APPENDIX-A Questionnaire (Drought-Primary Data) (i) Questionnaire for Farmers Name: Age: Sex: Educational Level: Land Holding: Family Size (number and char): Address: Agricultural Impact: - Q1. What is the type of farming practice you follow (note down the units of measurement)? Rain-fed Irrigated Normal Drought Normal Drought Crop Name Yield Area Yield Area Yield Area Yield Area Q2. How much out of your produce do you sell in the market? Name: Normal Drought Name: Normal Drought Name: Normal Drought Name: Normal Drought Name: Normal Drought 144
Q3. State the following amounts: Amount Consumed Amount Self-Produced Amount Bought from Market Normal Drought Q4. What is the source of irrigation? Name Normal Drought Number Area Number Area Open Well Bore Well General Questions: - Q1. How do you know about drought? a) AIR b) Local Authority c) Self Prediction (mention) d) Q2. If through AIR, how frequently do you listen to AIR? a) Daily b) Twice/Thrice in a Week c) Weekly d) Fortnight Q3. Do you believe in information given by AIR or Local Authority? a) Never b) Not many times c) Sometimes d) Most of the times e) Always Q4. How reliable is the information? a) Very Reliable b) Reliable c) Indifferent d) Unreliable e) Extremely Unreliable Q5. Which language is AIR broadcast in? a) Hindi b) Local Q6. Can you interpret properly the information conveyed? a) Never b) Not many times c) Sometimes d) Most of the times e) Always Q7. What information would you like to have delivered through AIR or TV? Economic Impact: - Q1. What is your annual income? Agriculture: Normal Drought Livestock: Normal Drought Agricultural Labour: Normal Drought : Normal Drought 145
Q2. What is the reason behind loss of revenue (divide 100 points among following) Points Crop Failure Lack of Crop Insurance Inadequate Relief Funds Loss of Labour Total 100 Q3. If Crop Failure is the reason behind loss of revenue, then it is because of (divide 100 points among following) Points Lack of Water Poor Crop Selection Pest and Diseases Total 100 Q4. If Lack of Water is the reason, then it is because of (divide 100 points among following) Points Inadequate Rain Lack of Irrigation Facilities Over-Exploitation of water for non-agricultural purpose Total 100 Q5. If poor Crop Selection is the reason behind loss of revenue, then it is because of (divide 100 points among following) Points Expensive Seeds Farmer's Preference Govt. Initiative No Drought Warning Lack of Technical Inputs Total 100 146
Q6. If Lack of Insurance is the reason behind loss of revenue, then it is because of (divide 100 points among following) Points High Cost (premium) Low Awareness Crop not covered Lack of access Total 100 Q7. What are current Crop Insurance products (you know) available in the market? Q8. What is the current premium for Crop Insurance? Q9. How much premium would you be ready to pay? Q10. Are you aware of the relief programmes in place? a) Yes b) No Q11. If yes, mention the programmes and its source Q12. How much relief fund do you get in case of drought? Programme: Fund: Programme: Fund: Programme: Fund: Programme: Fund: 147
Q13. In what way do you get the relief amount? a) Cash b) Cattle Care c) Subsidies d) Employment Generation Schemes e) Food for Work f) Q14. What is the issue with relief amount, if any (divide 100 points among following) Points Insufficient Amount Slow Reach Total 100 Q15. If the amount is insufficient, how much would you like it to be? Q16. If the reach is slow, how do you think it can be improved? Q17. Rank the following in order of what you do in case of lack of funds? Sale of Assets/Land Sale of Livestock Relocate Other Job Options (specify) (mention) 1 2 3 4 5 Q18. How much loan have you taken? Amount: Source: Interest Rate: Instalments: Purpose: 148
Q19. How do you make your instalment in the year of drought? Social Impact: Q1. What is the number of meals you have in a day? Normal Drought Q2. What is the type of meal you have? Normal Drought Q3. What is the daily consumption of water? Drinking: Normal Drought Cooking: Normal Drought : Normal Drought Q4. What is the daily consumption of milk? Adults: Normal Drought Children: Normal Drought Q5. Have people relocated because of drought? a) Yes b) No Q6. If yes, what is the number of families that have relocated? Q7. What is the Availability of land labour? Normal Drought Q8. What occupation do you do in case of drought? Q9. Do you know the number of deaths that have occurred in your region due to drought? Q10. How many livestock do you own? Q11. How many livestock have you lost due to drought? 149
Sold Dead Environmental Impact: - Q1. Are irrigation facilities in place? a) Entire Area b) In most of the parts c) In nearly half of the area d) In very less parts e) No Coverage Q2. Is water harnessing implemented in your village? a) Yes b) No Q3. If yes, details Q4. Do you practice water harnessing? a) Yes b) No Q5. If yes, details Q6. What is the drinking water source? Normal Drought Q7. What is the quality of water? Normal Drought Q8. What is the Ground Water level (average) of your region? Q9. What was the ground level (average) in theprevious years? 2003 2004 2005 2006 Q10. What is the level of other reservoirs, if in place? Q11. Are there any surface water sources (tank, ponds, and streams) in/near your village? a) Yes b) No Q12. If yes, give details 150
Q13. When do people in your village use it? No. Using: Purpose: Q14. What is the condition of surface water bodies? Name: Level: Name: Level: Name: Level: Name: Level: Recommendations, if any to improve the current state 151
