable petrophysical properties. o Pre-Salt fields mostly located at water depths exceeding 2,000m. o Reservoirs depths at 5,000 to 6,000 meters below sea level. o Natural gas associated with oil, in a gas-oil ratio between 200 and 300 m 3 /m 3 o Variable contents of CO2, ranging from 8 to 12% under an extensive salt layer (up to 2,000 meters in some areas)
New technics and developments Arctic Shelf in Russia Special physical hurdles lots of ice, extremely low temperatures, remote locations and long periods of darkness Challenges : o Geographic Location o Deep Water o Large fields o Ultra long distance
New techniques and developments Example : Shtokman Location of Shtokman field Shtokman gas and condensate field pre-development scheme
Technical challenges Deep gas (below 4500m) and ultra-deep gas (below 7500m) Some examples: o Russia : structure of Achimov of the Urengoy fields o China : Dina2 gas field in the Tarim basin o Azerbaidjan : Shaz Deniz II o Australia : Martell, Noblige and Larsen HP/HT Sour gas (H2S and CO2) Some examples: o US Norphlet play o China Puguang field, with H2S at 15% o Tunisia Hasdrubal plant