PROCESSING BOOKKEEPING TRANSACTIONS

PROCESSING BOOKKEEPING TRANSACTIONS Qualifications and Credit Framework AQ2013 Level 2 Certificate in Accounting

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Published by Kaplan Publishing UK Unit 2, The Business Centre Molly Millars Lane Wokingham Berkshire RG41 2QZ ISBN: 978-1-78415-387-8 The text in this material and any others made available by any Kaplan Group company does not amount to advice on a particular matter and should not be taken as such. No reliance should be placed on the content as the basis for any investment or other decision or in connection with any advice given to third parties. Please consult your appropriate professional adviser as necessary. Kaplan Publishing Limited and all other Kaplan group companies expressly disclaim all liability to any person in respect of any losses or other claims, whether direct, indirect, incidental, consequential or otherwise arising in relation to the use of such materials. Kaplan Financial Limited, 2015 Printed and bound in Great Britain. We are grateful to the Association of Accounting Technicians for permission to reproduce past assessment materials and example tasks based on the new syllabus. The solutions to past assessments and similar activities in the style of the new syllabus have been prepared by Kaplan Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Kaplan Publishing. ii

CONTENTS Introduction Unit guide The assessment Study skills v vii xi xiii STUDY TEXT AND WORKBOOK Chapter Study text Workbook Activities Answers 1 Business documents 1 261 2 Books of prime entry 31 262 3 Double-entry bookkeeping introduction 49 263 4 Ledger accounting 69 272 5 Accounting for credit sales, VAT and discounts 6 Accounting for credit purchases, VAT and discounts 109 280 121 281 7 Control accounts and subsidiary ledgers 131 283 8 Payments and receipts 177 285 Mock Assessment Questions 297 Mock Assessment Answers 315 Index I.1 iii

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INTRODUCTION HOW TO USE THESE MATERIALS These Kaplan Publishing learning materials have been carefully designed to make your learning experience as easy as possible and to give you the best chance of success in your AAT assessments. They contain a number of features to help you in the study process. The sections on the Unit Guide, the Assessment and Study Skills should be read before you commence your studies. They are designed to familiarise you with the nature and content of the assessment and to give you tips on how best to approach your studies. STUDY TEXT This study text has been specially prepared for the revised AAT qualification introduced in September 2013. It is written in a practical and interactive style: key terms and concepts are clearly defined all topics are illustrated with practical examples with clearly worked solutions based on sample tasks provided by the AAT in the new assessment style frequent activities throughout the chapters ensure that what you have learnt is regularly reinforced pitfalls and examination tips help you avoid commonly made mistakes and help you focus on what is required to perform well in your assessment practice workbook activities can be completed at the end of each chapter. v

WORKBOOK The workbook comprises: Practice activities at the end of each chapter with solutions at the end of the text, to reinforce the work covered in each chapter. The questions are divided into their relevant chapters and students may either attempt these questions as they work through the textbook, or leave some or all of these until they have completed the textbook as a final revision of what they have studied. ICONS The study chapters include the following icons throughout. They are designed to assist you in your studies by identifying key definitions and the points at which you can test yourself on the knowledge gained. Definition These sections explain important areas of Knowledge which must be understood and reproduced in an assessment Example The illustrative examples can be used to help develop an understanding of topics before attempting the activity exercises Activity These are exercises which give the opportunity to assess your understanding of all the assessment areas. Quality and accuracy are of the utmost importance to us so if you spot an error in any of our products, please send an email to mykaplanreporting@kaplan.com with full details, or follow the link to the feedback form in MyKaplan. Our Quality Co-ordinator will work with our technical team to verify the error and take action to ensure it is corrected in future editions. vi

