Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants Waste-to-Energy in Europe + implementation of the Waste Framework Directive IFAT ENTSORGA 16 th September 2010 Munich Dr. Ella Stengler CEWEP Managing Director CEWEP Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants CEWEP represents about 390 Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants across Europe. Capacity for thermal treatment of household and similar waste in 2008: CEWEP members: 59 m tonnes Whole of Europe: 69 m tonnes
Waste-to-Energy in Europe in 2008 Waste-to-Energy Plants operating in Europe (not including hazardous waste incineration plants) Waste thermally treated in Waste-to-Energy plants in million tonnes Data supplied by CEWEP members unless specified otherwise * From Eurostat. ** Austria data from 2007. Portugal 3 1.0 Ireland United Kingdom 20 4.4 Spain 10 2.2 France 129 13.5 Norway 20 1.0 Denmark 29 3.6 Sweden 30 4.6 Netherlands 11 6.0 Germany Belgium 67 18.8 16 Luxembourg* 2.7 1 0.1 Switzerland 28 3.6 Finland 2 0.2 Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland 1 0.04 Czech Republic 3 0.4 Slovakia* Austria** 2 0.2 9 1.6 Hungary Slovenia 1 0.4 1 0.02 Italy 49 4.5 Romania Greece Bulgaria Contribution of WtE to sustainable energy production The biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste is part of the biomass definition, thus counts as a renewable energy source. The RES Directive came into force 25 th June 2009 and has to be implemented by 5 th December 2010.
Günther Öttinger, Commissioner responsible for Energy: "Biomass is one of the most important resources for reaching our renewable energy targets. It already contributes more than half of renewable energy consumption in the EU, providing a clean, secure and competitive energy resource 5 EU 27 targets for Renewable Energy overall 20 % of consumption by 2020 The gap to close is about 1500 TWh of Renewable Energy (at a flat zero growth - EU energy consumption level of 13700 TWh) 6
Renewable Energy from WtE 7 The Total Energy Output projection for WtE Includes both renewable and fossil components. 8
Contribution of WtE to sustainable energy production In 2006 WtE supplied a considerable amount of Renewable Energy: 38 TWh for the whole of Europe This will grow by 2020 to a level of at least 67 TWh, and potentially to 98 TWh, through an increase of the amount of waste, diverted from landfilling and processed via WtE and by steady efficiency improvements enough to supply 22.9 million inhabitants with renewable electricity and 12.1 million inhabitants with renewable heat. Note that the total Energy output of WtE and SRF is twice the amount regarded as renewable! 9 Share of renewable Energy from WtE as a % of total renewable energy for selected countries Assumption: that countries will achieve their binding target for renewable energy by 2020. Country 2006 2020 NL 14,3 4,4 BE 13,3 2,5 DK 12,5 6,3 DE 7,5 3,0 CZ 3,9 3,3 SE 3,7 4,7 UK 3,6 1,8 Decline of % contributed by WtE is because total renewable energy per country must grow much faster in order to meet the target.
Policies for maximisation of Renewable Energy from Waste Incentives to maximize electricity production from waste. Electricity grid access - Waste-to-Energy plants should not be put at a disadvantage in comparison to other renewable energy sources. Improving infrastructure for district heating and cooling Diverting waste from landfills to Recycling & WtE Treatment of Municipal Waste in EU 27 Recycled 40% Incinerated 20% Landfilled 40% 40% of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) across the EU 27 is still landfilled (> 100 m t), although landfill gases (methane) contribute significantly to global warming (methane equals 25 times CO 2 in mass). Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste in the EU 27 in 2008 Source: EUROSTAT
Municipal waste treatment in 2008 Source: EUROSTAT 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 40 65 59 48 69 42 60 45 33 45 33 35 34 35 17 10 9 3 17 19 33 1 17 9 26 23 0 0 4 8 13 13 10 13 0 1 7 0 0 4 3 1 0 0 0 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 20 40 35 39 49 27 54 36 36 19 32 11 44 36 50 55 57 62 65 66 74 75 77 83 83 87 87 93 96 97 99 100 Landfilled Incinerated Recycled 0% 1 1 3 3 4 5 Bulgaria Romania Malta Lithuania Latvia Poland Cyprus Czech Republic Slovakia Greece Estonia Hungary Slovenia Portugal Ireland Spain United Kingdom Finland Italy France Luxembourg Belgium Denmark Austria Sweden Netherlands Germany EU27 Reducing waste disposal - the Landfill Directive Closing landfills not conform with EU standards Technical standards for the installation of new landfills Reduction of landfilling biodegradable waste compared to amount of biodegradable waste produced in 1995 2006: reduction to 75% 2009: reduction to 50% 2016: reduction to 35% Derogation: prolongation up to 4 years for Member States which in 1995 landfilled more than 80% of municipal waste
Diversion of biodegradable waste from landfills - a snapshot from 2006 Source: presentation of European Commission 120% 110% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Germany Austria Denmark Estonia* Sweden Belgium Luxembourg Slovakia* Netherlands France Finland Italy Spain Hungary Slovenia Portugal Lithuania* United Kingdom* Latvia* Romania* Czech Republic* Landfilling of biodegradable municipal waste in 2006, in % of 1995 levels Target 2006 Target 2009 Target 2016 * country with derogation periods of up to 4 years to achieve the target Ireland* Greece* Poland* Landfill bans in Europe 10 countries: AT (requires pre-treatment; TOC must not exceed 5%) BE (unsorted waste) CH (combustible waste) DE (requires pre-treatment) DK (combustible waste) EE (unsorted MSW) Fl (household waste without sorting biodegr. mun. waste) NL (combustible waste) NO (> 10% TOC) SE (combustible & organic waste) 16
