Applied Mechanics and Materials Submitted: 2014-07-20 ISSN: 1662-7482, Vols. 644-650, pp 6114-6117 Accepted: 2014-07-22 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.6114 Online: 2014-09-22 2014 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland The Benefit Analysis of Applications of Alternative Energy in Small Public Transportation System Bingjie Li 1, a, Dongxiao Niu 2, b, Fuyu Hua 3, c, Jinpeng Qiu 4, d, Guorong Zhu 5, e 1,2,3,4 School of Business and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China. 5 State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Company Economic Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310008, China Keywords: small public transportation system; alternative energy; life cycle cost; benefit analysis. Abstract. As the world's biggest energy consumer and the world's first car production and marketing country, car exhaust emissions have become an important cause of serious environmental pollution. The paper calculates the life cycle costs of HEB, BEB, and CDB by the life cycle cost model considering the environmental benefits in the case of small public transportation system being the big scenarios. The paper takes the capital airport shuttle bus system as an example, analyzing applications of alternative energy in the system, thus providing evidence for applications of alternative energy in a small public transportation system, improving continuously the proportion of electric energy in the consumption of end-use energy, promoting social energy conservation and mitigating environmental pollution problems. Introduction Relevant information shows that the contribution rate of vehicles emissions, coal burning and dust to PM2.5 has exceeded 50 percent, and the mobile sources has become a major source of pollution in Beijing and other cities whose haze is severe, and the vehicles emissions has become one of the biggest sources of PM2.5. For this case, the new energy vehicles become a national response to environmental and energy crises. The application of new energy vehicles in transportation systems improves the accounting if electric energy in end-use energy. Vigorously promoting the alternative energy project is an important way to alleviate these difficulties. This paper found that among the different uses of new energy vehicles, new energy bus is the most promising ones. So the research object the paper selected is the traditional diesel buses and two new energy buses. Secondly, plus the environmental benefits into the full life-cycle costs of different types of new energy vehicles. Finally, select a small public transportation system as the research object, specifically the capital airport shuttle bus system for empirical analysis. Study objects and basic assumptions Study objects 1) Capital international airport There are shuttle bus sites between the terminals of Capital International Airport. Visitors can take a free shuttle bus 24 hours a day without stop. The single total route distance is 15 km and other basic situations are as follows: (1) The operational service table is as Table 1. Table 1 The shuttle bus service table in Capital International Airport Time Period Interval 06:00 23:00 10min/ shuttle 23:00 morrow 6:00 30 min/ shuttle (2) Introduction of the current Capital Airport Car Ferry Technical Parameters At present, the capital airport has 67 car ferries, among which there is one group of 31 ferries (4 types) of BGS (Beijing Aviation Ground Services Co.Ltd.) and one group of 36 ferries (1 type) of All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications, www.ttp.net. (ID: 130.203.136.75, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA-11/05/16,04:52:49)
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 644-650 6115 Air China Group. Among them, Yutong ZK6140 car ferry is approved by the State General Administration of Civil Aviation Airport as the special equipment certification. The introduction of technical parameters of Yutong ZK6140 car ferry is as shown in Table 2. Type the traditional diesel buses Table 2 Technical Parameters of Yutong ZK6140 Energy Power Maximum Rated Consumption Battery Speed (km/h) Capacity (/100km) none 35L diesel oil Exhaust Emissions (kg/100km) 50 10-118 93.69 2) New Energy Bus According to the definition provided in the announcement of National Development and Reform Commission, new energy bus includes 4 types-hybrid electric bus (HEB), pure electric bus (BEB), fuel cell bus (FCB) and alternative fuel bus. As the cost of FCB is too high and energy-saving and emission-reduction effect of alternative fuel bus is not obvious, this paper selects the HEB and BEB as the research objects which have great development potential, with the traditional diesel buses (CDB) as a reference. According to the comparative analysis of typical products, with BEB, HEB, CDB technical parameters referred to typical production of Fukuda, Sunwin, Yutong are as shown in Table 3. Table 3 The Typical Technical Tarameters of Domestic HEB, BEB, CDB Type HEB BEB CDB Fukuda Sunwin Yutong Reference Type BJ6123C7B4D SWB6121EV ZK6140HG China Xinan Power Battery Eaton IMC6-48 none SPIM23300260 Energy Consumption (/100km) 28L diesel oil (calculated by the oil-saving of HEB 20% relative to the CDB) 100kWh Electric energy 35L diesel oil Maximum Speed (km/h) 80 70 50 Rated Capacity (people) 90 90 118 Note: the main technical parameters of various models come from each corporate website The basic assumption The shift table shows that, in the 06:00-23:00 time period, there should be one shuttle bus every 10 minutes. In this case, six cars will meet its operating conditions; in the 23:00-6 : 00 the next day time period, there should be one shuttle bus every 30 minutes. In this case, two cars will meet its operating conditions. Therefore, under the assumption that every buses are kept running, it needs a total of six buses. The full life cycle cost calculation model considering the environmental benefits Model Introduction Life cycle cost is the key factor affecting the new energy bus can truly towards to the market. Due to the electrical energy replacement, new energy bus will be the "low carbon", "zero emissions", with obvious environmental benefits. After considering the environmental benefits, the whole life cycle cost C of the bus consists of five parts: purchase cost C, energy costs C, A E