UNIT GUIDE Processing Bookkeeping Transactions is the first of two financial accounting assessments at level 2. Purpose of the units The AAT has stated that this unit will enable the student to develop an understanding of a manual double entry bookkeeping system to the initial trial balance stage. Students will develop the necessary knowledge and skills to deal with documents that are sent to and from organisations. They will need to know how to make entries in sales, purchases and returns day books using account codes, and to transfer those totals to the sales, purchases and general ledgers. The cash-book and petty cash-book are also dealt with in this unit, making entries into both and transferring totals to the ledgers. Students will learn how to make appropriate checks on supplier invoices and credit notes, reconcile supplier statements with the purchases ledger account and calculate payments due to suppliers. They will also learn how to prepare sales invoices and credit notes and check receipts from customers. Learning objectives On completion of these units the learner will be able to: Understand the principles of processing financial transactions. Understand the double entry bookkeeping system. Understand discounts. Prepare and process the financial documentation for customers. Process supplier invoices and credit notes and calculate payments. Maintain the cash-book. Maintain petty cash records. Process ledger transactions and extract a trial balance. vii

Learning Outcomes and Assessment criteria The unit consists of eight learning outcomes. These are set out in the following table with Learning Outcomes in bold type and Assessment criteria listed underneath each Learning Outcome. Reference is also made to the relevant chapter within the text. Knowledge To perform this unit effectively you will need to know and understand the following: 1 Understand the principles of processing financial transactions 1.1 Outline the purpose and content of these business documents petty cash voucher invoice credit note remittance advice statement of account 1.2 Explain the purpose and content of the books of prime entry 1.3 List the ways in which customers may pay an organisation and an organisation may pay its suppliers 2 Understand the double entry bookkeeping system 2.1 Explain the accounting equation and how it relates to a double entry bookkeeping system 2.2 Outline how the books of prime entry integrate with the double entry bookkeeping system 2.3 Describe the function of a coding system within a double entry bookkeeping system Chapter 1, 8 2 8 3 2 1 viii

2.4 Describe the processing of financial transactions from the books of prime entry into the double entry bookkeeping system Chapter 2.5 Define capital income and capital expenditure 3 2.6 Define revenue income and revenue expenditure 3 3 Understand discounts 3.1 Explain the difference between settlement, trade and 1, 5 bulk discount 3.2 Describe the effect that a settlement discount has on the sales tax (e.g. VAT) charged 7 5, 6 Skills To perform this unit effectively you will need to be able to do the following. Chapter 4 Prepare and process financial documentation for customers 4.1 Use source documents to prepare invoices or credit notes 4.2 Calculate invoice or credit note amounts reflecting any: Trade discount Bulk discount Settlement discount Sales tax (VAT) 4.3 Enter sales invoices and credit notes into books of prime entry using suitable codes 4.4 Check the accuracy of receipts from customers against relevant supporting documentation 4.5 Produce statements of account to send to credit customers 1, 5 5, 6 2 8 8 ix

5 Process supplier invoices and credit notes and calculate payments 5.1 Check accuracy of supplier invoices and credit notes against these source documents: Purchase orders Goods received notes Delivery notes 5.2 Enter supplier invoices and credit notes into books of prime entry using suitable codes Chapter 5.3 Reconcile supplier statements to purchase ledger 8 accounts 5.4 Calculate payments due to suppliers 8 6 Maintain the cash book 6.1 Enter receipts and payment details from relevant 8 primary records into a three column analysed cashbook 6.2 Total and balance the cashbook 8 7 Maintain petty cash records 7.1 Enter petty cash transactions into an analysed petty 8 cash book, accounting for tax where appropriate 7.2 Total and balance the petty cash book 8 7.3 Reconcile the petty cash book with the cash in hand 8 7.4 Enter the reimbursement of the petty cash expenditure 8 in the petty cash book using the imprest system 8 Processing ledger transactions and extracting a trial balance 8.1 Transfer data from the books of prime entry to the ledgers 8.2 Total and balance ledger accounts, clearly showing 4 balances carried down and brought down 8.3 Extract an initial trial balance 4 1 2 7 x

