Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: -9 www.ijera.com Vol., Issue, March -April 0, pp0- Design of Stand-Alone Phovoltaic System A Case Study Miss. L. Raja Rajeswari *, Dr. C. V. Krishna Bhanu** * (Department of EEE, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, AP. ) * (Department of EEE, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, AP. ) ABSTRACT In this paper the design of a stand-alone phovoltaic system has been explained in two methods; method-i, considering the solar radiation data of the location and the load, and method-ii, considering only the load. The various constraints considered in the prelinary phase and the later stages have been thoroughly discussed along with a case study pertaining a college. The paper describes various parameters required for the design of a phovoltaic system taking the load conditions and econoc constraints in the end. Cost analysis of conventional and stand alone phovoltaic system for both the methods is carried out. Keywords phovoltaic system, PV system, solar energy, inverter I. INTRODUCTION The ever increasing demand for electrical energy due rapid industrialization and increasing population brings in a need go for sustainable energy sources i.e. renewable energy sources like solar, wind, ocean energy, etc. Solar energy is ultimate source of energy which is abundant in nature and is available irrespective of location. This paper attempts design a standalone pho voltaic system in two methods. The Method-I is an analytical method which takes solar radiation data in consideration design the PV system and the Method-II does not consider the data from solar radiation but still can give the design of the PV system. The Method-II can be considered be more simple and practical. Cost analysis of conventional system and stand alone system for both analytical method and practical method are carried out and econocal solution is recommended. H bm H dm H gm H Tm II. LIST OF NOTATIONS USED Direct solar radiation Diffuse solar radiation Ground reflected part of global solar radiation Monthly average daily solar radiation (I b ) Hourly direct solar radiation (I d ) Hourly diffuse solar radiation (I g ) solar radiation (I Tb ) Instantaneous solar radiation L dm Average day time load L nm Average night time load PV Pho voltaic (R b ) Tilt facr for direct solar radiation R d Tilt facr for daily diffuse solar radiation R r Tilt facr for daily ground reflected solar radiation X C Critical radiation β Tilt angle Declination angle δ m Latitude of the location Solar radiation utilizability Ƞ b Average energy efficiency of the battery Ƞ c Cabling efficiency Ƞ T Maximum power point tracking efficiency Ƞ vr Voltage regular efficiency Ƞ w PV array wiring efficiency ω Hour angle ω sm Sunset hour angle ω stm Sunrise hour angle PV Phovoltaic III. METHOD-I The complete analytical methodology has been presented in Method-I. Solar radiation data, tilt facr and instantaneous solar radiation the location have been used estimate the stand-alone PV system. A. ESTIMATION OF ENERGY REQUIREMENT The load demand must be met by the energy output of the PV array installed. So, for a certain load, the required daily output from the PV array (E pl ) m should be equal () (E pl ) m = (L dm + L nm / η b )/(η w η T η vr η c ) where L dm is the average daytime load, and L nm is the average night time load, η b is the average energy efficiency of the battery, η w is the PV array wiring efficiency, η T is the maximum power point tracking efficiency, η vr is the voltage regular efficiency,and η c is the cabling efficiency. Annual daily average energy E pl, required by the load is given by 0 P a g e
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: -9 www.ijera.com Vol., Issue, March -April 0, pp0- E pl ( Ldm Lnm / b) () ( w T vr c) m B. REQUIREMENT OF PV ARRAY AREA PV array must be capable of covering load and power conditioning unit losses on a yearly basis for calculating nimum PV array area (An) which can be estimated from the equation given by ( Ldm Lnm / b) ( ) A HTm( e) m( d) w T vr c A n INT A () where ΔA is the incremental step in array area, which depends on the array configuration (e.g., it can be the area of an additional module or sub-array). The maximum PV array area (A max ) can be estimated as a multiple (say two times) of A n. For a given value of PV array area A, between A n and A max, it is possible compute the energy flow in a PV system. C. PV SIZING The number of PV panels required for the system is estimated from PV array area A required and area of the module chosen for the design. A Number of panels required = Area of Module () D. BATTERY SYSTEM SIZING The tal capacity of battery required is obtained from supply watt hour and days of aunomy i.e. number of days the battery alone should supply power load. This is taken based on number of cloudy days. The supply watt hour is calculated by: Supply Wh = Load Wh x Battery Aunomy () The battery watt hour is calculated from: Battery Wh = Supply Wh (DOD BEF ACEF ) And, battery ampere hour is obtained from: Battery Ah = BatteryWh VAT () () E. INVERTER SIZING Most of the electrical appliances work on alternative current and the electricity generated from