AIR POLLUTION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR INDONESIA: CHALLENGES AND IMPERATIVES FOR CHANGE AirQualityAsia High-Level Session 20 April 2017 SATYA WIDYA YUDHA Vice Chairman of the Energy Commission & Chairman of the Green Economy Caucus The House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia
BACKGROUND Indonesia s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indonesia is the 6 th largest greenhouse gas emitter in the world and contributes 4.5% of total global greenhouse gas emissions (IEA 2015) Emissions Contributions by Sector in 2010 (Million Tons of CO2e) Percentage of Energy Emissions 22% 7% 42% LULUCF: 647 50% Energy: 453 35% 30% Agriculture: 66 IPPU: 36 5% 3% Waste: 88 7% Power Generation Transportation Industry Housing
BACKGROUND Overview and Context of Air Pollution in Indonesia ü Government s burden on fuel subsidy (data for 2017): National consumption of subsidized fuels is 16.61 million for gasoline; diesel (16 million KL); kerosene (0.6 0.69 million KL). ü Land transportation contributes around 12% of total national CO 2 emissions, and almost 90%of urban air pollution (CO, HC, NO x, SO x, PM, O 3 ). ü 90% of transportation emissions comes from road transportation ü 70% of city pollution comes from the transportation sector ü Challenges include Free Trade ASEAN Economic Community AEC (2015), ASEAN MRA (2012) and UNECA Regulation: The competitiveness of domestic oil and auto-industry in the sub regional market of ASEAN.
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS Case: 2015 Indonesian Forest Fires From September to October 2015, daily estimated GHG emissions from fires in Indonesia surpassed average daily emissions from the entire US economy (approximately 15.95 Mt CO2 per day). A massive spike in emissions can be seen on October 14, when 4,719 fires were observed. More than 75,000 people suffered from upper respiratory infections as a result of the haze. GHG emissions from 1 week of fire on 1.6% of Indonesia's land area = 5 10% of Indonesia's annual GHG emissions (Cifor).
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS Case: Jakarta 2010 The population of Jakarta is 9,607,787 (2010) 57.8% of the population suffers from various air pollution-related diseases: 1,210,581 people suffer from asthmatic bronchiale (compare with 500,000 people from Ostro s research in 1994) 173,487 people with bronchopneumonia 2,449,986 people with ARI 336,273 people with pneumonia 153,724 people with COPD 1,246,130 people with coronary artery diseases Total health cost: IDR38.5 trillion / USD54 billion (compare with USD220 million in 1989 -> Resosudarmo & Napitupulu 2004)
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS Case: Acid rain in Jakarta, Tangerang and Bandung Acid rain is an indicator of declining air quality associated with energy-related emissions and is caused by the combustion of fossil fuels that emits sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) when reacting with various chemical compounds in the atmosphere. Acid rain has adverse affects for water ecosystems (disrupts biotic reproduction and endangers aquatic species), soil (reduces nutrient content, thins the amount of soil layer, disrupts vegetative growth), and buildings (accelerates the corrosion of limestone, marble, concrete bricks, and metals). A 2000 2016 study conducted by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry s R&D department found worryingly low (acidic) levels of ph in the rainwater of the cities of Jakarta (5.6 4.31), Tangerang (5.21 4.65), and Bandung (5.46 4.46). The standard ph level for rainwater is 5.6. Rainwater in these cities also contains traces of sulfate, ammonia, nitrate, potassium, magnesium, chloride, and sodium. PRIMARY SOURCE OF CONTAMINATION: vehicle and industrial emissions.