THE ASSESSMENT The format of the assessment The assessment contains ten tasks in one section. Students will normally be assessed by computer-based assessment and will be required to respond to CBT tasks in a variety of ways, for example using multiple choice, true/false, drag and drop, drop-down lists, text select, linking boxes, gap fill tools and AAT purpose built question types to reflect real workplace activities. Task Maximum marks Title for topics within task range 1 15 Make entries in an analysed day book 2 15 Transfer data from day books to ledgers 3 20 Make entries in a three column cash book 4 15 Transfer data from a three column cash book 5 20 Make entries in and transfers from an analysed petty cash book 6 20 Prepare an initial trial balance 7 15 Check supplier invoices/credit notes 8 15 Prepare sales invoice or credit note Check the accuracy of receipts from customers 9 15 Prepare a statement of account from an account in the sales ledger 10 15 Understand the double entry bookkeeping system Note regarding the assessment From 1 April 2015 changes to UK legislation will affect the way all businesses account for VAT when offering a prompt payment (settlement) discount. Suppliers will no longer be able to account for VAT on the discounted price but must account for VAT on the consideration actually received. However, as there are a number of valid accounting treatments for the new situation and none has so far emerged as standard practice, this change in legislation will not be reflected in this unit until September 2016 at the earliest. xi

Time allowed The time allowed for this assessment is two hours. Terminology Students should be familiar with IFRS terminology. Other terms are used in this document to match titles provided by the QCF. xii

STUDY SKILLS Preparing to study Devise a study plan Determine which times of the week you will study. Split these times into sessions of at least one hour for study of new material. Any shorter periods could be used for revision or practice. Put the times you plan to study onto a study plan for the weeks from now until the assessment and set yourself targets for each period of study in your sessions make sure you cover the whole course, activities and the associated questions with answers at the back of the Study Text. If you are studying more than one unit at a time, try to vary your subjects as this can help to keep you interested and see subjects as part of wider knowledge. When working through your course, compare your progress with your plan and, if necessary, re-plan your work (perhaps including extra sessions) or, if you are ahead, do some extra revision/practice questions. Effective studying Active reading You are not expected to learn the text by rote, rather, you must understand what you are reading and be able to use it to pass the assessment and develop good practice. A good technique is to use SQ3Rs Survey, Question, Read, Recall, Review: 1 Survey the chapter Look at the headings and read the introduction, knowledge, skills and content, so as to get an overview of what the chapter deals with. 2 Question Whilst undertaking the survey ask yourself the questions you hope the chapter will answer for you. xiii

3 Read Read through the chapter thoroughly working through the activities and, at the end, making sure that you can meet the learning objectives shown within the summary. 4 Recall At the end of each section and at the end of the chapter, try to recall the main ideas of the section/chapter without referring to the text. This is best done after short break of a couple of minutes after the reading stage. 5 Review Check that your recall notes are correct. You may also find it helpful to re-read the chapter to try and see the topic(s) it deals with as a whole. Note taking Taking notes is a useful way of learning, but do not simply copy out the text. The notes must: be in your own words be concise cover the key points be well organised be modified as you study further chapters in this text or in related ones. Trying to summarise a chapter without referring to the text can be a useful way of determining which areas you know and which you don t. Three ways of taking notes 1 Summarise the key points of a chapter 2 Make linear notes A list of headings, subdivided with sub-headings listing the key points. If you use linear notes, you can use different colours to highlight key points and keep topic areas together. Use plenty of space to make your notes easy to use. xiv

3 Try a diagrammatic form The most common of which is a mind map. To make a mind map, put the main heading in the centre of the paper and put a circle around it. Draw lines radiating from this to the main sub-headings which again have circles around them. Continue the process from the sub-headings to sub-sub-headings. Highlighting and underlining You may find it useful to underline or highlight key points in your study text but do be selective. You may also wish to make notes in the margins. Revision phase Kaplan has produced material specifically designed for your final assessment preparation for this unit. These include pocket revision notes and a bank of revision questions specifically in the style of the new syllabus. Further guidance on how to approach the final stage of your studies is given in these materials. Further reading In addition to this text, you should also read the Student section of the Accounting Technician magazine every month to keep abreast of any guidance from the examiners. xv

