Fibre Science and Technology

Fibre Science and Technology

Soviet Advanced Composites Technology Series Series editors: J. N. Fridlyander, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia I. H. Marshall, University of Paisley, Paisley, UK This series forms a unique record of research, development and application of composite materials and components in the former Soviet Union. The material presented in each volume, much of it previously unpublished and classified until recent1y, gives the reader a detailed insight into the theory and methodology employed and the results achieved, by the Soviet Union's top scientists and engineers in relation to this versatile class of materials. Titles in the series 1. Composite Manufacturing Technology Editors: A. G. Bratukhin and V. S. Bogolyubov 2. Ceramic- and Carbon-matrix Composites Editor: V. 1. Trefilov 3. Metal Matrix Composites Editor: J. N. Fridlyander 4. Polymer Matrix Composites Editor: R. E. Shalin 5. Fibre Science and Technology Editor: V.1. Kostikov 6. Composite Materials in Aerospace Design Editors: G.1. Zagainov and G. E. Lozino-Lozinski

Fibre Science and Technology Edited by v. 1. Kostikov Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia IDI'I SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1995 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1995 Originally published by Chapman & Hali Typeset in 10/12pt Palatino by Thomson Press (India) Ud., Madras ISBN 978-94-010-4250-5 ISBN 978-94-011-0565-1 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0565-1 Apart from any fair dea ling for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries conceming reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library e Printed on acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSI/ l\j1so Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

Contents List of contributors viii Series preface Introduction V. 1. Kostikov 1 Glass fibres V. E. Khazanov, Yu. 1. Kolesov and N. N. Trofimov 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Requirements of melts for glass fibre production 1.3 Methods of glass fibre production 1.4 Formation of refractory and special glass fibres 1.5 Equipment and materials for glass melting 1.6 Feeder systems of direct plants 1.7 Production of woven materials 1.8 Looms used for manufacturing glass fabrics 1.9 Production of non-woven materials 1.10 Properties of glass fibres 1.11 Adhesion properties 1.12 Basic grades of glass fibres 1.13 Dispersive fillers: glass and ceramic microspheres 1.14 Secondary processing of waste 2 Carbon fibres A. T. Kaverov, M. E. Kazakov and V. Ya. Varshavsky 2.1 Types of carbon fibres 2.2 Production of carbon fibres 2.3 Carbon fibres based on polyacrylonitrile 2.4 Production of carbon fibres from rayon fibres 2.5 Carbon fibres based on isotropic pitches 2.6 Carbon fibres based on liquid crystalline pitches ix 1 15 15 16 24 34 59 66 87 103 109 117 138 159 208 212 231 231 235 248 269 281 295

vi CONTENTS 2.7 Super-high-modulus super-high-strength carbon fibres 2.8 Surface treatment of carbon fibres 2.9 Application and economics of carbon fibres 3 Organic fibres as fillers of composite materials G. I. Kudryavtsev and I. V. Zhmaeva 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Stiff-chain polymer fibres 3.3 Fibres from thermotropic aromatic polyesters and other polymers 3.4 Thermoresistant polymer fibres 3.5 Flexible-chain polymer fibres 3.6 Conclusions 4 Inorganic filaments on a substrate: boron and silicon carbide fibres A. M. Tsirlin 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Structure, properties and strength characteristics 4.3 Nature of strength and ways to improve it 4.4 Physico-chemical basis of manufacture 4.5 Production 4.6 Some composite characteristics 5 Inorganic silicon carbide, Tyranno and silicon nitride fibres without substrate A. M. Tsirlin 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Fibre properties 5.3 Physico-chemical basis of manufacture 5.4 Production 5.5 Some characteristics of composite materials 6 Ceramic fibres V.!. Kostikov, M.F. Makhova, V.P. Sergeev and V.!. Treftlov 6.1 Alumina fibres 6.2 Fibres based on boron nitride 6.3 Basalt fibres and articles based on them 302 315 324 359 359 360 377 381 387 391 397 397 398 417 434 441 444 457 457 458 495 528 531 557 557 568 581

CONTENTS vii 7 Methods of testing fibres and reinforced plastics 607 V.N. Bakulin, V.I. Kostikov and A.A. Rassokha 7.1 Theory of monofilament testing methods and prediction of plastic properties from test results 607 7.2 Theory of methods for determination of fibre properties from microplastic test results 616 7.3 Theoretical basis of methods for determination of fibre properties from plastic property test results 620 7.4 Experimental methods 635 7.5 Holographic and finite-element study of reinforcing components with a matrix 641

Contributors V.N. Bakulin AT. Kaverov M.E. Kazakov V.E. Khazanov Yu.L Kolesov V.1. Kostikov G.L Kudryavtsev M.F. Makhova AA Rassokha V.P. Sergeev V.1. Trefilov N.N. Trofimov AM. Tsirlin V.Ya. Varshavsky LV. Zhmaeva

Series preface Some years ago in Paisley (Scotland) the International Conference on Composite Materials, headed by Professor I. Marshall, took place. During the conference, I presented a paper on the manufacturing and properties of the Soviet Union's composite materials. Soviet industry had made great achievements in the manufacturing of composite materials for aerospace and rocket applications. For example, the fraction of composites (predominantly carbon fibre reinforced plastics) in the large passenger aircrafts Tu-204 and 11-86 is 12-15% of the structure weight. The percentage by weight share of composites in military aircraft is greater and the fraction of composites (organic fibre reinforced plastics) used in military helicopters exceeds a half of the total structure weight. The nose parts of most rockets are produced in carbon-carbon materials. In the Soviet spacecraft 'Buran' many fuselage tubes are made of boron-aluminium composites. Carbon-aluminium is used for space mirrors and gas turbine blades. These are just a few examples of applications. Many participants at the Paisley conference suggested that the substantial Soviet experience in the field of composite materials should be distilled and presented in the form of a comprehensive reference publication. So the idea of the preparation and publication of a six volume work Soviet Advanced Composites Technology, edited by Professor I. Marshall and me, was born. AcademicianJ.N. Fridlyander Moscow, May 1994