Journl of Plnt Sciences 14; 2(6): 311-316 Pulished online Decemer 22, 14 (http://www.sciencepulishinggroup.com/j/jps) doi:.11648/j.jps.16.18 ISSN: 2331-723 (Print); ISSN: 2331-731 (Online) Growth nd yield response of mungen (Vign rdit L. Wilczek) genotypes to wet puddling, flooding nd sturted soil culture M. Rfiqul Islm 1, *, Nurunnher Akter 1, S. M. Shhrir Prvej 2, K. M. Shmsul Hque 1 1 Deprtment of Agronomy, Bngndhu Sheikh Mujiur Rhmn Agriculturl University, Gzipur-176, Bngldesh 2 Agriculture Informtion Service, New Truck Rod, Chndpur-36, Bngldesh Emil ddress: rfiri@yhoo.com (M. R. Islm) To cite this rticle: M. Rfiqul Islm, Nurunnher Akter, S. M. Shhrir Prvej, K. M. Shmsul Hque. Growth nd Yield Response of Mungen (Vign rdit L. Wilczek) Genotypes to Wet Puddling, Flooding nd Sturted Soil Culture. Journl of Plnt Sciences. Vol. 2, No. 6, 14, pp. 311-316. doi:.11648/j.jps.16.18 Astrct: Anoxi nd hypoxi, cused y excessive rinfll nd indequte dringe re the most common environmentl stresses in uplnd crops fter wetlnd rice in mny regions of Asi. Such stresses nd/or puddling of soil in rice culture often reduce the growth nd yield of post-rice uplnd crops. This study exmined the growth nd yield responses of three mungen genotypes viz. VC39-88, VC6173A nd BARI Mung-5 to three different environmentl stresses viz. wet puddling, soil flooding nd sturted soil culture. Wet puddling significntly reduced the field emergence nd vigor index of seedlings. Height of plnts ws lso dversely ffected due to the stresses, lthough recovery ws comprtively etter in flooded sitution. Irrespective of growing conditions, lef chlorophyll index reduced significntly nd recovered lmost completely. The extrordinry responses of plnts to ll the stresses were the dmging of roots nd/or impiring of root nd shoot growth. The susequent recovery of root nd shoot growth significntly vried depending on the types of stresses. The development of numerous dventitious roots nd the production of greter mount of root nodules were the most importnt recovery mechnisms of plnts to withstnd flooding sitution nd sturted soil culture, respectively. As result, seed production ws less ffected under these two conditions. In contrst, wet puddling sitution performed the worst, showing depressed plnt growth throughout the growing period nd thus seed production ws ffected the most. Among the genotypes, VC6173A ws est dpted under the three stresses, giving the highest seed yield y producing higher mount of pods, incresed seed size nd longer pod. Keywords: Growth nd Yield, Mungen, Puddling, Flooding, Sturted Soil 1. Introduction Over the recent decdes, the development of new mungen vrieties hs contriuted to 35 percent increse in production in Asi [1]. The crop hs lredy een trnsformed from mrginl to mjor crop for its dditionl enefits like enhncing soil fertility, improving rurl household income, expnding employment opportunities, diversifying diets nd incresing nutritionl security [2]. The short-growth durtion vriety of mungen is well fitted in the rice-sed cropping systems of Asi. The climtic condition lso fvours its cultivtion throughout the yer. However, yields of post-rice mungen re generlly low due to mny iotic stresses mjoring in excess or deficit soil moisture [3, 4]. Intensive rin generlly cuses trnsient flooding in poorly drined rice soil. Puddling of rice soil lso cuses structure degrdtion nd sturtes quickly. As result, plnts re dversely ffected due to indequte supply of oxygen. These dverse conditions gretly impir seed germintion, stnd estlishment nd yield of post-rice mungen, despite