Waste Management and Recycling in JAPAN 1. Establishment a Sound Material-Cycle Society 2. Overview Waste Management in Japan 3. Implementation Recycling Laws Ministry Environment Government Japan June 24
1. Establishment a Sound Material- Cycle Society
Japan is Undertaking Transition to a Sound Material-Cycle Society Concept Sound Material-Cycle Society Minimize consumption natural resources 1st: Reduction Reduce waste, by-products, etc. Input Natural Resources 2nd: Reuse Use things repeatedly. Production (Manufacturing, Distribution, etc.) 3rd: Material Recycling Recycle things which cannot be reused. Consumption Treatment (Recycling, Incineration, etc.) Discarding 4th: Thermal Recycling Recover heat from things which cannot be recycled materially and which have no alternatives but incineration. Landfill Disposal 5th: Proper Disposal Dispose things which cannot be used by any means. If above-mentioned order seems not to contribute to reduction environmental load, exceptions are permitted so that different orders can be adopted. 1-1
Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society was enacted in May 2 in order to enable Japan to transit to a Sound Material-Cycle Society during 21st century. Sound Material-Cycle Society: A sound material-cycle society, in which consumption natural resources is minimized and environmental load is reduced as much as possible, is established by promoting reduction, reuse, recycling, heat recovery and appropriate disposal. Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society Purposes Law Set forth fundamental policies which facilitate a sound material-cycle society Articulate basic principles underlying such a society Clarify responsibilities stakeholders Establish a Basic Plan Basic principles Realize a society in which sustainable development is possible with less environmental impact Prioritize ways handling products, waste and recyclables Ensure appropriate material cycle in nature Responsible Bodies National government Citizens NGOs and NPOs Business organizations Local governments Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society Key Features Reductions in generation waste Appropriate recycling and waste disposal Encouragement use recycled products and materials Assessment products and packaging with regard to 3Rs Implementation economic measures such as taxes and levies Establishing waste management facilities Education Facilitating activities non-governmental organizations Research and development International collaboration 1-2
Legislative Framework to Establish a Sound Material-Cycle Society in Japan Fundamental Environment Law Fundamental Environment Plan Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society Ensuring a sound material cycle in society Minimizing consumption natural resources Reducing environmental loads Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law Appropriate waste management Law for Promotion Utilization Recyclable Resources Promotion reuse and recycling Regulations affecting particular categories items Container and Packaging Recycling Law Home Appliance Recycling Law Construction Material Recycling Law Food Recycling Law End--life Vehicle Recycling Law Green Purchasing Law 1-3
In March 23, Government Japan established Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society. This Fundamental Plan is established as one programmes a 1-year framework in Johannesburg Plan Implementation WSSD in September 22. Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society Image Image a a Sound Sound Material-Cycle Material-Cycle Society Society Manufacturing: DfE (Design for Environment), long-life products, lease & rental Waste management: cyclical use, appropriate disposal system Quantitative Quantitative Targets: Targets: FY2-21 FY2-21 1 1 Targets Targets for for Indicators Indicators Based Based on on Material Material Flow Flow Accounts Accounts a) a) Resource Resource Productivity Productivity b) b) Cyclical Cyclical Use Use Rate Rate c) c) Final Final Disposal Disposal Amount Amount 2 2 Targets Targets for for Indices Indices Related Related to to Efforts Efforts Reducing Reducing quantity quantity municipal municipal solid solid waste waste 2% 2% reduction reduction garbage garbage discharged discharged from from households households per per person person per per day day