Bioenergy development: Perspectives and Barriers Padova, 20th April 2007 Biomass in Italy: current utilization and perspectives Giuseppe Caserta and Andrea Scarpini 1
Sources of data: ENEA, CTI, Regione Lombardia, UNCEM, Assitol, ITABIA Worked out by ITABIA The Italian Biomass Association On behalf of the AEBIOM European Biomass Association For the EU Project KEY ISSUES FOR RENEWABLE HEAT IN EUROPE 2
Solid biomass MSW ISW Biogas Liquid biomass BIOMASS TYPES 3
BIOMASS PRIMARY ENERGY BALANCE IN ITALY Present Availability of Primary Biomass Energy produced on national land : 20-25 Mtoe/y Accessible potential at present: 13-15 Mtoe/y Total Biomass Primary Energy Supply (TBPES) in the last couple of years (including non-commercial domestic biomass and feedstocks imported from abroad) 7-8 Mtoe/y (3-4 % of the national TPES) 4
SHARE OF BIOMASS TYPES IN TOTAL BIOMASS ENERGY SUPPLY Biomass Solid biomass MSW and ISW Biogas Percentage in total biomass 70-80 15-18 4-5 Origin Wood from domestic and foreign trade; agri-forestal and industry residues Waste management Companies Livestock and urban effluents, wet fractions of MSW, landfills Liquid biomass 3-4 Over 70% of raw material is imported 5
END USES OF BIOMASS PRIMARY ENERGY Final energy Percentage in TBPES % Users Contribution to global national need (%) Heat 65-70 Household 9-10 Electricity 30-32 National grid 1-2 Transport: biodiesel 3-4 Diesel enhancer 0.5 6
MATURE TECHNOLOGY CHAINS Solid biomass 1. Small household appliances 2. District heating 3. Small co-generation 4. Thermal energy from self-produced agro-industry residues 5. Power plants 6. Trigeneration Biogas 7. Thermal energy and co-generation Liquid biomass 8. Electric energy and co-generation 9. Biodiesel as gasoil enhancer 7
Present status and prospects: solid biomass 1) Small household appliances N of plants 6 mln MWth 30,000 N users mln T R E N D M W th in s ta lla ti MWthx10 3 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 9 9 5 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 5 a n n i 8
Present status and prospects: solid biomass 2) District heating N of plants 60 MWth 400 N of users thousands TREND MWth installati 2000 MWth 1500 1000 500 0 1995 2005 2015 anni 9
Present status and prospects: solid biomass 3) Small co-generation A few tens of MWe installed at present, but great expectation for the future T R E N D M W e in stallati Mwe 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1995 2005 2015 anni 10
Present status and prospects: solid biomass 4) Thermal energy from self-produced agro-industry residues N of plants 1,500 MWth 3,000 TREND MWth installati MWthx10 3 4 3 2 1 0 1995 2005 2015 anni 11
Present status and prospects: solid biomass 5) Power plants fed with pellets and chips N of plants 40 MWe 350 Users domestic grid TREND MW e installati Mwe 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1995 2005 2015 anni 12
Present status and prospects: solid biomass 6) Trigeneration from lignocellulosics Some hundreds of kw are installed at present, but the potential is high, especially in the space cooling sector and the conservation of agriculture produces. T R E N D M W in s ta lla ti Mw 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 8 2 0 1 6 a n n i 13
Present status and prospects: biogas 7) Thermal energy and co-generation from biogas About 100 plants are installed for production of thermal energy used for the space heating of the breeding. A few tens of plants produce also electric energy. N of plants 23 MWe 42 Users Domestic grid T R E N D M W e l i n s t a l l a t i Mwe 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 9 9 5 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 5 a n n i 14
Present status and prospects: liquid biomass 8) Electric energy and co-generation from liquid biofuels A few tens of MWe installed at present, but great expectation for the future TREND M W e installati Mwe 2000 2010 2020 anni 15
Present status and prospects: biodiesel 9) Production of biodiesel in Italy in comparison with other EU Countries Source: Assitol 2006 '000t 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 prev 2006 prev Germania Francia Italia Altri UE 16
End use of biodiesel in Italy Present status and prospects 17
GLOBAL NEAR TERM PROSPECTS (all biomass) Mean annual grow rate (2000/2004): 14-15% Expectation at 2010-2015: 16-18 Mtoe Further contribution from dedicated agroforestry cultures 5 Mtoe/y 18
MAIN PRE-CONDITIONS FOR A SUSTAINABLE DEPLOYMENT 1. Clear and consolidated legislation 2. Standardization and chains certification 3. Re-organisation of agriculture and forestry 4. Pushing on profitable projects 5. Stimulating demand 6. System approach 19
1. Legislation Present Status: More than 60 laws and decrees have direct and indirect connection with bioenergy, generating confusion and uncertainty. Partial adoption of EU Directives. Future Requirements: New biomass action plan, in the frame of EU directives. Consolidated statutes for procedures. Specific incentives for biomass detached from other RES. 20
2. Standardization and chains certification Present Status: Many rules concerning solid biomass. Very few concerning liquid and gaseous biofuels. Sectorial certification. Requirements: Additional standard for biodiesel and biogas. Certification of the whole biomass chain from production to end use. 21
3. Re-organization of agri-forestry sector Present status: A non-food agriculture policy is missing. About 2 mln ha of low productive and surplus lands are abandoned. Modern forestry is not practiced. Future requirement: Integrating the energy use of biomass with non-food agriculture. Forming modern forestall enterprises. Integrating biomass production with land protection. 22
4. Pushing on profitable projects Present Status: Limited access to innovative individual heating devices, as well as to district heating and cooling systems. Unnatural approach to bioelectricity, wasting 75-80% of biomass energy content. No bioethanol production. Future Requirements: Adoption of combined heat and power production (co - generation). Burning biomass in mixture with fossil fuels (co-firing). Use, by little adjustments, already exiting plants (retrofitting). Activation of bioethanol chain. 23
5. Stimulating demand Present status: Unawareness of environmental benefit. Lacking of levy policy. Lacking of product standards. Future Requirements: Information campaign. Relieving levies, through fiscal bonus and VAT reduction. Securing concrete benefits. 24
6. System approach Present status: Unilateral approach to bioenergy Future requirement: High integration with Many different non-energy uses (food, fiber, fertilizers) Eco-system preservation and land protection (restoring organic matter in the soils, reclaiming abandoned land, sequestering CO2, etc.) Facing socio-economic concerns (compatibility with local needs and expectations) 25
An intercrossing approach to bioenergy deployment Eco-system Non-energy uses Sustainable biomass use Energy uses Social concerns 26
To get more information, as well as to join ITABIA, contact the ITABIA s office at the following address ITABIA - Italian Biomass Association Via Acireale 19 00182 ROMA Phone. +39 06.7021118 Fax +39 06.7030.4833 E-mail: itabia@mclink.it www.itabia.it 27