sufficient vilility of wter in the soil profile to grow high yielding mungen vriety without irrigtion [5-7]. However, the informtion on the response of post-rice crops to dverse soil conditions ssocited with puddling nd excess soil moisture re indequte. In Bngldesh, mungen is grown on lnd previously occupied y wetlnd rice. After hrvesting rice, the soil profile remins moist for considerle period of time. As result, intermittent sturtion of the soil nd shllow wter tle dely lnd preprtion. Such dverse soil condition results in su-optiml plnt popultion. Soil flooding or wterlogging ws reported to dmge mungen plnts during the erly
Journl of Plnt Sciences 14; 2(6): 311-316 312 growth stge nd cuse severe yield loss [8, 9]. The existing vriety of mungen cnnot withstnd under (i) dverse soil physicl condition creted y puddling (ii) sturted condition in poorly drined soil nd (iii) soil flooding cused y hevy rin. To ddress these prolems, serch for mungen genotypes tolernt to soil flooding is eing continued nd some flood-tolernt genotypes hve een identified []. Vrious mngement techniques like sowing seeds long the tilled strip mde y using single tine to disrupt the compct zone in puddled soil hve een found successful in growing mungen [11]. However, the response of mungen to sturted soil culture ws not dequtely tried hitherto. In generl, reserch on evluting crops under ll these stresses is scnty or rther frgmentry. Since the soil physicl requirements for the stnd estlishment nd the susequent growth of uplnd crops re different from those for rice in rice-sed cropping system, this study exmined the response of mungen genotypes to wet puddling, flooding, nd sturted soil conditions with view to llevite these constrints nd increse the yield of mungen. 2. Mterils nd Methods The study ws conducted t the Field Reserch Site of Bngndhu Sheikh Mujiur Rhmn Agriculturl University, Gzipur 176, Bngldesh during Mrch-June 9. Three mungen genotypes viz. VC39-88, VC6173A nd BARI Mung-5 were tken for the evlution. Three different conditions were creted in the field i.e. wet puddling, soil flooding nd sturted soil culture long with control, those mintined in min plot nd mungen vrieties t su-plot in split-plot design. Wet puddling condition ws creted efore sowing nd seeds were sown on puddled soil following furrow methods. Unit plot size ws 3. 2.4 m with plnting configurtion of cm. Seeds of similr size were sown fter treting with vitvx. The crop ws fertilized @ kg of N, 6 kg of P 2 O 5 nd kg of K 2 O per hectre in the form of ure, triple super phosphte nd murite of potsh, respectively. Sturted soil culture is wter mngement prctice, in which soil ws mintined t ner-sturtion for ten dys strting from two weeks fter emergence. Flooding ws imposed t the end of three weeks fter the emergence of seedlings nd continued for 3 dys mintining flooding depth of 3-5 cm. Plnt protection mesures were tken nd gronomic mngement done whenever necessry. Dt on stnd estlishment, the rte of emergence nd vigor index were recorded from n re of 1 m 2 mrked immeditely fter sowing of seeds. Emerged seedlings were counted every dy to oserve the dily emergence. Percent seedling emergence ws clculted from the numer of seedlings emerged nd the numer of seed sown. Vigor index = numer of seedling emerged / numer of dys of first count +...