compared compared with with FY2 FY2 Promoting Promoting sound sound material-cycle material-cycle related related businesses businesses Doubling Doubling size size related related market market and and number number related related jobs jobs compared compared with with FY FY 1997 1997 National National Government Government Fostering Fostering partnerships partnerships among among stakeholders stakeholders Citizens Citizens Changing Changing ir ir lifestyle lifestyle NPOs NPOsand and NGOs NGOs Promotion Promotion ir ir activities activities Business Business Organizations Organizations Promoting Promoting 3Rs 3Rs based based on on EPR EPR (Extended (Extended Producer Producer Responsibility) Responsibility) Local Local Governments Governments Efforts Efforts Required Required Entities Entities Enforcing Enforcing laws laws and and regulations; regulations; acting acting as as coordinators coordinators 1-4
Material Flow Accounts (MFA) Japan Products 64 (Unit: million ton) Resources 692 Imports 756 Domestic resources 1,169 Natural resources and like input [Direct Material Input] 1,926 Total material input 2,138 Net addition to stock 1,124 Energy consumption 44 Generation waste and like 588 Food consumption 124 Reduction 239 Export 123 Final disposal 53 Returned to nature 84 The material flow accounts for FY21 roughly show: 1) Total material input is about 2.1 billion tons. 2) Amount cyclical use (reuse + recycling) is 212 million tons. 3) Amount final disposal (landfill) is 53 million tons. Amount cyclical use [reuse + recycle] 212 a) Resource Productivity GDP DMI* *DMI: Direct Material Input (Input natural resources and like) 1 yen per ton 5 25 39 yen per ton (4% improvement from FY2) 1975 198 1985 199 1995 2 25 21 215 b) Cyclical Use Rate 15 1 Amount cyclical use (reuse + recycling) DMI + Amount cyclical use % 5 14 % (4% improvement from FY2) 1975 198 1985 199 1995 2 25 21 215 c) Final Disposal Amount Final disposal amount waste Million tons per year 15 1 5 28 million tons (5% reduction from FY2) 1-5 1975 198 1985 199 1995 2 25 21 215
Present Situation in Japan Japan enjoyed a prosperous life in 2th century, made possible by system mass production, mass consumption, and mass disposal. GDP Number passenger cars Number televisions possessed possessed (trillion yen) (cars per 1 households) (TVs per 1 households) 5 4 3 497.3 15 1 126.7 25 2 15 224. 2 1 75.3 5 22.6 1 5 26.9 FY 197 FY 1999 FY 197 FY 1999 FY 197 FY 1999 (Data by Economic Planning Agency) On account such a lifestyle, huge amounts waste have been generated. The amount industrial waste discharged Amount municipal waste discharged (million ton) 5 4 3 2 236 4 (million ton) 6 5 4 3 2 42 52 1 1 FY 1975 FY 21 FY 1975 FY 21 The remaining capacity waste disposal sites is insufficient. Years for which we can dispose industrial waste at present rate (calculated based on volume remaining at landfill sites) (years) 1 8 6 4 2 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.7 3.9 4.3 FY 1996 FY1997 FY 1998 FY1999 FY 2 FY21 (Data by Ministry Environment) 1-6
2. Overview Waste Management in Japan
Overview Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law Classification Waste filthy and unnecessary matter, which are in solid or liquid state (excluding radioactive waste) Municipal solid waste waste or than industrial waste e.g. Household waste Industrial waste Ashes, sludge, waste oil, waste plastics and ors wastes generated as a result business activity Major regulations concerning waste management Governor Municipalities Governors Prefectures Municipalities Responsibility for Treatment shall specified a municipal solid waste management plan in ir respective administrative areas shall collect, transport and dispose municipal solid waste according to plan before y interfere with conservation living environment A B C D A B C MSW Treatment Bodies shall receive permission each district shall observe treatment standard be banned to re-commission be banned to name-lending MSW Facility-Setting Bodies shall receive permission for establishment and handover Discharging Agencies Responsibility for Treatment shall treat ISW mselves shall observe storage standard until carriage shall observe treatment standard be responsible concerning commission shall observe commission standard ISW Treatment Bodies shall receive permission each district shall observe treatment standard be banned to re-commission in principle be banned to name-lending ISW Facility-Setting Bodies shall receive permission for establishment and handover B C D A B C D A B C Governors Prefectures A: permission, B: collection reports, C: commission for improvement, D: commission for measure 2-1