(ii) Questionnaire for Officials Name of the Village: Name: Designation: Department: Address: Q1. General Data: - Vegetated Area - Non-Vegetated Area - Forest Area - Net Sown Area - Net Irrigated Area - Crop-wise Area - Q2. Demographic Data: Name of the Village - Total Population - Number of households - Number of people dependent on agriculture - Number of Landless Farmers - Number of farmers with land holding size 1-2 - Number of farmers with land holding size 2-5 - Number of farmers with land holding size > 5 - Q3.Data regarding Drought Indicators: - 1. Area under Cultivation (for different crops) 152
2. Production (for different crops) 3. Revenues Generated (agriculture and related activities) Normal Drought 4. Exports Food Grains: Normal Drought Livestock: Normal Drought : Normal Drought 5. Imports Food Grains: Normal Drought Livestock: Normal Drought : Normal Drought 6. Funds allocated for Drought Source Amount Purpose Source Amount Purpose Source Amount Purpose 7. Funds for Other Projects Normal Drought 8. Prices of Crop (purchased) 9. Prices of livestock (purchased) 153
10. Prices of different crops (sold) 11. Price of Livestock (sold) 12. Fodder Consumed: Normal Drought Purchased: Normal Drought 13. Dairy Products Consumed: Normal Drought Purchased: Normal Drought Q4. On what methodology is the drought declared (short-term)? a) Agricultural b) Metrological c) Hydrological Q5. On what methodology is the drought declared (long-term)? a) Agricultural b) Metrological c) Hydrological Q6. What indicators among the following are being measured and used for prediction of drought and what is the threshold level for prediction- Rainfall Precipitation Level Evaporation and Transpiration Level Soil Moisture Ground Water Level Level of Water in Reservoir NDVI 154
Onset of Monsoon Crop Status Duration Q7. Are there Early Warning Systems in place? a) Yes b) No Q8. In response to above, when is the information conveyed? Q9. How is the information conveyed to farmers? Q10. What kind of information is provided? Q11. What mitigation steps are taken to handle the situation? Q12. How is the estimate of relief fund required done? Q13. How much time does it take in the receipt of funds from government? Q14. How much time does it take for the release of the funds to beneficiaries? Q15. On what basis or criterion is the relief fund distributed to beneficiaries? Q16. Do you think the amount of fund that you receive is sufficient? a) Sufficient b) Fairly Sufficient c) Indifferent d) Fairly Insufficient e) Insufficient Q17. Is crop insurance compulsory? a) Yes b) No Q18. What type of insurance is available to farmers? 155
Q19. On what parameters is insurance based? Q20. How farmers are made aware of the insurance products? Q21. What is the status of availability of insurance products? a) Very High b) High c) Average d) Low e) Very Low Q22. What is the purchase rate? Q23. What is the premium being charged and how is it calculated? Q24. How is the problem of unemployment solved during drought? Q25. How is the problem of food supply solved during drought? Q26. Any other information you would like to provide 156
Appendix-B: Public Private Partnership (PPP) Summary Of Field Study APPENDIX-B Public Private Partnership (PPP) Summary of Field Study i) Profile of Respondents: Of total 131 responses received 85% stated that their organizations had documented their Business Continuity Plans (BCM). Over 90% of organizations had part-time or full-time BCM teams in place. In over 60% cases, the BCM function was managed by professionals certified in BCM. This indicates that the organizations that responded to the survey had reasonably matured BCM initiatives in place. Going by the survey, it is the IT industry followed by the banking (33%) and financial sector (20%), which is most sensitive to Business Continuity Planning. This also tells us that other sectors really need to catch up fast, because ours is becoming highly unpredictable world, where disasters, technological and ecological are rampant. Another yardstick, which throws much light on the issue is the designation of the respondents, most of the respondents were either Managers, senior managers or chief managers(42%), this tells that business continuity planning is a serious issue and the level of involvement has always been middle/upper level. ii) Perception of threats: In general perception, 65% of respondents think that communication and network failure is the biggest threat to the smooth functioning of all the systems. Nearly, 38% people perceived that the highest risk for their business was from various natural disasters. 37% of respondents anticipated high impact of business disruption on facilities/property through natural disasters. 36%of respondents anticipated high impact of business disruption on business operations and commitment from natural disasters. 39% of respondents anticipated high impact of business disruption on staff from 157