PV system is direct current in nature. Hence inverters are used in PV system convert DC electricity AC and make it suitable for AC applications. Inverters are placed between PV arrays and the load. Various Inverters like Sine wave inverter, PWM inverter, etc are available in market which can be selected depending upon requirement. Inverter o/p power rating =. x maximum load () F. SOLAR RADIATION UTILIZABILITY The PV battery systems are based on an important design ol, namely solar radiation utilizability which is very vital in designing of PV battery systems. This solar radiation utilizability (Φ) is defined as the fraction of tal radiation incident on the array that exceeds a specified intensity called critical level. The critical level (I c ) is a radiation level at which the rate of electrical energy production is just equal the hourly load (L d ) which is given by ( I ) c ( Ld) (9) A(( e) m( d)( w)( T)( vr)( c)) The solar radiation utilizability (Φ) is defined as ( IT) ( Ic) (0) ( IT) The average daily utilizability is defined as a fraction of the monthly tal solar radiation that is above a critical radiation level. IV. METHOD-II In Method-II, first a load chart is developed based on the load and consumption of energy. Different appliances, their wattage, number of appliances and duration of usage are required develop the load chart. The load chart is prepared by multiplying the number of appliances with wattage of each appliance get maximum watts. This maximum watt is multiplied with duty facr get average watts. This is multiplied with number of hours of usage get watt hours. For different appliances the maximum watts, average watts and tal watt hours are aggregated individually for calculation purpose. A. PV SIZING PV sizing means deterning the number of panels required support the load. Initially the tal power that is required be generated from panels is calculated from the formula Peak PV watts ( W p ) = Load Wh (PSH) SYSEF () Here load Wh is obtained from the load chart. PSH is the average daily peak sun hour in design month for selected tilt and orientation of the PV array. This is P a g e
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: -9 www.ijera.com Vol., Issue, March -April 0, pp0- the amount of time where useful solar energy is present. This value varies from location location. PSH average daily peak sun hours in design month for selected tilt and orientation of PV array. SYSEF is the overall system efficiency i.e. product of AC system efficiency, Battery efficiency and DC system efficiency. SYSEF = DCEF x BEF x ACEF () The number of modules required is estimated from the formula: :00 Television x 0 0W :00 x 0 x 0 :00 0W Table : Daily Load Data of G.V.P.C.O.E. Girls Hostel A. ESTIMATION OF ENERGY REQUIREMENT 00 00 From Equation, 00 (00 ) ( ) 0.0 Epl m = 0Wh (0.9 0.9 0.99 0.9) 0 000 90 Number of PV modules = Wp / Module Wp () The battery and inverter sizing are silar Method- I. V. CASE STUDY AND CALCULATIONS Girls Hostel Block in Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering & Technology in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA has been considered for making the model calculations. A panel or 0W p manufactured by EMMVEE with area of.9m is considered for the purpose of calculation. (i) METHOD-I The collected data and the calculations are as below: The tal hostel load is as Appliance Qty Wattage (W) Tube lights 0 0 Geysers 0 000 Television 0 Grinder (large) 000 Table : Hostel Load The daily load data of G.V.P.C.O.E. Girls Hostel has been tabulated as shown below: Time QtyxWatts Energy Appliance Hrs (Hrs) of appliance (Wh) :00 9:00 9:00 :00 :00 :00 :00 Geysers Grinders Television Television x 0 x 0 0 x 000 x 000 90W x 0 x 0 x 0 90W x 0 x 0 x 0 0W x 0 x 0 0 090 0000 000 0 9000 90 00 0 0 0 00 0 000 00 B. REQUIREMENT OF PV ARRAY AREA From Equation, A 0 n INT.9 =.m.9 99 Where, ( ) m HTm e ( d) = 99 (Refer Appendix-A) C. PV SIZING From Equation, Number of panels required =..9 = Therefore, panels of 0W p are required. D. BATTERY SYSTEM SIZING From Equations, and, Supply Wh = 090 = 0 Battery Wh = 0 = Wh (0.0 0.0.90) Battery Ah = = 9Ah 9 E. INVERTER SIZING From Equation, Inverter o/p power rating =. x 0 = 0W F. SOLAR RADIATION UTILIZABILITY From Equation 9, 00 ( I ) c 0.90 0.9 0.9 0.99 0.9 =. (I T ) = (I b ) (R b ) + (I d ) R d + (I g ) R r () (I g ) = (I b ) + (I d ) () ( Ib) ( Id) ( Cos Cos sm) ( a bcos ) H ( Sin Cos () gm sm sm sm) P a g e