1 (Unit: million ton) 5 8 Industrial Waste 4 million tons per year in FY 21 4 6 3 4 2 Municipal Waste 52 million tons per year in FY 21 2 1 1965 197 1975 198 1985 199 1995 2 Change in Waste Discharge in Japan 12 gram per capita per day 1 8 6 4 2 1,124 g per capita per day discharged in FY 21 1965 197 1975 198 1985 199 1995 2 Fiscal Year Municipal Waste Discharge per Capita per Day 2-2
million ton 12 1 8 6 4 Industrial Waste Municipal Waste 42 million tons industrial waste 2 198 1985 199 1995 2 Fiscal Year Change in Final Disposal Amount 9.9 million tons municipal waste 5 4 Cyclical use Reduction Final disposal million ton 3 2 1 198 1985 199 1995 2 Fiscal Year Change in Treatment and Disposal Industrial Waste 2-3
3. Implementation Recycling Laws
Container and Packaging Recycling Law Container and Packaging Recycling Law Roles played by those concerned and flow recycle Area covered by Law Consumer Cooperate separate discharge In addition to Glass bottle, PET bottle, or containers and Packaging Plastic and paper follows this flow exglass bottle In addition to Steel can, Aluminum can, paper Packaging and corrugated carton follows this flow exsteel can Separate Collection Municipalities Separate collection Separated Glass Bottle Separated according to its color and removed stains) Transparency brown ors Become valuable by separate collection Businesses (recycling Consign Designated Organization Cullet Become valuable Wash and Crush into pieces Sold Sold 3-1 Recycled Recycled
Flow Recycling Containers and Packaging Flow Recycling Containers and Packaging Containers and packaging wastes collected separately are recycled as raw materials in following way. Metal Aluminum Steel There in no obligation to recycle since se are considered to be usable materials when collected by municipalities. Aluminum materials Steel materials Containers and packaging wastes Glass Paper Noncolored Brown Or colors Paper cartons Cardboard Or materials There in no obligation to recycle since se are considered to be usable material when collected by municipalities. Cleaning/ cullet Sorting/ volume reduction compaction Glass bottle materials/ construction materials Paper materials Paper materials/ construction materials/ solid fuel Plastics PET bottles Or forms 3-2 Shredded flakes/ pellets/ monomers Pellets/blast furnace materials/oil/gas Raw materials Plastic materials/blast furnace materials/che mical materials/fuel
Time course amount containers and packaging for sorted collection and recycling item (unit: ton) transparency glass bottle brown glass bottle or-coloured glass bottle paper packaging and container* PET bottle plastic packaging and container* sorted collection containers and packaging recycling amount item (unit: ton) sorted collection containers and packaging recycling amount FY1997 292,775 275,119 FY1997 464,662 443,56 FY1998 322,284 33,24 FY1998 471,638 461,347 FY1999 326,11 37,237 FY1999 471,127 456,892 steel can FY2 352,386 334,549 FY2 484,752 476,177 FY21 355,157 339,443 FY21 461,357 45,229 FY22 348,698 337,888 FY22 419,667 415,364 FY1997 243,916 228,17 FY1997 112,527 17,455 FY1998 274,374 256,227 FY1998 121,214 117,315 FY1999 29,127 272,559 FY1999 128,541 124,69 alminum can FY2 312,539 294,959 FY2 135,91 132,386 FY21 311,993 298,785 FY21 141,48 137,753 FY22 34,172 293,24 FY22 145,789 144,11 FY1997 17,533 95,19 FY2 38,29 372,576 corrugated carton* FY1998 136,953 123,227 FY21 448,855 438,598 FY1999 149,332 134,84 FY22 52,93 498,72 FY2 164,551 15,139 FY1997 6,644 6,419 FY21 162,481 152,965 FY1998 8,939 8,67 FY22 163,93 156,856 drink box (paper FY1999 9,574 9,416 FY2 34,537 26,31 packaging) FY2 12,565 12,71 FY21 49,723 44,675 FY21 13,136 12,435 FY22 57,977 54,145 FY22 15,696 15,358 FY1997 21,361 19,33 FY1998 47,62 45,192 FY1997 1,249,418 1,175,189 FY1999 75,811 7,783 FY1998 1,383,22 1,315,218 total ( available data from FY1997 ;excluding "*" items) FY2 124,873 117,877 FY1999 1,45,622 1,375,661 FY21 161,651 155,837 FY2 1,587,576 1,518,158 FY22 188,194 183,427 FY21 1,67,183 1,547,447 FY2 1,81 77,568 FY22 1,586,119 1,546,234 FY21 197,273 18,36 FY22 282,561 268,64 FY2 2,13,213 1,994,612 total FY21 2,33,34 2,211,26 FY22 2,429,56 2,367,721 3-3