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Business documents Introduction The purpose of accounting is to record and classify business transactions. There are many transactions that a business may undertake; credit sales, credit purchases, cash sales, cash purchases, other expenses either paid from the bank or by cash, paying cash into the bank, withdrawing cash from the bank and owner s drawings. Various documents may be used when dealing with business transactions. This chapter reviews the flow of a transaction including the documents involved. The name of a transaction or document will depend on whether we are looking at it from the point of view of the seller or the purchaser. Thus an invoice may be called a sales invoice for the seller but a purchase invoice for the purchaser, it is the same invoice. Similarly, the seller makes a sale and the purchaser makes a purchase, it is the same transaction. KNOWLEDGE Outline the purpose and content of a range of business documents to include (1.1) Invoice Credit note Describe the function of a coding system within a double entry bookkeeping system (2.3) Explain the difference between settlement, trade and bulk discount (3.1) CONTENTS 1 Cash vs credit 2 Summary of the flow of documents 3 Quotation 4 Purchase order 5 Sales order 6 Delivery note 7 Invoice 8 Operation of VAT 9 Discounts 10 Preparing an invoice 11 Credit note 12 Coding 1

Business documents: Chapter 1 SKILLS Use source documents to prepare invoices or credit notes (4.1) Check accuracy of supplier invoices and credit notes against these source documents (5.1) Purchase orders Goods received notes Delivery notes 2

1 Cash vs credit 1.1 Introduction Cash sales and purchases are relatively straightforward but credit sales and purchases are more involved. Dependent on whether we are the seller or the buyer dictates whether we view the transaction as a sale or purchase. The details of all of the aspects covered here will be dealt with in greater depth in later chapters. 1.2 Cash sales and purchases A cash sale or purchase will normally be made in a retail environment. A customer will enter the shop, choose the goods they wish to buy then come to the till in order to pay for them. The seller will tell the customer the price of the goods and the customer then offers payment for them, in the form of notes and coins. Alternatively, the customer may offer to pay for the goods by debit card, cheque or credit card. Finally, once the customer has paid for the goods, a receipt of some sort will be given to the customer. This may be printed automatically by the till or may be a handwritten receipt in some businesses. The transaction is now complete. 1.3 Credit sales and purchases The procedure for a sale or purchase on credit can be rather more involved. The sale or purchase process will normally be initiated by a seller receiving an order from a customer. This order may be in writing, by fax, over the telephone or by email. When your business receives the order, the first decision that must be made is whether or not to allow the customer credit for this sale i.e. a period of time they can take before paying the invoice. 1.4 Offering credit Selling goods on credit always involves an element of risk. The goods are being taken away or delivered to the customer now with the promise of payment in the future. Therefore your business must be confident that the payment will be received. The decision process as to whether or not to make the sale on credit will be different depending upon whether this is a sale to an existing credit customer or a new customer. 3

Business documents: Chapter 1 1.5 Existing customers If an existing credit customer wishes to make a further purchase on credit, it would be normal practice to carry out some basic checks. When the customer was originally taken on as a credit customer, a credit limit will have been set which should not be exceeded. Checks should be made to ensure that the new sale, when added to the amount currently owing, do not take the customer over their credit limit. It would also be sensible to check that there have been no problems recently with receiving payment from this customer. If the checks are satisfactory then the credit sale can go ahead. 1.6 New customer If a new customer asks for credit from your business then it would be normal practice to ask the customer to supply some trade references names of other businesses that they trade with on credit who can vouch for their creditworthiness. Your business may also wish to check the customer s creditworthiness through an agency, or by asking for references from the customer s bank. If the references and checks are satisfactory then a credit limit will be set for this customer and the sale can go ahead. 2 Summary of the flow of documents The main document flows for a credit transaction are illustrated below. The various documents are described in the paragraphs that follow. Price Quotation C S E Sales Order Purchase Order U S L L Delivery Note + Goods T O E Sales Invoice M R Credit Note Cheque E R 4

3 Quotation 3.1 Price enquiry The first stage of the process of a credit sale may be the receipt of a price enquiry from a customer. The price enquiry may be a formal written document, an email enquiry or more likely a telephone call. When responding to a price enquiry it is important that you make sure that the price you quote is the correct one as if it is incorrect you may find that you are contracted to sell the goods at that price under contract law. 3.2 Price quotation In some organisations it is common practice to quote prices to customers over the telephone particularly if there is a catalogue or price list from which there are no deviations in price. However, some businesses will be prepared to offer certain customers goods at different prices. Therefore it is often the case that a price quotation is sent out to a customer showing the price at which the goods that they want can be bought. There may also be discounts offered and/or given to customers which we will consider later. A typical price quotation is shown on the next page. 5