Appendix-B: Public Private Partnership (PPP) Summary Of Field Study natural disasters. Only 12% of large organizations (defined as those having an annual turnover of over Rs.4000 crores) perceived themselves as better prepared to deal with business disruptions caused by fire, system breakdown and power failure. While reported preparedness to deal with fire, power failure and system breakdown was high, perceived preparedness to deal with regard to pandemic Flu, Earthquake and riots was relatively lower. iii) Actual Disruptions Despite their Business Continuity preparedness and maturity, 60% of the respondents reported at least one significant business disruption in the past one year, while 17% reported either three or more major disruptions. The average number of significant disruptions was 1.8 (which has increased from last year's average of 1.6). This indicates that despite the higher levels of preparedness due to experience and on-going learning, organizations continue to be vulnerable, and that the incidence of disruptions has actually increased. The higher incidence of disruptions is indicative of the fact that the environment is getting to be increasingly dangerous and unpredictable. New types of threats are constantly emerging, leading to more frequent incidents and newer types of disruptions. While organizations would ideally like to increase their preparedness to any and every kind of threat, this is not always practical or feasible. Hence, the most effective strategy is implementation of an extremely robust and effective BC plan, which will allow them to respond to and manage all types of incidents without suffering any catastrophic shortterm or long-term consequences. The average loss caused by disruptions was Rupees 20.5 Crores - up from Rupees 7.7 Crores last year! This shows that not only has the incidence of disruptions increased, but so has the financial impact. Importantly, the cost of implementing a Business Continuity program is a mere fraction of the Rupees 20.5 Crores average loss incurred by organizations due to disruption. Having said that, organizations still need to put in efforts to safeguard themselves 158
Appendix-B: Public Private Partnership (PPP) Summary Of Field Study from risks, which they consider to be unlikely. While the responding organizations reported a high level of preparedness to deal with Fire, Power Failure and System Breakdowns, perceived preparedness with regard to the Pandemic Flu was relatively low. Interestingly unavailability of the right people duringbusiness disruptions is perceived as the single biggest vulnerability of the overall BCM program considered to be the weakest link by 36% of the respondents. This is significant because the Pandemic Flu is a threat which, per experts, has the potential to cause a large scale business disruption that could last up to nine months. According to the Atlanta-based Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (source - WHO website), a Pandemic is likely to result in 2 to 7.4 million deaths globally. By the organizations that disclosed their data, an average of Rupees 2.05 Crores was spent on Disaster Recovery assets/ back-up site, and Rupees 1.44 Crores on average was spent on communications & IT infrastructure. Within Business Continuity, the prime expense heads were the cost of part-time or fulltime BCP resources, and testing and exercising. Clearly, many of these organizations recognize that the major investments are in IT-DR, and not in BCP. By the large organizations (defined as turnover greater than Rs 4,000 Crores), the average amount spent on preparedness was 0.15% of the company turnover - a minute fraction. Clearly, BCP can be implemented at a very affordable investment. A total of 84% of the respondents stated that their BCP arrangements "could be better". This indicates a mature stance, with the realization that they may possibly never be prepared enough. Testing and exercising, audit, management review and on-going plan review are some of the areas in which these organizations found themselves having scope for improvement. 49% of the respondents stated that the effectiveness of their BCP program was measured through exercise results. As against this, 20% mentioned that the effectiveness of their BCP program was measured by audit finding, while 11% are benchmarking themselves against the industry norms. 159
Appendix-C: Publications APPENDIX-C PUBLICATIONS Following Papers were published as co-author in various National and International Publications/Journals based on the of the research topic: (i) Emergency response to a major crisis through the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters - A practical scenario (SpaceOps-2004, May 2004, Canada) (ii) Role of space Technology for Disaster Management-International charter: Space and Disasters (International conference on Disaster Management, 17-19 March, 2004, Bhopal) (iii) Knowledge Inputs to Disaster Management: An Operational Perspective based on Space Technology Applications in India (Synergy: A Journal of Management, SardarPatelUniversity, VallabhVidya Nagar, Anand, Guj., Dec. 2006) (iv) Response of International Charter : Space and Major Disasters to Recent Major Disasters (International Astronautical Congress, Hyderabad, Oct 2007) (v) Meteorological Satellite Products and Services for Livelihood Enhancements: Based on Real Life Applications (International Astronautical Congress, Hyderabad, Oct 2007) (vi) International Charter - Space and Major Disaster: An Assessment of Outreach in South Asia (Journal of South Asia Disaster published by SAARC Disaster Management Centre, New Delhi, Nov. 2008) (vii) A paper on EO (Earth Observations) Products for Drought Risk Reduction - published in Springer's Publication on Space Technologies for the Benefit of Human Society and Earth Edited by P. Olla - 2009 160