+ numer of seedling emerged / numer of dys of lst count. Growth prmeters like plnt height, dry mtter production of plnt components, lef re, chlorophyll content (SPAD vlue) were recorded t dys intervl strting from 28 dys fter emergence (DAE) to 58 DAE. Yield contriuting chrcters i.e. the numer of pods per plnt, pod length, the numer of seeds per pod, seed weight nd seed yield were recorded t the finl hrvest. Dt were nlyzed y prtitioning the totl vrince with the help of computer using MSTATC progrm. The tretment mens computed using Lest Significnce Difference (LSD). 3. Results nd Discussion 3.1. Seedling Emergence nd Vigor Index Irrespective of genotypes, only wet puddling showed significnt reduction in field emergence nd vigor index of mungen seedlings (Tle 1). Soil resistnce to seedling emergence or filure of etter seed-soil contct might e the resons for such reduction. Kiry nd Ringrose-Vose () [12] reported tht soil conditions following puddling nd fter hrvesting of rice could e unsuitle for succeeding uplnd crop like mungen. The rpid drying of soil fter hrvesting rice generlly incresed soil strength nd reduced emergence of mungen [13]. Puddled soil ws found to disrupt the physicl condition of seed, consequently reducing seedling emergence s well s seedling growth [14]. The study lso revels tht the seeding emergence nd vigor index vried significntly cross the genotypes. Mximum emergence ws oserved in BARI Mung-5 indicting etter resistnce under the three dverse situtions. BARI Mung-5 is widely used cultivted vriety of mungen in Bngldesh nd my hve etter physiologicl functions. The highest vigor index of this genotype lso indicted tht it hs the etter ility to emerge quickly compred to other two genotypes. Tle 1. Effects of different moisture regimes on seedling emergence nd vigor index of three mungen genotypes Tretments Emergence (%) Vigor index Moisture regimes: Control 59.86 19.85 Wet puddling 45.37 c 14.94 Soil flooding 55.74 18.81 Sturted soil culture 56.25 1958 Mungen genotypes: BARI mung-5 67.33 23.57 VC39-88 46.15 c 14.57 c VC6173A 56.94 18.48 LSD (.5): Moisture regimes 4.39 4.53 Vriety 9.9 3. Moisture genotypes NS NS CV (%) 23.89 25.38 NS, non-significnt; Men vlues shring the sme letter in ech column do not differ significntly t P<.5. 3.2. Plnt Height Plnt height ws quntified four times strting from 28
313 M. Rfiqul Islm et l.: Growth nd Yield Response of Mungen (Vign rdit L. Wilczek) Genotypes to Wet Puddling, Flooding nd Sturted Soil Culture DAE with dys intervl. Sturted soil culture ffected plnt height the most t different oservtions (Figure 1). Under wet pudding condition, plnt height ws lso ffected t 58 DAE. Kirchhof nd So (5) [15] oserved tht puddling incresed plnt height slightly during the erly vegettive stge. Height growth of flooded plnts ws lso ffected, ut it showed considerle recovery nd performed lmost identicl to tht of control plnts. In mny cses, flooded plnts hve een found to increse plnt height during recovery period which is thought s n dptive mechnism [16, 17]. Plnt height differed significntly in three genotypes (Figure 1). The height growth of VC6173A ws etter thn other two genotypes. In nother study, Pervin et l. () [9] oserved tht VC6173A showed greter reduction in plnt height compred to VC396-88. Plnt height (cm) Plnt height (cm) () Control Wet puddling Soil flooding Sturted soil culture BARI Mung-5 VC39-88 VC6173A () Dys fter emergence Figure 1. Plnt height of three mungen genotypes s ffected y differentil moisture regimes. Men vlues shring the sme letter(s) re not differing significntly t P<.5. 