Eucalyptus torelliana (=Corymbia torelliana) (Cadaga, Cadagi tree, Torell's eucalyptus) -- FLORIDA

Eucalyptus torelliana (=Corymbia torelliana) (Cadaga, Cadagi tree, Torell's eucalyptus) -- FLORIDA Answer 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0 1.02 Has the species become naturalised where grown? 1.03 Does the species have weedy races? 2.01 Species suited to FL climates (USDA hardiness zones; 0-low, 1-intermediate, 2- high) 2 2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y 1 2.04 Native or naturalized in regions with an average of 11-60 inches of annual y 1 precipitation 2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural y range? 3.01 Naturalized beyond native range y 2 3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y 2 3.03 Weed of agriculture n 0 3.04 Environmental weed y 4 3.05 Congeneric weed y 2 4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 0 4.02 Allelopathic? 4.03 Parasitic n 0 4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals? 4.05 Toxic to animals n 0 4.06 Host for recognised pests and pathogens? 4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 0 4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems? 4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? 4.10 Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils). y 1 North & Central Zones: infertile soils; South Zone: shallow limerock or Histisols. 4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit n 0 4.12 Forms dense thickets n 0 5.01 Aquatic n 0 5.02 Grass n 0 5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0 5.04 Geophyte n 0 6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.02 Produces viable seed y 1 6.03 Hybridizes naturally y 1 6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic? 6.05 Requires specialist pollinators n 0 6.06 Reproduction by vegetative propagation 6.07 Minimum generative time (years) Score

7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 1 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant? 7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n -1 7.05 Propagules water dispersed? 7.06 Propagules bird dispersed n -1 7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y 1 7.08 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) n -1 8.01 Prolific seed production y 1 8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) n -1 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides? 8.04 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation n -1 8.05 Effective natural enemies present in U.S. Total Score Implemented Pacific Second Screening Risk Assessment Results 13 No Reject

Reference 1.01 Nahrung, H.F. et al. 2010. Susceptibility of Corymbia species and hybrids to arthropod herbivory in Australian subtropical hardwood plantations. Southern Forests, 72(3/4): 147-152. Source data Cultivated, but no evidence of selection for reduced weediness. 1. Primarily developed for disease resistance and amenability to clonal propagation and have also proven to have good growth rates and site plasticity. 1.02 Skip to 2.01 1.03 Skip to 2.01 2.01 1. PERAL NAPPFAST Global Plant Hardiness (http://www.nappfast.org/plant_hardiness/nappfast%20 Global%20zones/10- year%20climate/plant_hardiness_10yr%20lgnd.tif) & Arbor Day http://www.arborday.org/media/zones.cfm. 2. USDA/ARS-GRIN [Online Database]. National Germplasm No computer analysis was performed. 1. Global plant hardiness zones 9-11; equivalent to USDA Hardiness zones 8b-11b (north, central, south zones of Florida). 2. Distributional range: Native to northeastern coastal Queensland Australia. 3. Predominantly along coast of northeast Queensland, Australia and also near the border of Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland (http://www.arsgrin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?15948 New South Wales. 4. Cultivated and naturalised in [Accessed: 25 July 2011]). 3. Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria Inc. (CHAH). Australia's Virtual Herbarium. CSIRO. 27 July 2011. Web. 4. Queensland Herbarium. Key to Eucalypts of Greater Brisbane. Queensland: Queensland Government, Environmental Protection Agency. August 2001. Print. 5. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 6.a-b. southeast Queensland. 5. Native range - Australia (Queensland). E. torelliana is restricted to rainforest margins or wet sclerophyll forests on deep, relatively rich soils in a narrow high-rainfall belt from 50 to 80 km wide between the coastal plains and the top of adjacent ranges in northeast Queensland. It occurs from Cooktown south to west of Ingham. 6.a. Native habitat: Australia, Tasmania. 6.b. Hardy range: 10A to 11. "Eucalyptus torelliana." horticopia.com. Horticopia, 2011. Web. 25 July 2011. 2.02 No computer analysis was performed. Native range is well known; refer to 2.01 source data. 2.03 1. Köppen-Geiger climate map (http://www.hydrol-earthsyst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf). 2. Ecocrop. Copyright 1993-2007. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Web. 6 February 2012. http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home. 1. Native distribution along the northeast coast of Queensland appears to be in at least 3 climatic groups. 2. Climate zone: tropical wet & dry (Aw). 2.04 1. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2. Ecocrop. Copyright 1993-2007. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Web. 6 February 2012. http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home. 1.Mean annual rainfall is about 2000 mm (79") with a distinct summer maximum during which the average monthly rainfall is about 400 mm (16"). 2. Optimal annual rainfall: 1200-2000 mm (47.2-78.7 in); Absolute annual rainfall: 900-2500 mm (35.4-98.4 in).

