Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin Zeszyty Naukowe Akademia Morska w Szczecinie 2010, 21(93) pp. 40 45 2010, 21(93) s. 40 45 National Systems of Safety and Protection of Navigation Narodowy System Bezpieczeństwa i Ochrony Żeglugi Krzysztof Czaplewski, Zdzisław Kopacz, Wacław Morgaś Naval Academy of Poland Akademia Marynarki Wojennej 81-103 Gdynia, ul. Śmidowicza 69, e-mail: k.czaplewski@amw.gdynia.pl Key words: Maritime Safety and Security System, National Maritime Safety and Security Systems Abstract In this paper, an attempt has been made to present National Maritime Safety and Security Systems. Such systems have been established as a result of close cooperation of national maritime services and ships themselves. Such systems operate in national maritime areas of particular states, regardless of EU membership. The history of the development of above mentioned systems is much longer than the history of the International Maritime Safety and Security System. However, the organizational and functional structure of these systems has been scarcely presented in the shipping literature. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to bring these issues closer to the public attention. Słowa kluczowe: System Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego i Ochrony Żeglugi, Narodowe Systemy Bezpieczeństwa i Ochrony Żeglugi Abstrakt W artykule podjęto próbę przedstawienia Narodowych Systemów Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego i Ochrony Żeglugi. Systemy te są wynikiem skoordynowanego funkcjonowania służb morskich państw oraz załóg okrętów. Tego rodzaju systemy funkcjonują na obszarach morskich państw, bez względu na to, czy są one członkami Unii Europejskiej czy też nie. Wspomniane systemy mają nieporównanie dłuższą historię niż Międzynarodowy System Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego i Ochrony Żeglugi. Niemniej jednak historia ich rozwoju, a zwłaszcza struktura organizacyjno-funkcjonalna, nie znalazła prawie żadnego odzwierciedlenia w literaturze przedmiotu. Dlatego też głównym założeniem artykułu jest wyeliminowanie podstawowych zaniedbań w tym względzie. Introduction The System of Maritime Safety and Protection of Navigation comprises the following three fundamental levels: international level, regional level i.e. the European Union level and the national level. The last one embodies National Systems of Safety and Protection of Navigation. The essential aim of the authors is to present a functional-organizational structure of the latter level of safety at sea and navigation protection management. The presented issues are set out below: functional-organizational structure of the International System of Marine Safety and Protection of Navigation standing for the international level of safety at sea and navigation protection management; functional-organizational structure of the Marine Safety and Protection of Navigation System of the European Union, i.e. the regional level of management of safety at sea and protection of navigation; general requirements referring to the National Systems of Safety and Protection of Navigation; functional-organizational structure of the National Systems of Safety and Protection of Navigation, i.e. the national level of maritime safety and protection of navigation. 40 Scientific Journals 21(93)
National Systems of Safety and Protection of Navigation Functional-organizational structure of the International System of Marine Safety and Protection of Navigation The main type of human activity at sea is transportation of commodities. About 85% of the total goods exchange volume in international trade is realized by sea transport. Therefore the International System of Marine Safety and Protection is identified with maritime safety and protection of navigation. Such a system is presented in figure 1. Figure 1 shows basic instruments of the International System of Marine Safety and Protection of Navigation, which, apart from the International Maritime Organization (IMO), are mainly the international maritime conventions, such as: SOLAS 74, MARPOL 73/78, STCW 78/95 and many others, amounting to about 40. The following are international systems and services [1]: World-Wide Navigational Warning Service (WWNWS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GPS) (soon GALILEO and other systems), Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), Long Range Identification and Tracking system (LRIT) as well as many other systems. Functional-organizational structure of the safety and protection of navigation in the European Union The System of Safety and Protection of Navigation of the European Union has been composed of sub-regional systems for example: Baltic Sea System and the National Systems of Safety and Protection of Navigation, supported by systems and institutions of the European Union. The most important of them are as follows: Vessel Traffic Management Information System (VTMIS) of the European Union, European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA). Fig. 1. Functional-organizational structure of the International System of Marine Safety and Protection of Navigation Rys. 1. Struktura funkcjonalno-organizacyjna Międzynarodowego Systemu Bezpieczeństwa i Ochrony Żeglugi Zeszyty Naukowe 21(93) 41