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: -9 www.ijera.com Vol., Issue, March -April 0, pp0- ( I ) d ( Cos Cos sm) Hdm ( Sin Cos sm sm sm) () a 0.09 0.0 Sin( sm- ) () b 0.09 0. Sin( sm- ) (9) here, = 0 0 sm = 9. a = 0., b = 0. (I g ) = 9., (I d ) =.0 & (I b ) =.9 and hence (I T ) = 9 From Equation 0, 9 = 0. 9 The solar radiation utilizability =0. is %, i.e. % of the energy from the PV arrays is available for charging the batteries during day time. (i) METHOD-II A. PV SIZING The load chart we considered for the calculations is shown below in Table. Load W att s Qt y Tota l Max.Wat t avg. watts H o u rs Wh Tube 0 0 0 00 lights 90 0 0 0 0 0 000 Geyser 0 0000 0000 0 0 Televisio 0 00 00 n 0 0 00 0 0 0 Duty facr =.0 for all appliances Table : Load Chart Load Wh W p = = 000. 0.0. 0. = 0W Number of PV panels = 0 = 0 panels of 0W p are required. VI. COST ANALYSIS The cost analysis for the conventional system and stand alone phovoltaic system for both the methods has been done. Conventional cost analysis is same in Method-I and Method-II, whereas the stand-alone PV system cost analysis differs. 0% of the load is considered be supplied from state electricity board (SEB), and 0% from diesel powered generars due the power outages at the location selected. A. CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM Non peak hour unit cost = Rs..9/- Peak hour unit cost = Rs..9/- Diesel generation cost per unit = Rs./- Non peak hour units = 9.KWh Non peak hour KWAh = 9.. 0.9 KWAh Non peak hour units from S.E.B. = 9.KWAh Non peak hour units from S.E.B. cost per day = Rs./- Non peak hour units from diesel generar = 9.9KWAh Diesel generation cost per day = Rs./- Non peak hour cost per year =. x = Rs.99/- Peak hour units = KWAh Peak hour units from S.E.B. = 9.KWAh Peak hour units from diesel generar =.KWAh S.E.B. units cost per day = Rs./- Diesel generation cost per day = Rs.9./- Peak hour cost per year = x = Rs.0/- KVA cost per year = Rs.000/- cost of the system = Rs./- B. STAND-ALONE PV SYSTEM OF METHOD-I watts of the system = No. of panels x peak power of each panel = x 0 = 090W Cost per one watt = Rs./- cost of the system = 090 x = Rs.00/- The payback period can be estimated by dividing the cost of the stand alone PV system by cost per year of conventional system. 00 0. In this case the payback period is 0 years, months. Annual savings after payback period is Rs./- C. STAND-ALONE PV SYSTEM OF METHOD-II Cost per watt = Rs./- maximum watts = No. of panels x peak power of each panel = x 0 = 00W cost of system = 00 x = Rs.000/- The payback period can be estimated by dividing the cost of the stand alone PV system by cost P a g e
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: -9 www.ijera.com Vol., Issue, March -April 0, pp0- per year of conventional system. = 000 =. Therefore payback period is years, months. Annual savings after payback period is Rs./- D. COMPARISON BETWEEN METHOD I & II A tabular column has been constructed using all the above data for comparison between the two methods employed so as get a clear picture of the advantageous method based on resources. This tabular column is as shown in Table. Sl. Descripti No. on Method I Method II Energy 090Wh 000Wh No. of PV panels required Capacity of 9Ah 9Ah Battery (Ah) Inverter capacity 0W 000W required Cost of System Rs.00/- Rs.000/- Payback 0 years, years, Period months months Annual Savings after payback period Rs./- Rs./- Table : Comparison between Method I & Method II VII. CONCLUSIONS The objective of this paper was design a standalone phovoltaic system on radiation data (available for the location) optize the space requirement and cost of installation. A standalone phovoltaic system for meeting the electrical energy and for the energy requirement for Girls Hostel is presented as a case study for explaining the methodology adapted. From the work presented, it can be concluded that the design based on monthly average daily energy generated (Method I) gives a requirement of panels whereas the calculation based on thumb rule (Method II) gives 0 panels. of the panel be 0 years as claimed by the industry, the remaining 0% of the life, electrical energy generated will be at a very small cost because of batteries and the maintenance. Keeping in view, the present power shortages, and also frequent interruption of power supply particularly for institutions in rural areas (like ours), it is econocal utilize solar energy for meeting electrical energy requirement. This will improve reliability of power supply at a reasonably low cost which benefits the organization. REFERENCES Journal Papers: Mohan Kolhe, Techno-econoc optimum sizing of a stand-alone solar pho voltaic system, IEEE Transactions on energy conservation, Vol., No., June 009, Pg. -9. Conferences: Proceedings of Work shop on Off-grid Solar PV Components and Systems by National Centre for Promotion of Phovoltaic Research and Education (NCPRE) at IIT Bombay from April th th, 0 at New Delhi. Books: Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes nd edition by John A. Duffie, William A. Beckman, New York; Wiley Publications; 99 A. Mani, Handbook of solar radiation data for India, 90 New Delhi, India; Allied Publishers Private Lited 9 Planning and Installing Phovoltaic Systems nd edition by EARTHSCAN Publications Websites Referred: www.leonics.com www.sunpossible.com www.powern.nic.in www.wikipedia.com www.emmvee.com The initial investment is very high; the rate of return is less, i.e. 0 years, months for Method I and years, months for Method II. Assung the life span P a g e
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: -9 www.ijera.com Vol., Issue, March -April 0, pp0- Hb m (K Wh / m ) Hd m APPENDIX-A Hg m Rb Jan 000.0 Feb 90. Mar 9.0 Apr 0 0 0.99 May 0 0.9 Jun 9 0.9 Htm= HbmR bm+h dmrd + HgmR r 9.9 9.0 9.0 0.. 9.0 Jul 0 00 0.9 9. Aug 0 0.9 Sep 9.0 Oct 0 9 09. Nov 9 0. Dec 0 9 0.. A H tm *A *ƞ d 0...0 9. Sum Sum 9. 0. Average Average. 99.0.. 0. 9. 9.9.. 9.9 0. 9. 0.. P a g e