2.05 1. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 1. E. torelliana has been cultivated or trialed mainly in low latitude tropical countries to include the following countries. The countries listed are taken from the Australian Tree Seed Centre (CSIRO, FFP) seed database and literature: Nigeria, Cameron, Sierra Leone, Benin, Guinea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Madagascar, Comoros, Malawi, Zambia, Congo Democratic republic (Zaire), South Africa, India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Brunei, Malaysia, Fiji, Brazil, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines and Mexico.' 3.01 1. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203- Press. 3.02 1. Wunderlin, R. P., and B. F. Hansen. 2008. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants (http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/).[s. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), Florida Center for Community Design and Research.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa. 1. Naturalized in China and Florida. 1. Observed: 22 February 2008 in Lee County, Florida; Habitat: roadside. 3.03 No evidence. 3.04 1. Wunderlin, R. P., and B. F. Hansen. 2008. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants (http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/).[s. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), Florida Center for Community Design and Research.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa. 1. Observed: 14 June 2001 in Palm Beach County, Florida; Habitat: Trees and seedlings in a designated preserve used for pasture; plants coming from a development (Frenchman's Creek) to the north where this species is used in landscaping. 3.05 1. Holm, L. et al. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1979. 4.01 1. US Forest Service, Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). Online resource at http://www.hear.org/pier/ accessed [25 July 2011]. 2. Queensland Herbarium. Key to Eucalypts of Greater Brisbane. Queensland: Queensland Government, Environmental Protection Agency. August 2001. Print. 1. The following eucalypts are considered principal weeds in Australia (principal weed in this context is ranked according to the importance of the weed and is usually referring to about the five most troublesome species for the crop): E. cambageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, E. pilularis, E. populnea, E. tetradonta. No evidence of such morphological features.

4.02 1. Reissmann, S. 2002. Allelopathic affects of Eucalyptus and Corymbia species on germination and growth of Lactuca sativa. 25 August 2011. http://www.reissmann.info/bibliotheke/biologio/shr-- 2002-10-10--Allelopathy+Eucalypts+Lettuce--Rep--en- 03.pdf. 2. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203-209). In D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek, eds. Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1. The marked, yet insignificant difference in growth between the lettuce seedlings subject to treatment with extracts of different genera, and the fairly great similarity between lettuce seedlings treated with extracts of the same genera, suggests, that Corymbia or, more precisely, Corymbia leaves might inhibit growth, particularly root growth, in lettuce. In summary the results indicate, that leachates of fresh leaves of Corymbia clarksoniana (Grey Bloodwood), Corymbia torreliana (Cadaghi), Eucalyptus grandis (Rose Gum) and Eucalyptus platyphylla (Poplar Gum) probably do not exert any allelopathic effect on lettuce (Lactuca sativa ). However, our experiment gave some hints that Corymbia leaf leachates may, in contrast to Eucalyptus leaf leachates, inhibit growth in Lactuca sativa. 2. Concerns expressed about suppression of ground vegetation due to possible allelopathic effects. Allelopathic effects are widely reported and these reports are largely based on laboratory bioassays. If not chemical inhibition then at least accumulation of dead material of the floor of eucalypt plantations hinders regeneration of native species. 4.03 No evidence. 4.04 1. "Eucalyptus torelliana Fact Sheet." dendro.cnre.vt.edu. 1. Leaf is described as leathery. VTREE ID, Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, n. d. Web. 26 July 2011. 4.05 No evidence. 4.06 1. Keane, P.J., G.A. Kile, & F.D. Podger. Diseases and Pathogens of Eucalypts. Collingwood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO, 2000. Web. 2. US Forest Service, Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). Online resource at http://www.hear.org/pier/ accessed [25 July 2011] No evidence that these pests are economically important. 1. Potential host for the fungus Dothiorella eucalypti. Slightly susceptibel to Cylindrocladiella parva, C. curvatum, C. floridatum, C. ilicicola, C. quinqueseptatum, C. scoparium. 2. Insect pests: Amblyseius victoriensis, Ceresa alta, Eulepida mashona, Monolepta australis [1]; Fungus diseases: Corticium salmonicolor, Cryphonectria gyrosa, Cylindrocladium ovatum, Pseudophaeolus baudonii ; Undetermined pests: Valsa eucalypti 4.07 No evidence.