3.3. Chlorophyll Index Chlorophyll content (SPAD vlue) of lef ws significntly ffected t different stges of crop growth strting from 28 DAE (Figure 2). The highest lef chlorophyll content ws recorded in control plnts followed y plnts sujected to flooding. However, chlorophyll content drmticlly recovered fully in plnts under ll the stresses t 58 DAE. Mruodee et l. () [18] reported tht lef chlorophyll content of mungen reduced under noxi, lthough good del of recovery in lef chlorophyll content of wterlogged mungen plnts hve een oserved in mny studies [9, 19]. Genotypic differences in chlorophyll content were not notle in this study, lthough significnt difference existed only t 38 DAE (Figure 2). () Lef chlorophyll index Lef chlorophyll index 6 6 Control Wet puddling Soil flooding Sturted soil culture () BARI mung-5 VC6173A VC39-88 Dys fter emergence Figure 2. Lef chlorophyll index (SPAD vlue) of three mungen genotypes s ffected y differentil moisture regimes. Br indictes LSD t.5. 3.4. Root nd Shoot Dry Mtter The shoot nd root dry weights (DW) were significntly ffected y wet puddling, flooding nd sturted soil culture (Tle 2). Similr oservtions hve lso een reported in severl crop plnts [, 21]. Among the stresses, puddled soil impired root growth the most. Puddling resulted in reduced root growth prticulrly t the erly stges of crop growth. Susequent growth during the ltter prt of the growing seson ws therefore restricted due to roots eing less le to tp susoil wter reserves [22]. Root growth ws lso ffected y soil flooding, ut recovered lmost wholly t 58 DAE. In
Journl of Plnt Sciences 14; 2(6): 311-316 314 generl, roots of mungen plnts dmged immeditely fter flooding, ut plnts used to produce dventitious roots within 48 hours of flooding [23]; fter the deth of originl roots, plnts were found to cclimtize with flooding sitution y ccelerting new dventitious roots [24,, 25]. Like root DW, shoot DW ws lso ffected due to stresses. The dverse effect of sturted soil culture on shoot DW ws more pronounced over time, though fster shoot growth ws oserved t the mturity stge. However, mungen plnts showed n erly reduction in shoot dry mtter due to flooding, ut hd considerle recovery fter the removl of flooding. The decrese in dry mtter ccumultion due to flooding nd its recovery fter the termintion of flooding is common phenomenon in mungen [26, 27]. Tle 2. Effects of different moisture regimes on shoot nd root dry weight of mungen genotypes Tretments Shoot dry weight (g plnt -1 ) Dys fter emergence Control 2.38 3.95 9.49 12.6 Wet puddling 1.26 2.65 8.7 9.49 Soil flooding 1.7 2. 7.17 11. Sturted soil culture.72 c 1.8 c 5.62 c.5 Root dry weight (g plnt -1 ) Control.25.39.62.8 Wet puddling.13 c.28 c.45 c.53 c Soil flooding.17.33.56.8 Sturted soil culture.18.29 c.51.65 Men vlues shring the sme letter in ech column do not differ significntly t P<.5. 3.5. Root Nodules The sturted soil culture produced the undnt root nodules which ws significntly higher thn tht produced in control plnts (Figure 3). Severl studies lso suggest tht sturted soil culture produced lrge mount of root nodules in soyen tht remined throughout the growing period, nd nitrogen fixtion ctivity cted in response to tht pttern of nodultion [28-]. Soil flooding reduced the formtion of root nodules up to 38 DAE, therefter it noticely incresed t 48 DAE. Flooding generlly reduced the numer of root nodules, ut the mgnitude of reduction vried with the growth stges encountering flooding. However, the ctul numer nd volume of nodules hve een found to increse depending on the cpcity of the plnts to produce nodules [31]. In contrst, wet puddling lrgely impired nodultion in mungen nd it showed lrge gp with tht produced in control plnts. Puddled soils re compcted nd ttined incresed soil ulk density for which the weight nd size of nodules in soyen hve een found to reduce significntly [32]. 