Flow Home Appliances Recycling Flow Home Appliances Recycling Discharge Person discharging payment payment fees fees for for collection collection and and recycling recycling recycling recycling feeair-conditioner feeair-conditioner \3,5, \3,5, Television Television \2,7, \2,7, Refrigerator Refrigerator \4,6, \4,6, Washing Washing machine machine \2,4 \2,4 Collection and Transportation Obligation Obligation to to collect collect Target appliances formerly sold by retailer Target appliances formerly sold by retailer Target appliances received in part-exchange Target appliances received in part-exchange Retailer Obligation Obligation to to transfer transfer Municipality Municipality Securing Securing Reliable Reliable Transportation Transportation by Manifest by Manifest System System Designated Designated collecting collecting site site 38 Designated collecting sites 39 Recycling Plants Recycling 1 Bankruptcy manufacturer,etc. 2 Consignment by medium and small businesses Designated Designated corporation corporation Obligation to collect Target appliances formerly manufactured or imported by manufacturer or importer Manufacturer Manufacturer Importer Importer Obligation recycling Municipality Municipality Monitoring Monitoring implementation implementation Recycling Standards: Air-conditioner 6%, Television 55%, Refrigerator 5%, Washing machine 5% 3-4
The number and amount home appliances for collection and recycling numbers collected numbers recycled amounts treated amounts recycled recycling rate (recycled/treated) unit thousand thousand ton ton % airconditioner television refrigerator washing machine total (4 items) FY21 1,334 3,83 2,191 1,93 8,538 FY22 1,636 3,52 2,565 2,426 1,147 FY21 1,31 2,981 2,143 1,882 8,37 FY22 1,624 3,515 2,556 2,49 1,14 FY21 57,634 79,978 127,596 54,41 319,249 FY22 72,9 95,134 148,662 71,53 386,858 FY21 45,19 58,814 76,359 3,783 21,975 FY22 56,739 72,11 91,6 42,967 262,822 FY21 78% 73% 59% 56% FY22 78% 75% 61% 6% More than 1 million home appliances (4 items) were collected and recycled in FY 22. 3-5
Outline Law Related to Recycling End--Life Vehicles Outline Law Related to Recycling End--Life Vehicles Designated Car manufacturers/importers * 2 (Carried out by mselves or entrusted to or companies) Claiming costs Payment Delivery/acceptance obligation for fluorocarbons, etc. Payment for collection Delivery/acceptance obligation for airbags Payment for collection Delivery/acceptance obligation for shredding residues Recycling fee Capital management companies ELV Registered Car owners* 1 (New car) Car owners Collecting companies (Car dealers, auto repair shops) ELV Registered ELV Collecting companies (Fluorocarbons, and etc.) Licensed Dismantling companies ELV scraps Licensed Used car Shredding companies Delivery/ acceptance obligation Delivery obligation Delivery obligation Reusable parts, etc. Delivery obligation Metal, etc. * 1 Including car owners already registered Motor vehicle inspection and registration system in compliance with Road Vehicle Act Used parts market & Market for recycled metal, and ors ELV (End--Life Vehicles) Payment * 2 Third parties will be involved only in case absence a party responsible for recycling. * 3 Electric Control (Manifest) system was introduced, and information management available by third parties. Source: The Industrial Structure Council 3-6
The The outline outline flow flow and and recycling rate rate End--Life Vehicles in in Japan Japan Car manufacturers Importers Car dealers etc. Car dealers etc. New cars (about 5,61 thousand cars) Imported cars (about 27 thousand cars) Car owners End--Life Vehicles (about 5 million cars) Car dealers (about 18,) Used car stores (about 5,) 5% Auto repair shops (about 8,) Export (about 1 million cars) 25% 7% Dismantling companies (about 5,) Reuse parts 23% (engine,body parts, electric parts) Recycle parts 15% (engine,catalyst, nonferrous metal, tire) Body shells 5565% ( state only outer frame which removed engine, tire, etc.) Shredding companies (about 14) Recycle (as parts) 23% Recycle (as materials) 555% Automobile Shredding Residue (ASR) 225% Landfill Incineration Recycle 758% 3-7 The flow a manifest