4.08 1. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203- Press. 2. Gill, A.M. Eucalypts and fires: interdependent or independent? In: Eucalypt ecology: individuals to ecosystems. Ed. J.E. Williams & J. Woinarski. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 4.09 1.a-b. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203- Press. 4.10 1. Boland, D.J. et al. Forest Trees of Australia. 5th ed. Collingswood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO, 2006. Print. 1. Accumulated litter in dense eucalypt stands are extremely flammable. 2. Eucalypts often are the major source of fuel for fires, but not always. 1.a. It is one of the few eucalypts that can survive in closed rainforest conditions being tolerant of shade, competition and high rainfall year round. 1.b. The species is reported to be intolerant of shade and competition (Keating and Bolza, 1982). 2. Shade-tolerant sub-canopy species are not known. 1. Sandy loams derived from granite and metamorphic rocks, drainage is good, yet soil moisture retention is high. 4.11 1. USDA/ARS-GRIN [Online Database]. National Germplasm 1. Family: Myrtaceae. 2. Medium-sized tree, 20-30 m tall. Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland (http://www.arsgrin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?15948 [Accessed: 25 July 2011]). 2. Boland, D.J. et al. Forest Trees of Australia. 5th ed. Collingswood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO, 2006. Print. 4.12 1. Boland, D.J. et al. Forest Trees of Australia. 5th ed. Collingswood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO, 2006. Print. 5.01 1. Boland, D.J. et al. Forest Trees of Australia. 5th ed. Collingswood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO, 2006. Print. 5.02 1. USDA/ARS-GRIN [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland (http://www.arsgrin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?15948 [Accessed: 25 July 2011]). No evidence. 1. Medium-sized tree, 20-30 m tall, generally of good form with a straight bole to two-thirds of total height. 1. Found in tall open forests on margins of closed tropical rainforests. 1. Family: Myrtaceae. 5.03 1. USDA/ARS-GRIN [Online Database]. National Germplasm 1. Family: Myrtaceae. Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland (http://www.arsgrin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?15948 [Accessed: 25 July 2011]). 5.04 1. USDA/ARS-GRIN [Online Database]. National Germplasm 1. Family: Myrtaceae ; Tree, woody plant. Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland (http://www.arsgrin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?15948 [Accessed: 25 July 2011]). 6.01

6.02 1. Pyper, W. "Princes of bees." ECOS April-June 2001: 18-20. Web. 2. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203-209). In D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek, eds. Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions. Berkeley: University of California Press. 6.03 1. Smith, H.J., M. Henson, & S. Boyton. "Systematic studies in the eucalypts: 7. A revision of the bloodwoods, genus Corymbia (Myrtaceae)." Australasian Forest Genetics Conference Breeding for Wood Quality, 11-14 April 2007, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Australasian Forestry 1. Wallace and Trueman looked at the viability and germinability of seeds collected from the resin around hive entrances and underneath the hives and found that 94% of the seeds were viable. 2. Eucalypt breeding system is of mixed mating with preferential outcrossing. 1. There is potential for gene flow from C. torelliana to native spotted gum forests, as C. torelliana has been observed to form natural hybrids with other Corymbia spp. (Hill & Johnson 1995; Forests NSW, unpublished). 2.a. E. torelliana has shown promise as a hybrid parent in Research Working Group 1 (Genetics). N.p., 2007. Web. 2.ae. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global since there are indications of increased growth combination with E. citriodora and possibly E. variegata Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. performance and immunity to shoot blight caused by Sporothrix pitereka in Queensland. 2.b. In its natural habitat, E. torelliana does not have the opportunity to hybridize with any member of the section Ochraria (Hill and Johnson, 1995) and no natural hybrids were recorded by Griffin et al., (1988). 2.c. Wardell-Johnson et al., (1997) refer to natural hybrids between E. tessellaris x E. torelliana in the North Kennedy Pastoral District of north Queensland. 2.d. Lamb (1967) cited in Barrett and Mullin (1968) report that a natural hybrid between E. citriodora x E. torelliana from the Jos Plateau in Nigeria was much more vigorous than either parent. 2.e. Kapoor and Sharma (1984) reported on the presence of spontaneous hybrids between E. citriodora and E. torelliana in India. 6.04 1. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2. Eucalypts (203-209). In D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek, eds. 1. The mating system of E. torelliana is likely to be predominantly outcrossing (Eldridge et al., 1993). 2. Eucalypt breeding system is of mixed mating with Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions. Berkeley: University of preferential outcrossing. California Press. 6.05 1. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 6.06 6.07 1. "Eucalyptus torelliana." horticopia.com. Horticopia, 2011. Web. 25 July 2011. 7.01 1. Pollination in eucalypts is normally by insects, or rarely by wind, and like other species of eucalypts, the mating system of E. torelliana is likely to be predominantly outcrossing (Eldridge et al., 1993). 1. Growth rate: fast