6116 Machine Tool Technology, Mechatronics and Information Engineering maintenance costs C M, government subsidies C S and environmental impact of the exhaust emissions C. The sum of the five parts is the total cost, namely: O C = CA + CE + CM + CS + CO (1) Calculating By the calculation, the acquisition cost and the using cost of the three kinds of models are shown in Table 4.Using cost is the sum of the Energy costs, maintenance costs and emissions of environmental impact. Table 4 Acquisition cost and using cost of the three kinds of models Type HEB BEB CDB Vehicle purchase cost 100 240 80 (Ten thousand / vehicle) Charging pile acquisition cost 12.5 12.5 0 (Ten thousand) Energy cost C E 114.2 47.3 142.8 Maintenance cost C M 31.5 112.5 10.51 Government subsidies C S 25 50 0 (Ten thousand / vehicle) Environmental impact of 39 0 49 emissions C O Using cost 184.7 159.8 202.31 Alternative energy benefit evaluation in the small public transport system (the capital airport shuttle buses system, for example) Assuming that calculate according to the life cycle of 10 years, 6% of the one-year bank loan interest rate discounting, In the capital airport shuttle buses system applied HEB, BEB and CDB these three models respectively, the whole life cycle cost which the environmental benefits were considered is: HEB: 100 6+12.5 25 6 + 184.7 ( P/A,6 %, 10) =1946.892 ( ten thousand) (2) BEB: 240 6 + 12.5 50 6 + 159.8 ( P/A,6 %,10) =2578.628 ( ten thousand) (3) CDB: 80 6 + 202.31 ( P/A,6 %,10) =1969.002 ( ten thousand) (4) From the 10-year life cycle perspective, the cost of BEB is the highest, higher than that of HEB 6.096 million yuan, 6.317 million yuan higher than CDB. Mainly because of the various types of batteries generally characterized by high prices, therefore, the acquisition cost of BEB is already 2-3 times that of other types of new energy vehicles. Secondly, BEB technology is not mature, especially all kinds of battery short life, large dimensions and weight, long charging time BEB and other shortcomings leading to much higher maintenance costs than other new energy vehicles, especially the disadvantages of all kinds of battery s short life, large dimensions and weight, long charging time as a result of BEB maintenance cost is much higher than other new energy automobile. Compared with HEB and CDB, the cost of HEB than CDB is reduced by 200000 yuan, the comprehensive benefits of HEB is no better than CDB too much. the reason is that although the HEB was significantly reduced the environmental impact of the exhaust emissions than the CDB, and there are also many government subsidies, but its maintenance cost is much higher than the
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 644-650 6117 CDB. Like with BEB, HEB technology, while a little more mature than BEB, development time is longer, but compared to the conventional diesel buses,there is still a lot of technical defects, especially the battery and electricity transformation these two parts. Conclusion Trough the benefit analysis of the alternative energy adopted in the shuttle bus system of Capital International Airport and according to the 10-year life cycle, the total cost of new energy vehicles do not reduce the cost even more higher than the conventional cars, but from the environmental benefits of view, HEB's emissions management fees are 20% lower than CDB s, and the BEB s is 100%. At the developing strategies to improve the environment, the advantages of new energy vehicles are obvious. Of course, the application and development of new energy vehicles in the public transport system face many constraints: the cost of new energy vehicles is much higher compared with conventional cars; there is no mature self-circulating profit model; constraints of infrastructures, charging stations and hydrogen refueling stations require a lot of investment; the technology roadmap of new energy sources still exists many uncertainties. Therefore, the application of alternative energy in public transport system in the large-scale will take time. Of course, the importance of the role of government is self-evident when promoting the alternative energy in public transportation system. In the future, the government should play a leading and driver of action in the constructions of the manufacturing, purchasing, using of new energy, charging station construction and related standardization. References [1] Yazdanie, M, Noembrini, F, Dossetto, L, Boulouchos, K. A comparative analysis of well-to-wheel primary energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions for the operation of alternative and conventional vehicles in Switzerland, considering various energy carrier production pathways[j]. JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, 2014,01:333-348. [2] Pietzcker, RC, Longden, T, Chen, WY, Fu, S, Kriegler, E, Kyle, P, Luderer, G. Long-term transport energy demand and climate policy: Alternative visions on transport decarbonization in energy-economy models[j].energy, 2014,01:95-108. [3] Green, EH, Skerlos, SJ, Winebrake, JJ. Increasing electric vehicle policy efficiency and effectiveness by reducing mainstream market bias[j]. ENERGY POLICY, 2014,02:562-566. [4] Yang Zhang. Analysis of potential emission reduction and cost of new energy automobile[j]. Energy-saving and environmental protection, 2012,08:54-55. [5] Dongli Cao, Yue Yuan, Zhixiang Li. Applications and benefit evaluation of alternative energy[j]. Grid and clean energy, 2011,04:30-34.
Machine Tool Technology, Mechatronics and Information Engineering 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.644-650 The Benefit Analysis of Applications of Alternative Energy in Small Public Transportation System 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.644-650.6114