Krzysztof Czaplewski, Zdzisław Kopacz, Wacław Morgaś The European systems and institutions have been established on the grounds of regulations and directives issued by the Council and the EU Parliament. The fundamental System of Safety and Protection of Navigation of the EU, as it already has been admitted, is the Vessel Traffic Management Information System (VTMIS). Basic components of the System are [2]: Vessel Traffic Service systems (VTS systems); Automatic Identification System for ships (AIS systems); Maritime Assistance Services systems (MAS systems) and their basic components (places of harbourage havens (ports), ships used to tow tankers in danger (ETVs); Long Range Identification and Tracking systems (LRIT systems); Computer network of navigational information exchange of the European Union SafeSeaNet. The operating environment of VTMIS systems is mainly composed of two systems: global, regional and local navigational satellite systems (GPS, EGNOS, DGPS and similar); radio communication systems of GMDSS systems. Basic components of VTMIS systems and the systems forming the operating environment of this system are shown in figure 2. One component of the System of Safety and Protection of Navigation is the sub-regional system of the Baltic Sea Environment, a system built on the basis of the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Convention, which was resolved in 1992 in Helsinki. Parties of the Convention are all the Baltic Sea coastal and the European Union countries. The executive body responsible for realization of the above Convention regulations is the Helsinki Commission, known as HELCOM. The main target of the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) is providing technical and scientific support to the EU Commission and EU member states in implementing legislation referring to safety at sea, marine environment protection Fig. 2. VTMIS system: four components of this system (VTS, AIS, SRS, LRIT) and the supporting systems (DGPS, INMARSAT), and coastal radio stations (UHF, HF, MF) Rys. 2. System VTMIS: cztery elementy systemu (VTS, AIS, SRS, LRIT) i systemy wspomagające (DGPS, INMARSAT) oraz przybrzeżne stacje radiowe (UHF, HF, MF) 42 Scientific Journals 21(93)
National Systems of Safety and Protection of Navigation against pollution caused by ships and protection of ships and port structures. The following are main fields of EMSA interest and activity: inspections and check-ups, especially by vessel classification societies, education of seafarers, Port State Control system (PSC), ship wastes disposal equipment in ports and similar facilities; supervision of enacting EU regulations, especially those referring to the Port State Control (PSC), maritime equipment and systems, maritime safety state, responsibility and liability for actual marine environment pollution; technical assistance in the implementation of the Vessel Traffic Management Information System (VTMIS), investigations of marine accidents and their causes etc.; preparedness to control marine environment pollution, especially by oil pollution control services; marine environment protection against pollution from port equipment for ships wastes disposal; conditions of anti-terrorist protection of ships and port facilities etc. Table 1. General requirements as regards the National Systems of Safety and Navigation Protection Tabela 1. Ogólne wymagania w zakresie Narodowych Systemów Bezpieczeństwa i Ochrony Żeglugi General Requirements 1 of ships construction compliance with the requirements of SOLAS 74 Convention and other maritime conventions 2 of appropriate preparation of ships to be operated at sea 3 Provision of ships with appropriate navigational and hydrographic coverage 4 of ships safe navigation at sea by the ships crews in every respect 5 of reliable alarming about ships in distress and going to rescue thereof (SAR) 6 anti-terrorist protection of ships and port facilities Detailed Requirements floating power, stability, water tightness etc.; fire protection; providing ships with suitable equipment, systems and others. certification of shipboard equipment and systems; suitable manning; adequate qualifications of crew members (according to STCW Convention etc). appropriate navigational infrastructure in the state marine water areas; providing ships with necessary and updated information about marine environment (geographic/hydrographical, legal and operational). appropriate functioning of ships propulsion plants and power generating equipment; assurance of ships internal safety; assurance of ships external / navigational safety (protection against collisions, avoiding groundings and obstructions, dangers due to extreme hydrometeorological conditions, etc.). reliable operation of GMDSS, SAR systems; marine environmental damage control etc. strict observance of International Ship and Port Facility Security Code requirements (ISPS Code), etc. Table 2. Functions of the state maritime services Tabela 2. Funkcje państwowej służby morskiej 1 Inspecting and certification of ships equipment and systems General functions realized by state maritime services 2 Supervision of procedures for preparing all ships crew members to obtain their qualifications and competence to