7.02 1.a-e. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 1.a. One of the most important attributes of E. torelliana is its potential as a windbreak. Grout and Stephen (1995) reported that the species was suitable as a windbreak for citrus orchards. 1.b. It is well suited as a fast growing shade tree and can provide commercial timber being a multiple use species. 1.c. It is widely cultivated in Australia as an amenity plant in warm localities outside its natural distribution. 1.d. E. torelliana can be a useful cover species providing the shade and shelter necessary to establish rainforest gardens as it grows and withstands full sun and wind even when small (Sankowsky, 1983). 1.e. Wood Products: roundwood,posts, piles, building poles, sawn or hewn building timbers, for heavy construction, for light construction, flooring, engineering structures, bridges, railway sleepers, woodware, industrial and domestic woodware, tool handles, sports equipment, vehicle bodies, wood-based materials,particleboard, fibreboard, hardboard, pulp, short-fibre pulp, charcoal. 7.03 1. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 1. It is possible that it could latch on to crops (i.e., maize) due do sticky resin that it produces (e.g.couto et al. (1994) reported on the establishment of E. torelliana inter cropped with maize in Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais, Brazil). 7.04 1. Boland, D.J. et al. Forest Trees of Australia. 5th ed. Collingswood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO, 2006. Print. 2. Potts, B. 1990. The response of eucalypt populations to a changing environment. Tasforests, December: 179-193. 3. Cremer, K.W. 1977. Distance of seed dispersal in Eucalypts estimated from seed weights. Australian Forest Research, 7(4): 225-228. 4. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203-209). In: D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek, eds. Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions. Berkeley: University of California Press. No adaptions for wind dispersal (i.e., lacks wings). 1. Seeds elliptical, non-winged, red-brown, hilum ventral. 2. Seed dispersal in most eucalypt species is mainly by wind and gravity. 3. Wind is probably the only important agent of seed dispersal in the eucalypts, except possibly in species growing on river margins or flood plains where water could also transport the seed. 4. Relatively limited seed dispersal; planted eucalypts are very small and have no adaptions for dispersal (wings or fleshy). The passive release of seeds is undoubtedly aided by wind; however all rigorous studies of eucalypt seed dispersal and seedling spatial distribution show that in general seeds are dispersed over quite short distances that are in agreement with measurement of terminal descent velocity.

7.05 1. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203- Press. 7.06 1. Southern, S.G. et al. 2004. Review of gene movement by bats and birds and its potential significance for eucalypt plantation forestry. Australian Forestry, 67(1): 44-53. 7.07 1. Pyper, W. "Princes of bees." ECOS April-June 2001: 18-20. Web. 1. Eucalypts should not be planted near rivers/streams. Temporarily flooded or eroded river/stream banks are suitable habitat for spontaneous establishment of seedlings. Additionally, their seeds can be dispersed for long distances by running water. 1. Dispersal in animal droppings does not occur, although many birds eat eucalypt seed, because the seed does not survive passage through the alimentary canal of mammals and birds (Joseph 1986). 1. Cadagi tree (Eucalyptus torelliana ) seeds usually litter the entrance of Trigona carbonaria (a stingless bee) hives, as the bees acquire the seeds while foraging for resin in the gumnuts. 2. When T. carbonaria entered Cadagi gumnuts to collect resin they ofter emerged carrying resin in their 'corbicule' (pollen baskets) with one or two seeds attached. Before returning to the hive, workers attempt to dislodge the seeds by grooming, scraping the seeds onto nearby leaves or gumnuts. At other times they would attempt to remove the seeds at the hive entrance or carry the seeds directly into the hive. It is known that most of the seeds taken into the hives were removed, as Wallace & Trueman (1995) observed "workers fly away from the hive entrance carrying seeds in their mandibles and forelegs. They were often discarded within 10 metres of the hive, and we suspect they can disperse the seed up to two kilometers away from the parent tree." 7.08 1. Southern, S.G. et al. 2004. Review of gene movement by bats and birds and its potential significance for eucalypt plantation forestry. Australian Forestry, 67(1): 44-53. 8.01 1.a-b. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 8.02 1. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203- Press. 1. Dispersal in animal droppings does not occur, although many birds eat eucalypt seed, because the seed does not survive passage through the alimentary canal of mammals and birds (Joseph 1986). 1.a. The species can be a precocious seeder and capsules mature in January-March. 1.b. Weediness could become a problem given that the species can produce copious quantities of seed and it is adaptable to a wide range of sites as found in Queensland. 1. Eucalypt seeds do not have dormancy and seed storage in the soil lasts less than a year.

8.03 1. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203- Press. 8.04 1. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 8.05 1. Triclopyr or glyphosate applied to freshly cut stumps can greatly reduce resprouting. 1. E. torelliana has a limited natural distribution and the influence of fires and land clearing has further reduced its distribution.