WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR RIBEIRAS DO ALGARVE, PORTUGAL arid cyprus, conference may 2005 1
ribeiras do algarve river basin area of the basin: 3837 Km 2 18 municipalities more than 350,000 inhabitants in 2001 tourist population 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 (inhabitants) Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Permanent Population Seasonal Population Europe 2
characterisation of the demand 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 hm 3 70.1 2.2 0.3 population industry animal (resident + tourist) breeding 136.9 agriculture 10.4 golf courses population (resident + tourist) industry animal breeding agriculture golf courses demand (hm 3 /year) 70.1 2.2 0.3 136.9 10.4 % 31.9 1.0 0.1 62.3 4.7 3
characterisation of domestic demand settlements supplied with groundwater settlements supplied with surface water 4
characterisation of irrigation demand private irrigation sites (GW) public irrigation sites (SW) golf courses 5
1990 s situation groundwater exploitation index % 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 1990 s situation aquifers boreholes 6
1990 s situation vs. current situation 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 % groundwater exploitation index 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 current situation 1990 s situation primary water supply system 7
primary water supply system Barlavento Sotavento Funcho dam Bravura dam Importation from Guadiana River Basin Arade dam primary water supply system 8
stakeholders main concerns main concerns for Águas do Algarve S.A. necessity to increase the water availability current paradigm: Odelouca dam alternative options: - sustainable exploitation of Querença-Silves aquifer (good quality / enough quantity) - import water from the existent Santa Clara dam (Mira basin) new paradigm: - desalination units to satisfy local urban demands - demand management options, in a short period of time: - advertising campaigns - conservation measures - water pricing increase 9
stakeholders main concerns main concerns for CCDR Algarve solve water quality and/or quantity problems (in general) current paradigm: - irrigation methods improvement - no new abstractions on the defined critical area located on coast new paradigm: - small scale and localized water management measures (water re-use and desalination on golf courses) - sustainable combination of surface and groundwater 10
target definition for ribeiras do algarve drivers and pressures o conflicting interests on water resources between tourism and agriculture (most important water sector user) o localized water shortages, mainly during summer months o infrastructure deficiencies o poor groundwater quality in some areas o high values of secondary water supply network losses o inadequate irrigation methods goals domestic use: 95%%, all year irrigation use: public irrigation sites: 90%, all year private irrigation sites: 80%, all year golf courses: 90% during summer months maximum use of the aquifer recharge: 80% 11
strategies formulation evaluation of strategies for the period 2000 2035 hydrological scenario: normal (representing a 35 years period defined in accordance with the historical sequence that occurred between 1970 and 2000) demand scenario: annual growth rates Business-as usual scenario Growth rates (%) 2000 2020 2035 Permanent population Differentiated for each Municipality* Seasonal population Private irrigation sites 1,3 2,3 0 Public irrigation sites Golf courses Differentiated for each public irrigation site* 0 0 *according to the River Basin Plan demand elasticity: - 0.5 (estimated value) 12
strategies formulation dominant paradigm strategy (strategy 1) based on the implementation of structural measures and the exploitation of surface water most important regional measure: Odelouca dam shifting paradigm strategy (strategy 2) although not a radical shift from structural to non-structural options, reflects the need to consider: other alternatives to conventional water supply sources (e.g., desalination) implementation of small-scale, localized management measures sustainable exploitation of surface and groundwater water resources 13
strategy 1 domestic use 2005 new abstraction boreholes in Querença-Silves aquifer (maximum 0.6hm 3 /month until the implementation of Odelouca dam) 2006 system enhancement: replacement in Loulé Municipality 2010 dam construction: Odelouca (157 hm 3 ) 2010/2015/2020 losses reduction: a 3 stage reduction (15% maximum per settlement) 2012 system enhancement: expansion for Aljezur and Monchique Municipalities irrigation use 2006/2012/2020 irrigation method improvements 14
domestic use settlements (SW) settlements (GW) fictitious settlements (GW) DWTP storage reservoir pipeline network reservoir 15
strategy 1: domestic use new abstractions boreholes Querença-Silves aquifer 16
strategy 1: domestic use system enhancement new pipeline Loulé Municipality 17
strategy 1: domestic use Odelouca dam Odelouca dam Odelouca dam 18
strategy 1: domestic use losses reduction losses reduction (SW) losses reduction (GW) 19
strategy 1: domestic use system enhancement Aljezur Municipality Monchique Municipality settlements connected new connections 20
irrigation use public irrigation sites (SW) public irrigation sites (GW) private irrigation sites (GW) golf courses (SW) golf courses (GW) 21
strategy 1: irrigation use irrigation methods improvement private irrigation sites included (GW) public irrigation sites included (SW) 22
