THE BIODIVERSITY ECONOMY AND CONSERVATION PLANNING: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES 13th National Biodiversity Planning Forum June 2016 Lizanne (E. J.) Nel Conservation Manager SA Hunters and Game Conservation Association Email: Lizanne@sahunt.co.za
SUSTAINABLE / RESPONSIBLE DEVELOPMENT FEPA? CBA s Mining CONSERVATION PLANNING
SETTLEMENTS STATE & FUTURE OF NATURAL AREAS (various ecological conditions) EXTENSIVE PRIVATE LAND / GAME FARMS COMMUNAL AREAS PROTECTED AREAS Assumed ecological condition METT 49% Restitution protection level? Funding Compete as landuse? CONSERVATION PLANNING
Hluhluwe Imfolozi Fuleni Mine CONSERVATION: AFRICA Major shortfalls in financial support for most PA s in Africa Political commitment often toward socioeconomic development and not conservation Africa s population has tripled in last 40 years to 1.166 miljard in 2015
SETTLEMENTS STATE & FUTURE OF NATURAL AREAS (various ecological conditions) EXTENSIVE PRIVATE LAND / GAME FARMS COMMUNAL AREAS Assumed ecological condition? Capacity Profitability Compete as landuse? PROTECTED AREAS CONSERVATION PLANNING
COMPARATIVE VALUE OF COMMUNAL LAND Private Land R2-8,000/ha Communal Land R232/ha Annual output from land use activities in Benda Mutali communal area Output per Activity Total Output Output per Hectare 1 Household Crops 97,185 4.19 171 Livestock 1,737,474 74.89 3,048 Natural Resources 2,537,184 109.36 4,451 Labor 1,017,279 43.85 1,785 Total 5,389,122 232.29 9,455 1 Area based on mapping exercise with community to calculate spatial extent of production, estimated to be 23,200 hectares. Greg Parent research on how market access reduces vulnerability and use of natural resources (in prep) Rich institutions De-institutionalised Dual Economy Child, B. 2013 Presentation to the Scientific Authority
SETTLEMENTS STATE & FUTURE OF NATURAL AREAS (various ecological conditions) EXTENSIVE PRIVATE LAND / GAME FARMS 17 million ha - 16% national estate 3x the land of formal PA Assumed ecological condition 43% some form of intensive breeding 6% intensification, further growth projected Actual ecological condition? COMMUNAL AREAS PROTECTED AREAS CONSERVATION PLANNING
CBA Endangered Springbok Turf -Thorn veldt Corridor
INTENSIVE GAME BREEDING CAMPS
CONSERVATION PLANNING FOCUS ON BIODIVERSITY VALUE Sustainability responsibility... Environmental integrity Social equity + responsibility Economic efficiency WHICH ONE IS DRIVING LANDUSE CHANGE? LANDOWNER/POLITICAL DECISIONS DRIVEN BY FINANCIAL VALUE
GOVERNMENT S 9 POINT PLAN TO GROW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Revitalising agriculture and the agro-processing value chain THE ECONOMY Adding value to our mineral wealth (advancing beneficiation and support to the engineering and metals value chain) More effective implementation of a higher impact Industrial Policy Action Plan Unlocking the potential of small, medium and micro enterprises, cooperatives and township enterprises Operation Phakisa (Oceans Economy, Mining, Health, Tourism, Basic Education, etc) Encouraging private sector investment Resolving the energy challenge Moderating workplace conflict State reform and boosting the role of state-owned companies, information and communications technology infrastructure or broadband roll-out, water, sanitation and transport infrastructure National Biodiversity Economy Strategy (LAB)
WILDLIFE SECTOR, GROWING CONSISTENTLY FASTER THAN THE GENERAL ECONOMY, CONTRIBUTING R 3 BILLION TO GDP IN 2014 Wildlife GDP contribution 1.66 1.87 2.11 2.35 2.61 2.88 3.01 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Wildlife Sector Growth p.a. 9.2% 13.5% 9.9% 9.3% 4.5% 9.3% General GDP Growth p.a. -1.54% 3.04% 3.21% 2.22% 2.21% 1.52% SOURCE: National Biodiversity Economy Strategy & Stats SA
LAB VISION: WILDLIFE - ESTABLISH AN ECONOMY THAT CONTRIBUTES TO THE WELL-BEING OF ALL SOUTH AFRICANS Aspiration Objectives An inclusive, sustainable and responsive wildlife economy that grows at 10% p.a until at least 2030, while providing a foundation for social wellbeing and maintaining the ecological resource base 1 Average yearly sector GDP increase of ~10% Create 100,000 new jobs 2 Transformation 30% of wildlife businesses PDI owned PDI ownership of >5 million Ha, and access to another >5 million Ha 4,000 PDI owned SMMEs supported to engage in the wildlife economy Sustainability 3 5 million ha of non-protected areas contributing towards conservation target (AICHI) 3.5% animal population net growth p.a.