3.6. Yield Attriutes nd Seed Yield Yield ttriutes nd seed yield of mungen s ffected y wet puddling, flooding nd sturted soil culture re illustrted in Tle 3. The numer of pods per plnts, seed weight nd seed yield were significntly ffected due to stresses. Soil puddling nd sturted soil culture significntly reduced the numer of pods per plnt, ut flooding dversely ffected the seed weight. However, Wein et l. (1979) [33] oserved tht the numer of pods in cowpe nd soyen reduced due to flooding. The reduction in seed yield ws significnt due to stresses, however such reduction ws miniml fter removl of stresses presumly for rpid recovery of root system under flooding nd numerous nodule production under sturted soil culture. Among the stresses, puddling gve the lowest seed yield which ws 64% of tht produced in control plnts. Puddling induced severl physiologicl disturnces, including reduction in growth, dry mtter, chlorophyll index nd pod formtion tht resulted in low yield similr to tht in other ens [34, 24, 35]. The genotypic differences in seed yield were highly remrkle in the study. The genotype VC6173A gve significntly higher yield over BARI Mung-5 nd VC39-88. Producing greter mount of pods with greter seed size, nd even longer pod length contriuted gretly to produce the highest seed yield in VC6173A. Nodule dry weight (g/plnt).7.6.5.4.3.2.1. Control Wet puddling Soil flooding Sturted soil culture 28 38 48 Dys fter emergence Figure 3. Effects of different moisture regimes on nodule dry weight of mungen genotypes. Br indictes LSD t.5 4. Conclusion Mungen hs tremendous scope of horizontl expnsion ecuse of its wide rnge of dptility. In rice-sed cropping system, its growing conditions ecome unfvorle due to puddling of soil nd ssocited prolems cused y excess soil moisture. The response of mungen genotypes vried significntly depending on the types of such vrying stresses. This study revels tht soil puddling for rice ffected much on the production of post-rice mungen due to poor stnd estlishment. The plnt recovery from flooding injury ws etter for which yield ws not seriously ffected. Under sturted soil culture, the numerous nodules formtion contriuted to give etter yield finlly. The effects of genotypic differences under three growing conditions were lso evident. Therefore, ttempts
315 M. Rfiqul Islm et l.: Growth nd Yield Response of Mungen (Vign rdit L. Wilczek) Genotypes to Wet Puddling, Flooding nd Sturted Soil Culture should e tken to improve the production system of mungen through genetic nd gronomic mngement for the improvement nd sustinility of growing mungen in future. Tle 3. Effects of different moisture regimes on yield ttriutes nd seed yield of three mungen genotypes Tretments Moisture regimes: No. of pods plnt -1 Pod length (cm) No. of seeds pod -1 -seed weight (g) Seed yield plnt -1 Control 34.5 8.38 9.31 5.8 14.46 Wet puddling 25.76 8.29 9.67 5.45 9.27 c Soil flooding.83 8.24. 4.69 11.77 Sturted soil culture Mungen genotypes: 25.82 8.61 9.31 5.41.19 c BARI Mung-5 27.21 8.43 c 9.88 5.2.51 VC39-88 28.37 7.86 9.39 5.13.92 VC6173A 31.77 8.84 9.52 5.86 12.84 LSD (.5): Moisture regimes 3.78 NS NS.74 1.74 Vriety 3.41.35 NS.59 1.44 Moisture genotypes NS NS NS NS NS CV (%) 16.5 5.67 6.25 15.23 17.24 NS, non-significnt; Men vlues shring the sme letter in ech column do not differ significntly t P<.5. Acknowledgements Authors highly cknowledge (i) the University Grnt Commission (UGC) of Bngldesh for providing finncil ssistnce nd (ii) the Reserch Mngement Committee (RMC) of Bngndhu Sheikh Mujiur Rhmn Agriculturl University (BSMRAU) for dministrtive support to conduct the reserch. References [1] K. Weinerger. Impct Anlysis of Mungen Reserch in South nd Southest Asi. Finl Report of GTZ Project. The World Vegetle Center (AVRDC), Shnhu, Tiwn, 3. [2] S. Shnmugsundrm, J. D. H. Ketinge, nd J. Hughes. Counting on Bens: Mungen Improvement in Asi. In: D.J. Spielmn nd R. Pndy Lorch (ed.) Millions fed: Proven Successes in Agriculturl Development. IFPRI: Wshington DC, 9. [3] A. Rmkrishn, C. L. L. Gowd, nd C. Johnsen. Mngement fctors ffecting legumes production in the Indo-Gngetic Plin. In: Legumes in rice nd whet cropping systems of the Indo-Gngetic Plin-constrints nd opportunities. Interntionl Crops Reserch Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Ptncheru, Andhr Prdesh, Indi. pp. 156-165,. [4] D. P. Singh, nd B. B. Singh. Breeding for tolernce to iotic stresses in mungen. J. food legumes, vol. 24, pp. 83-9, 11. [5] T. C. Helms, B. J. Werk, B. D. Nelson, nd E. Deckrd. Soyen tolernce to wter-sturted soil nd role of resistnce to Phytophthor soje. Crop Sci., vol, 47, pp. 2295-22, 7. [6] H. B. So, nd A. J. Ringrose-Vose. Mngement of cly soils for rinfed lowlnd rice-sed cropping systems: n overview. Soil Tillge Res., vol. 56, pp. 3-14,. [7] G. Kirchhof, S. Priyono, W. H. Utomo, T. Adisrwnto, E. V. Dcny, nd H. B. So. The effect of soil puddling on the soil physicl properties nd the growth of rice nd post-rice crops. Soil Tillge Res., vol. 56, pp. 37-,. [8] Islm, M. R., A. Hmid, M. A. Krim, M. M. Hque, Q. A. Khliq, J. U. Ahmed. Gs exchnges nd yield responses of mungen (Vign rdit L. Wilczek) genotypes differing in flooding tolernce. Act Physiol. Plnt., vol., pp. 697-77, 8. [9] T. Pervin, M. R. Islm, A. Hmid, M. M. Hque, nd J. U. Ahmed. Soil flooding tolernce in mungen under field condition. Bngldesh Agron. J., vol. 13, pp. 41-,. [] M. R. Islm, A. Hmid, Q. A. Khliq, J. U. Ahmed, M. M. Hque, nd M. A. Krim. Genetic vriility in flooding tolernce of mungen (Vign rdit L. Wilczek) genotypes. Euphytic, vol.156, pp. 247-255, 7. [11] S. G. Mghri, nd T. Woodhed. Tillge in rinfed lowlnd cropping sequence. Presented to Sturdy Seminr t IRRI, Octoer 1984. Los Bnos, Philippines: Interntionl Rice Reserch Institute, 1984. [12] J. M. Kiry, nd A.J. Ringrose-Vose. Drying of some Philippine nd Indonesin puddled rice soils following surfce dringe: Numericl nlysis using swelling soil flow model. Soil Tillge. Res., vol. 57, pp. 13-,. [13] S. M. F. Cook, S. C. Gupt, T. Woodhed, nd W. E. Lrson. Soil physicl constrints to estlishment of mungens (Vign rdit L. Wilczek) in pddy rice (Oryz stiv L.) soils. Soil Tillge. Res., vol. 33, pp. 47-64, 1995. [14] P. B. S. Bhdori. Chrcteriztion of physicl condition of puddled nd nonpuddled soil. J. Agronomy Crop Sci., vol. 159, pp. 216-218, 1987. [15] G. Kirchhof, nd H. B. So. Rice growth nd post-rice mungen in reltion to two puddling intensities under glsshouse conditions. Austrlin J. Soil Res., vol. 43, pp. 617-622, 5. [16] P. Insusti, A. A. Grimoldi, E. J. Chneton, nd V. Vsellti. Flooding induces suite of dptive plstic responses in the grss Psplum dilttum. New Phytol., vol. 152, pp. 291-299, 1. [17] G. G. Striker, P. Insusti, A. A. Grimoldi, E. L. Ploschuk, nd V. Vsellti. Physiologicl nd ntomicl sis of differentil tolernce to soil flooding of Lotus cornicultus L. nd Lotus gler Mill. Plnt Soil, vol. 276, pp. 1-311, 5. [18] R. Mruodee, S. Chkhtrkn nd H. Ehr,. Comprison of growth of Azuki, cowpe nd mungen with ertion nd non-ertion under hydroponic technique. Thi J. Sci. nd Tech., pp. 61-68,.
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