Construction Material Recycling Law Construction Material Recycling Law Basic policy Government An orderer construction work (demolition and construction work with a scale larger than designated) submits notification to prefectural government Guidelines prefectural governments Demolition work costs, etc. must be prescribed in a contract agreement. Note:The violation notification is penalized. Advice, recommendation, and order. Governor prefectures An order for change is issued, if a plan does not conform with certain standards. Advice, recommendation, and order. Note: The violation order is penalized. A report on completion recycling is issued by a prime contractor to an orderer Implements sorting wastes generated from demolition work (Demolition work, etc. must be performed while waste is sorted based on standards.) Or wastes Wood chips Concrete Asphalt Implements recycling waste. (Consignment to a waste disposal company is also possible.) Wood chips Timber boards, etc. (Reduction by incineration if recycling is impossible) Concrete Roadbed materials, aggregate, etc. Asphalt Recovered asphalt, roadbed materials, etc. Registration demolition work companies Note:The violation registration is penalized. Disposal (Recycling, incineration, landfill, etc.) 3-8
Law Law for for Promotion Promotion Recycling Recycling and and Related Related Activities Activities for for Treatment Treatment Cyclical Cyclical Food Food Resources Resources (Food (Food Waste Waste Recycling Recycling Law) Law) I. Purpose Law Establishment Cycling Society Prevention waste generation Treatment for reduction waste Recycling waste Recycling and related activities food resources II. Basic Policy ( Agriculture Minister, Environment Minister, etc) basic course promotion recycling etc. target amount recycling (2% recycling rate in 26) etc. measures to promote recycling etc. dissemination meaning recycling etc. III. Obligation on Parties Concerned Food-related businesses (manufacture, distributors, restaurants, etc) Waste prevention Recycling waste Consumers Waste prevention using recycled product Government/ Local authorities Conducting measures to promote recycling products IV. Instructions and Advice to Businesses V. Measurer to Facilitate Recycling A decision criteria for businesses is set up by government to promote recycling Action in accordance with judgment criteria Instructions and advice competent minister Parties who generate larger amounts than those specified Advices/announcements Directives/penalties 1) Registration system for recycling businesses a) Business that carry out recycling appropriately are registered by competent minister b) Exception to Waste Management Law, Fertilizer Control Law, and Feed Safety Law 2) Authorization system recycling businesses plan a) Recycling plans made by food-related businesses are authorized by competent minister b) Exception to Waste Management Law, Fertilizer Control Law, and Feed Safety Law 3-9
Law For Promotion Effective Utilization Resources Law For Promotion Effective Utilization Resources Recyclable resources : Articles that are useful and exist among used goods or by-products, and usable as raw material Reusable parts : Articles that are usable and exist among used goods and are usable as parts or part product Basic Policy The competent minister shall establish and announce basic policy in order to comprehensively promote effective use resource by utilizing recyclable resources and reusable parts. Competent Minister, etc. Ministry Finance, Ministry Health, Labor and Welfare, Ministry Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry Land, Infrastructure and Transport, and Ministry Environment Responsibility Business Entity Consumer Government, Local Authorities Rationalize use raw materials in order to reduce generation used goods and by-product Utilization recyclable resources and reusable parts Promotion utilization used goods and byproduct as recyclable resources and reusable parts Usage product for a long term period Promotion utilization recyclable resources and reusable parts Cooperation with government, local authorities and business entities in implementation measures Securing funds Promotion utilization recyclable resources and reusable parts when procuring articles Promotion science and technology Measures to deepen citizen s understanding Designated