comply with requirements included in STCW 78/95 Convention 3 Providing ships with equipment and monitoring appropriate operation of navigational infrastructure within the state sea areas 4 Organization and functioning of services (hydrographical and others) to provide ships with necessary and updated information about ships maritime environment (geographic / hydrographical, legal and operational) 5 Carrying out the Port State Control 6 Organization and functioning of the search and rescue service (SAR) 7 of ships navigational assistance with the aid of coastal facilities (VTS systems) 8 System of prevention of marine environment pollution by ships 9 System of marine environment oil pollution control 10 of anti-terrorist security for ships and port facilities 11 Coast guard combating any illegal activity at sea Zeszyty Naukowe 21(93) 43
Krzysztof Czaplewski, Zdzisław Kopacz, Wacław Morgaś Requirements concerning the National Systems of Safety and Navigation Protection To provide safety and protection of ships operating at sea, several requirements have to be fulfilled. Some of them are to be met by ships, others by maritime services of the states. One of the objectives of the state maritime services is providing marine safety, marine environment protection against pollution and anti-terrorist protection of ships and port facilities in seawater areas of individual states. General requirements as regards the National Systems of Safety and Protection of Navigation are presented in table 1. The above requirements regarding the National Systems of Safety and Protection of Navigation have to be fulfilled within sea areas of the states (and beyond them) with assistance of the state marine services and by ships crews as well. The functions realized by the state marine services are presented in table 2. However, it should be noted that functional-organizational structures, their subordination, may differ significantly from state to state. Functional-organizational structure of the National Systems of Safety and Protection of Navigation The National Systems of Safety and Protection of Navigation are basic components of International System of Marine Safety and Protection of Navigation (see figure 1) and Regional Systems of Safety and Protection of Navigation such as the European Union s System of Safety and Protection of Navigation (see figure 2). The National Systems of Safety and Protection of Navigation have to comply with all requirements set out in table 1. These Systems, as it has been mentioned above, are formed by the maritime state services, operating within sea areas of the states (see table 2) and by ships, or their personnel to be exact. A sample functional-organizational structure of such system is presented in figure 3. Final conclusions The paper aims at presenting a National System of Safety and Protection of Navigation, precisely, at formulating and describing requirements which have to be complied with by this type of systems, also setting out functional organizational structure of such a system. An essential part of the discussed systems is formed by the Maritime State Services, which jointly with ships crews are capable to generate systems which are very effective in terms of safety and protection of navigation within sea areas of each state. Authors would like also to call attention of the functions of the State Maritime Services. The functions of particular types of the Maritime Services are well known. However, it does not refer to an System of Ships Traffic Monitoring, Assistance and Information of ships classification, certification, inspection and control Maintenance of navigational infrastructure and providing ships with information about its environment of safety and protection by ship crews of alarm in distress and assistance by SAR services of marine environment protection against pollutions Effective control of marine environment pollutions especially of oils of anti-terrorist protection of ships and port facilities Counteracting and illegal activity at sea by the Coast Guard and the like Cooperation and assistance in crisis situations Fig. 3. Functional-organizational structure of the National System of Safety and Protection of Navigation Rys. 3. Struktura funkcjonalno-organizacyjna Narodowego Systemu Bezpieczeństwa i Ochrony Żeglugi 44 Scientific Journals 21(93)
National Systems of Safety and Protection of Navigation integrated effect of joint actions of the services, as these problems have not found their place in professional literature. Thus author expresses this hope that the task will be to a great extent completed and thereby will result in raising the level of security and protection of navigation within sea areas of the states, including the sea area of the Republic of Poland. References 1. KOPACZ Z., MORGAŚ W., URBAŃSKI J.: The Maritime Safety System; Its Components and Elements. The Journal of Navigation, 2001, 2, 199 211. 2. URBAŃSKI J., MORGAŚ W., KOPACZ Z.: The Safety and Security Systems of Maritime Navigation. The Journal of Navigation, 2008, 3, 529 535. This study was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education no. N N 526 2108 33. Recenzent: prof. dr hab. inż. Bernard Wiśniewski Akademia Morska w Szczecinie Zeszyty Naukowe 21(93) 45