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS Exposure to Outdoor and Household Air Pollution Outdoor air pollution in cities in Jakarta, Indonesia, annual mean PM 2.5 (μg/m 3 ) 2010 In 2010, Jakarta had an annual mean PM2.5 level that was above the WHO guideline value of 10 μg/m3. Percentage of Deaths From Ischaemic Heart Disease, Stroke, Lung Cancer, COPD, ARI (2012) 29% (164,314 out of total 566,600) Attributable to Household Air Pollution In Indonesia, about 45% percent of an estimated 25,300 child deaths due to acute lower respiratory infections is attributable to household air pollution. Source: WHO 2015
VEHICLE FORECAST: 2030 Source: Author s estimation
MOVING FORWARD: POLICY Some basic things to be done to achieve the vision of sustainable city/green city 1. Emissions Inventory and Monitoring as a baseline of the Air Pollution Control Planning City Ten cities are already doing the preparation for an inventory of emissions: Palembang, Surakarta, Batam, Surabaya, Malang, Yogyakarta, Denpasar, Banjarmasin, Medan and Tangerang 2. Improved Vehicle Technology and Fuel Encouraging the use of alternative materials (CNG, Bio Fuel, etc.) ü The use of CNG for public transport (Jakarta: bajaj and transjakarta; Palembang: Transmusi) ü The use of used cooking oil in Transpakuan in Bogor Encouraging policies emissions testing and vehicle maintenance Encouraging Fuel Efficiency (Eco-Driving) Use of Hybrid Technology, Electric, and Fuel Cell
MOVING FORWARD: POLICY Some basic things to be done to achieve the vision of sustainable city/green city 3. Alternative Modes of Transportation Public Transportation (BRT, MRT, Rail Transportation) BRT: Transjakarta, Transmusi, Transbatik Solo, Transpakuan (Bogor) Non-Motorized Facilities (Pedestrian way, Bike Sharing) 4. Other Policies Structuring space (RTH, zoning, etc.) Setting work hours, traffic engineering Improved "parking rate" Car Free Day (coverage and intensity increased): Jakarta, Bandung, Solo, etc. others
MOVING FORWARD: EURO 4 STANDARD National Roadmap to 2025 Intensive dialogue about Roadmap Fuel Economy - Vehicle Emission Standard - Euro 4: A variety of multi-stakeholder consultation meetings and consignment Policy Dialogue "readiness refinery in implementing the Euro 4 standard in 2016": Jakarta Balongan refinery Balikpapan refinery Preparation of NA Vehicle Emissions Standard - Euro 4 Implementation of Vehicle Emission Standard - Euro 4 in 2016 gradually: Modifications Balongan and Balikpapan refinery to supply fuel berstandard Euro 4 in several major cities. The Ministry of Finance and the House of Representatives to discuss alternative financing / funding up grade / modification Refinery. Donor agencies to help alternative financing / funding up grade / modification Refinery. Breathe Easy Jakarta Program tentang penerapan Vehicle Emission Standard Euro 4 di Jakarta dengan menggunakan BBG. Implementation of Euro 4 nationally in 2021. Adoption of Euro 5 nationally in 2025.
MOVING FORWARD: EURO 4 STANDARD Preparation for Euro 4 Implementation ü Reduction of subsidized fuel by switching to using non-subsidized fuel (Euro 4), New Vehicle Types. ü Automotive industry technology development (Euro 4 standard) ü Euro 4 fuel preparation (especially Sulfur Content of 50 ppm, and the maximum content of bio-fuel/ethanol) ü Campaigning "Use of Low Sulfur Fuel", (the lower the sulfur, the more efficient the fuel consumption, and the higher the concentration, the higher the sulfur emissions, PM, CO, NO x )
MOVING FORWARD: EURO 4 STANDARD Implementation of Euro 4 in Indonesia ü As of August 31, 2013, Euro 3 has been enacted for motorcycles so that two-wheeled vehicles must use a the Pertamax and Pertamax Plus types of gasoline ü Euro 3 emission standards already apply to new vehicles because fuel is readily available for Euro 3 ü Fuel (especially gasoline) to go Euro 4, recently stipulated in Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry No. 20 of 2017 in order to replace currently existing Euro 2 gasoline
OTHER TRANSPORTATION POLICIES ü Air pollution from mobile sources is not only caused by motor vehicles, but can also be caused by other modes of transportation. Starting in 2011 Deputy for the Mitigation of Mobile Sources of Air Pollution also addressed emissions from transportation, rail, heavy equipment, military vehicles, ships and aircraft. ü Policy drafted by the Ministry of Environment currently associated with the transportations of non-vehicles, among others, are: quality standard for exhaust emissions of new types of heavy equipment; quality standard for exhaust emissions of heavy equipment already in operation (in-use) quality standard for exhaust emissions of trains already in operation (in-use)
POSITIVE MARKET POTENTIAL Environmental technologies for air pollution control Indonesia ranks seventh overall out of 50 countries on the 2015 Top Markets Study (TMS) with the market for environmental technologies valued at USD 6.3 billion in 2016. (International Trade Administration, 2016)
SUMMARY Policies and Institutional Arrangements Adaptation National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) as guidance for decision makers to provide an inventory of near-term priority adaptation actions and to complement the current work on mainstreaming of adaptation. Mitigation Presidential Regulation No. 61/2011 on the National Action Plan on Emission Reduction Plan (RAN-GRK) Regional Action Plan on Emission Reduction at Provincial levels (RAD-GRK) covering 32 provinces out of 33 provinces. Presidential Regulation No. 71/2011 on National GHG Inventory System Presidential Regulation No. 62/2013 on REDD + Agency. Coordinating Economy Ministerial Decree No. 67/2013 on Coordination Team for Technology Transfer Technology Need Assessment (TNA) on mitigation and adaptation focused on energy, forestry, waste (for mitigation) and food security, water resources, and coastal vulnerability (for adaptation) Establishment of National Designated Entity (NDE) functioned as a liaison agency between Technology Centre and Network and local stakeholders in implementing technology transfer Implementation of technology transfer project ideas through FIRM Initiative focused on energy and transportation. Capacity Building National Strategy on Human Resource Development for Climate Change Actions Finance Ministerial Decisions and Regulations to incentivize climate change actions at national and sub-national level through fiscal policy framework including tax, investment, and feed-in tariff on geothermal.
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