resources-saving industry *1 Designated resources-reutilizing industry *2 Specified resources-saved product *3 Specified resourcesreutilized product *4 Specified labeled product *5 Specified resourcesreconverted product *6 Specified by-product *7 Measures to promote reduction generation byproduct and utilization recyclable resources Prescribing matters to be judgement criteria Preparation plan concerning reduction generation and utilization recyclable resources Guidance and counsel Advice Measures to promote utilization recyclable resources as raw material Measures to promote utilization reusable parts Prescribing matter to be judgement criteria Guidance and counsel Advice (Object: Business entity beyond a fixed scale) Measures to promote saving resources product and usage for a long term period Prescribe matter to be judgement criteria Guidance and counsel Advice (Object: business entity beyond a fixed scale Measures to promote utilization as raw material Measures to promote utilization as reusable parts Prescribing matter to be judgement criteria Guidance and counsel Advice (Object: business entity beyond a fixed scale Measures to label on product in advance for separate collection Providing standards for labeling Advice (Object: business entity beyond a fixed scale Measures to promote take-back and resources reconversion used goods Prescribing Authorization matter to be take-back judgement and resources criteria reconversion Guidance and counsel Consideration in waste Disposal Law Advice (Object: Adjustment business entity with fair beyond a fixed trade scale commission Measures to promote utilization by-product Prescribing matter to be judgement criteria Guidance and counsel Advice (Object: business entity beyond a fixed scale Opinion council Announce Directive Announce Announce Announce Announce Announce If it doesn't Opinion meet Opinion Opinion Opinion Opinion requirement council council council council council Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive Abolishment authorization Announce Opinion council Directive Example *1 Steel, Paper, Chemical and Nonferrous metal industry *2 paper, glass container, construction and copy industry *3 car, electric appliance, large furniture, oil and gas appliance and personal computer *4 personal computer, copy machine, car 3-1 *5 steel can, aluminum can, PET bottle, Ni-Cd battery, paper container package and plastic container package *6 personal computer and Ni-Cd battery *7 electric and construction industry Dashed line box, solid line box (ministry environment) and under line are amendment matter
Green Purchasing Law Green Purchasing Law The Law for Promotion Procurement Recycled Products by National Organizations and Local Authorities on its own Initiative (referred to as Green Purchasing Law) has been established to actively procure environmentally friendly goods such as recycled goods by m, and to promote provision useful data concerning green purchasing. The law specifies types environmental goods [specific procurement articles, communication/printing paper(recycling paper),ficial cars(low pollution vehicles),copiers(energy saving types)]to be promoted for procurement as a priority, and takes effect from April 21 Promotion procurement by government, etc Establishment basic policy Basic articles for each organization to prepare procurement policies National organizations ( Diet, law courts, Ministries, designated corporation etc) Local authorities - Preparing a procurement policy for each fiscal year - Promoting procurement based on procurement policy(obligation to implement policy) Preparing and announcing a procurement policy each fiscal year Promoting procurement based on procurement policy Taking care not to increase total amount articles procured for environmental procurement Summarizing,announcing,and reporting procurement results to Minister Environment Businesses / public Selecting environmentally friendly Requests to or ministers from Minister Environment products as far as possible when purchasing goods Information provision Manufacturers Providing appropriate information on environmentally friendly products Information provision system, such as environment labels - Providing information while adopting international standards and scientific knowledge - Continued studies into what information provision system is 3-11