SHORT TO MID-TERM TARGETS FOR 4 OF 15 LAB INITIATIVES Initiative: Year Target 1 Identify and prioritize 10m Ha for transformation of wildlife economy 2018 10m ha land mapped and prioritised 2 Establish, develop and support new wildlife ranching entrants through infrastructure support and game donation programmes 2020 60 projects completed 7 Formalize SA game meat market and create a network of game meat processing facilities 2021 2,500 jobs created 18,5K tons of game meat 5 Operationalise 11 biodiversity economy nodes (BENs) 2021 11 BENs established
LAB: CHALLENGES PREVENTING GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION OF THE WILDLIFE ECONOMY HAPPEN AT FULL POTENTIAL I Barriers to transformation II Risk of future growth stagnation III Unsupportive enabling environment Insufficient access, ownership and inefficient utilization of land Lack of infrastructure development support for entrepreneurs Lack of access to startup game Lack of organized governance amongst community and emerging entrepreneurs Lack of technical skills, oversight, business support and effective business and partnership models Lack of access to finance and incentives for transformation Insufficient government endorsement for hunting as a tourism activity Untapped black consumer potential Insufficient societal value given to wildlife resources and understanding of the sustainable use concept Insufficient awareness and capitalisation of the value of mixed wildlife/livestock interfaces Insufficient mechanism addressing and containing risks and threats to the ecological resource base in further growing the biodiversity economy Insufficient interdepartmental coordination and understanding of the benefits of the bio-economy Insufficient knowledgebase (research and access) Gaps in industry standards (and compliance) Excessive and inefficient permitting Unsupportive legislative regime Misalignment of SPLUMA and PDALFB (Land use) NEMBA lacking in enabling provisions Misalignment of provincial and/or national hunting legislation Lack of sufficient collaboration platform for the industry Lack of capacity (human and financial) to effectively manage and harness the potential of wildlife resources Lack of a formal game meat industry
CHALLENGES: PRODUCTION SYSTEMS & LANDUSE CLASSES Intensive Semi-Extensive Extensive / PA? Return on Investment 11% 3% 8% / <1% Risks to biodiversity and wildlife economy Landuse Classes Habitat loss & fragmentation Loss of genetic integrity / adaptability Reputational damage and business risk Loss in threatened species & predators Some impact on ecological integrity Some predator removal Business viability risk climate change? Competing as a landuse with mining? Generally compatible with low risks to biodiversity and wildlife economy Limited areas available Misalignment between classes in the PDALFB and SPLUMA, specifically classes 1-8 of the PDALFB Conflict between essential biodiversity areas for the Wildlife Economy and high potential agricultural land
LAND CLAIMS SETTLEMENTS MINING FORESTRY COMPETATIVENESS OF LANDUSES - NATURAL AREAS EXTENSIVE PRIVATE LAND / GAME FARMS Extensive COMMUNAL AREAS PROTECTED AREAS FRAGMENTATION INTEGRITY Intensive
1 2 5 CONSERVATION PLANNING OPPORTUNITIES Initiatives Identify and prioritize 10m Ha for transformation of wildlife economy Establish, develop and support new wildlife ranching entrants through infrastructure support and game donation programmes Operationalise Biodiversity economy nodes (BENs) Opportunities Address landuse classes in light of Wildlife Economy Intensive game farming, similar to agricultural production systems, include in habitat modification classes - zone differently Develop classes for economic contribution (societal and financial) incentives for conservation compatible landuses Consider risks: business risks (financial) and environmental 7 Formalize SA game meat market and create a network of game meat processing facilities Conservation planning expand input layers
COMPETITIVE LANDUSE OPTIONS Di Minin et al. 2013 Spatial planning to guide process Typical conservation planning with risks layers...but...add economic layers: Spatial economic return models for land use classes, including accounting for economic benefits from conservation e.g. ecosystem services Economic contribution of different production systems (societal + ROI) e.g. hunting, tourism, meat production etc.
DIFFERENT WILDLIFE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Intensive Semi-Extensive Extensive / PA? Return on Investment 11% 3% 8% / <1% Value of ecosystem services (R/ 1000 ha) R2,305 R7,059 R8,500 Jobs (per 1000 ha) 11 permanent 28 total variety/depth 17 permanent 43 total variety/depth 33 permanent 133 total variety/depth Risks to biodiversity and wildlife economy Habitat loss & fragmentation Loss of genetic integrity / adaptability Reputational damage and business risk Loss in threatened species & predators Some impact on ecological integrity Some predator removal Business viability risk climate change? Competing as a landuse with mining? Generally compatible with low risks to biodiversity and wildlife economy Limited areas available
COMPETITIVE LANDUSE OPTIONS Di Minin et al. 2013 Spatial planning to guide process Typical conservation planning with risks layers...but...add economic layers: Spatial economic return models for land use classes that account for economic benefits from conservation e.g. ecosystem services Economic contribution of different production systems (societal + ROI) e.g. hunting, tourism, meat production etc. Simultaneous achievement of transformation and economics land claim/restitution layer Assessment needed to determine BENS throughout the country
Restituted/communal areas unlocked for wildlife economy 45,900ha CBA protected 34,100ha Protected area expansion 42,800ha Savings in PA expansion - proclamation of communal land R282 mil Leveraged investment R1.2 billion of which > 50% from private sector Increase of communal land value >3X 7,184 jobs: In area 1,796 permanent +1875 temporary; 5,388 indirect) SMME opportunities in wildlife value chain: tourism; hunting; meat processing; taxidermy; tannery; curio; alien plant clearing; Nguni; etc. Growth in support industries NODES ENABLE CONSERVATION TO COMPETE AS LANDUSE : ACHIEVE CONSERVATION + ECONOMIC GROWTH
THANK YOU South African Hunters and Game Conservation Association