Business documents: Chapter 1 City Woods Suppliers 192 Old Kent Road London SE1 8QT Name and address of business quoting price Tel: 020 7248 7009 Fax: 020 728 7890 TO: Alpha Limited Mountjoy Street London W12 6RS QUOTATION Name and address of customer Date: 14 Sept 20X3 Today s date Thank you for your telephone enquiry of 10 September. We are pleased to quote the following price: Chipboard sheeting 6 4 Code CB0351 23.00 per unit, excluding VAT Details of goods J Kramer Sales Manager Authorisation signature Price being quoted The price quotation is an important document as this is the price that your organisation is now contracted to sell the goods at. Therefore it is important that it is authorised by the appropriate person in the organisation. 4 Purchase order 4.1 The purchase order If the customer is happy with the price quotation that they have received from your business then they will place a firm order with you. The order may be by telephone or it may be in writing. Whatever method is used for the purchase order, it is important to check all of the details carefully. Does the price agree to what was quoted to the customer? Are the delivery terms acceptable? Are any discounts applicable? 6

ALPHA LTD Mountjoy Street Shepherd s Bush LONDON W12 6RS Tel: 0208 741 2962 Fax: 0208 741 2963 Date: 17 September 20X3 Purchase order no: P01562 VAT Reg no: 413 2790 04 PURCHASE ORDER Name and address of business placing the order Order date Sequential order number VAT registration number of business placing the order Name and address of business the order is being placed with To: City Woods Suppliers 192 Old Kent Road London SE1 8QT Delivery address (if different from above) 26 New Road Milton Keynes MK25 2BA Product Ref Quantity Price per unit (ex VAT) Total (ex VAT) Chipboard sheeting 6 4 CB0351 10 23.00 230 Signed: J Rowlands Purchasing Manager 5 Sales order 5.1 Confirming sales orders To avoid misunderstandings, a supplier will normally confirm a customer s order by completing a sales order, even if the customer has already sent a written purchase order. A sales order is a document confirming: quantity/type of goods or service date of supply location of supply price and terms. 7

Business documents: Chapter 1 City Woods Suppliers 192 Old Kent Road London SE1 8QT Name and address of business making the sale Delivery address and date Tel: 020 7248 7009 Fax: 020 7248 7890 SALES ORDER To: Delivery: Delivery date: Alpha Limited 26 New Road 25 September 20X3 Mountjoy St Name and Milton Keynes Sales order London W12 6RS address of MK25 2BA number customer Date: 20 September 20X3 Sales order number: 41161 We confirm the following order to be delivered as above. Please note our credit terms are strictly 30 days net. Code Quantity Description Unit price (excl VAT) Discount CB0351 10 Chipboard sheeting 6 4 23.00 NIL Details of goods Authorised: P. Anders Authorised signature Price of goods Date: 20 September 20X3 8

6 Delivery note 6.1 Introduction Once all of the negotiations over the price and terms of the credit sale have been completed, then the goods themselves must be delivered. 6.2 Delivery notes Delivery note a document accompanying goods despatched to a customer. Delivery notes should have sequential numbers that are either preprinted for a manual system or computer generated in a computer system, and should be used in order. Spoiled delivery notes should be cancelled and kept. There will normally be three parts to a delivery note: Part one This is kept by the customer in order to compare to the purchase order and then to the sales invoice Part two This is signed and returned to the supplier of the goods as evidence that they have been received by the customer in good condition. Part three This is signed and kept by the delivery organisation as evidence that they have delivered the goods and that the customer has received them. City Woods Suppliers 192 Old Kent Road London SE1 8QT Tel: 020 7248 7009 Fax: 020 7248 7890 DN 005673 DELIVERY NOTE To: Delivery: Delivery date: Alpha Limited 26 New Road 25 September 20X3 Mountjoy St Milton Keynes London W12 6RS MK25 2BA Date: 25 September 20X3 Sales order number: 41161 We confirm the following order to be delivered as above. Product Code Quantity Chipboard 6 4 CB0351 10 Received in good condition: A Patel 9