strategies formulation: dominant paradigm 2010 Odelouca dam Losses reduction (5%) 2015 Losses reduction (5%) 2005 System enhancement: Loulé Municipality Irrigation methods improvements 2020 Losses reduction (5%) 2006 2012 Irrigation methods improvements Abstraction in Querença Silves aquifer (maximum 0.6hm 3 /month until 2010) Irrigation methods improvements System enhacement: Aljezur and Monchique Municipalities 23
domestic use 2005 2006 irrigation use 2005 new abstraction boreholes in Querença-Silves aquifer (maximum 1hm 3 /month) strategy 2 - system enhancement: replacement in Loulé Municipality - desalination unit in Aljezur Municipality (capacity: 5000 m3/day) - conservation measures in domestic sector 2008 system enhancement: expansion to Monchique Municipality 2010/2015/2020 losses reduction: a 3 stage reduction (15% maximum per settlement) 2015 desalination unit in Portimão Municipality (capacity: 50700 m 3 /day) water re-use for 4 golf courses 2006/2012/2020 irrigation method improvements 2007 desalination unit for golf courses in Quinta do Lago (capacity: 11500 m 3 /day) 24
strategy 2: domestic use desalination in Aljezur Aljezur Municipality desalination unit settlements connected 25
strategy 2: domestic use conservation measures settlements connected 26
strategy 2: domestic use system enhancement Monchique Municipality settlements connected new connections 27
strategy 2: domestic use desalination in Portimão Portimão Municipality desalination unit settlement connected 28
strategy 2: irrigation use water re-use golf courses connected WWTP 29
strategy 2: irrigation use desalination in golf courses desalination unit golf courses connected 30
strategies formulation: shifting paradigm 2008 2006 System enhancement: Monchique Municipality System enhancement: Loulé Municipality Desalination: Aljezur Municipality 2010 2020 Irrigation methods improvements Losses reduction (5%) Losses reduction (5%) Conservation Measures Irrigation methods improvements 2005 2007 2012 2015 Desalination: Quinta do Lago golf courses Irrigation methods improvements Desalination: Portimão Municipality Abstraction in Querença Silves aquifer (maximum 1m 3 /month ) Losses reduction (5%) Water re-use in golf courses 31
results analysis for domestic and irrigation use 100 % 95 90 85 80 75 70 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 2029 2034 reference case strategy 1 strategy 2 domestic demand coverage 100 % 95 90 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 2029 2034 reference case strategy 1 strategy 2 irrigation demand coverage 32
results analysis volume stored in the Querença-Silves aquifer 1050 1040 1030 1020 1010 1000 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 2029 2034 reference case strategy 1 strategy 2 33
economic analysis and strategy evaluation present value 2500 2000 1500 10 6 1000 500 0 EC RC DC RC EC DC EC DC reference case strategy 1 strategy 2 EC - PV Environmental costs DC - PV Direct costs RC - PV Resource costs (PV- Present Value) RC effectiveness (relative sustainability index for demand coverage) economic efficiency environmental cost PV, million direct cost PV, million total value to users PV, million reference case 0,3 692 1690 9779 strategy 1 0,57 700 2361 10206 strategy 2 0,63 667 2253 10078 34
cost recovery strategy (domestic use) the impact of both domestic pricing and irrigation pricing have been studied only domestic pricing will be considered as: (i) agricultural sector long dependant on subsidies (ii) in practical, no irrigation use fees are currently charged to private irrigation sites cost recovery targets 100% cost recovery of direct costs from 2020 onwards minimum cost recovery of 70% associated to environmental costs by 2025 iterative process differentiated increase in water prices for domestic users every 2 years from 2005 to 2015 35
cost recovery strategy (domestic use) 1.4 1.2 1 /m 3 /m 3 current prices strategy 1 strategy 2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 2029 2034 average minimum maximum 0,68 0,41 1.04 1,21 0,65 1.56 1,12 0,62 1.56 strategy 1 (under cost recovery strategy) strategy 2 (under cost recovery strategy) domestic demand 120 100 80 60 40 20 hm 3 0 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 2029 2034 strategy 1 strategy 2 strategy 1 (under cost recovery strategy) strategy 2 (under cost recovery strategy) 36
results analysis strategy evaluation table before cost recovery strategy effectiveness (relative sustainability index for demand coverage) economic efficiency environmental cost PV, million direct cost PV, million total value to users PV, million reference case 0,3 692 1690 9779 strategy 1 0,57 700 2361 10206 strategy 2 0,63 667 2253 10078 after cost recovery strategy strategy 1 0,70 647 2137 9681 strategy 2 0,70 628 2074 9679 37
conclusions Strategies 1 and 2 try to respond to the concerns of the stakeholders through two distinct approaches: strategy 1: structural and global (regional) water management options strategy 2: alternative options aiming at solving the water shortages issues on a local scale. Both strategies 1 and 2 enable the main goals defined to be achieved. In terms of economic performance, strategy 2 appears to be more effective after cost recovery strategy is applied. The combination of localized, non-conventional water management options allows achieving the same domestic demand coverage levels with lower values of direct, environmental and resources costs. 38