Landfill taxes in Europe 18 countries: AT, BE, CH, CZ, DK, EE, ES, Fl, FR, IE, IT, LV, NL, NO, PL, Sl, SK, UK Range: 3.5 /t in Portugal 107.49 /t for combustible waste in NL More details about landfill bans and taxes: http://www.cewep.eu/data/landfill/index.html 17 Incineration Taxes 2010 Country /tonne Austria 7 Belgium 6 average the 25 /t for incineration without energy recovery (Wallonia) is not relevant in practice Denmark 40 50 incineration tax replaced by a tax on produced heat from waste and a tax on CO 2 emissions (fossil part of waste) France 7 Portugal 1.05 Spain 5-50.39 (differs on regional level)
Incineration tax France: Since 1 st January 2009 tax on incineration increase from 7/t in 2009 to 14/t in 2013. Can be reduced if a plant has: ISO 14001 environmental certification; Energy efficiency ratio - similar to the R1 formula - same level at 0.6 for existing plants; NOx emissions, below 80 mg/nm3. If two of these three factors are achieved, tax reduction possible: 2/t in 2009, increasing to 4/t by 2013. 19 Abolish incineration tax Sweden: abolishes incineration taxes from October 2010 expectations (more recycling) were not achieved with this tax. Norway: follows Sweden; from October 2010 no incineration tax 2 /t NOx tax 20
Best cases NO incineration tax in the 2 best performing countries regarding reducing dependence on landfilling (only 1%): DE and NL with at the same time high recycling rates: 65% in DE and 59% in NL Means: Landfill bans in DE and NL and taxes (up to 107.49 /t for combustible waste) in NL 21 Implementation of the Waste Framework Directive (WFD) Deadline for implementation of the WFD into national law: 12/12/2010 R1 guidance End of waste Waste hierarchy based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Monitoring recycling targets Biowaste
Implementation of the WFD R1 guidance 23 Energy recovery status for WtE Waste Framework Directive (WFD), Art. 3(15): recovery means any operation the principal result of which is waste serving a useful purpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfill a particular function, or waste being prepared to fulfill that function, in the plant or in the wider economy. Annex II sets out a non-exhaustive list of recovery operations; Annex II R 1 Use principally as a fuel or other means to generate energy This includes incineration facilities dedicated to the processing of municipal solid waste only where their energy efficiency is equal to or above: 0.60 for plants permitted before 1.1.2009 0.65 for plants permitted after 31.12.2008
R1 guidance COM currently prepares guidance together with an expert working group discussion on 15 September 2010 (CEWEP attended); 16 September: in TAC meeting (Member States) R1 formula: scope Ep (Ef + Ei) R1-factor = 0.97 * (Ew + Ef) Scope:... incineration facilities dedicated to the processing of municipal solid waste Formula does not apply to hazardous waste incinerators, nor to coincinerators; probably also not to RDF plants
Implementation R1 guidance should be adopted by the end of 2010 as Member States have to implement the WFD by 12 th December 2010. In the meantime, the NL went ahead, calculating the formula the Dutch way, awarded the R1 status to a number of plants and lines 62% of the national WtE capacity. This is based on a more stringent interpretation of the R1 formula than the European draft. The government has indicated to follow the European Guidance once it is adopted. The 62% will then rise to approx. 80% of installed capacity. 27 Boosting energy efficiency How many WtE plants do achieve R1? CEWEP investigation 28
Energy Efficiency CEWEP Report II (2009) CEWEP investigated 231 WtE plants from 16 countries of Europe (15 EU + CH) referring to the operation years 2004-2007; MSW treated: 45 m t/year in EU 27 and 45.5 m t/year in EU 27+CH This represents a share of 76% of incinerated MSW in EU 27 and 71.5% in EU 27+CH+NO in 2006 Energy Efficiency Report II Energy Efficiency in average: 0.75 169 out of 231 WtE plants are > 0.60 Total amount of WtE plants in Europe (EU 27+CH+N in 2007) in 2006: 420 (in 2007: 428) 251 WtE plants in Europe (EU 27+CH+N in 2007) are < 0.60 or did not participate -> 40% proofed to be R1 Report available on http://www.cewep.eu/studies/climate-protection/index.html
Energy Efficiency Report II For small sized plants, only producing electricity and located in South-West Europe with R1 averages of 0.68 and 0.61 respectively it is very difficult to reach R1 = 0.60 Middle sized plants in Central Europe producing heat and CHP respectively have a better basis to reach R1 = 0.60 with R1 averages 0.72 0.77 Highest R1 factors >> 0.60 are reached in large sized plants in Northern Europe with CHP, resulting in R1: 0.84 1.10 Energy Efficiency Report II The investigation shows strong correlations between the values of R1 and the type of energy recovery, the size of the plant and the geographical location respectively.
R1 formula Climate correction factor? Necessity of climate factor discussed at TAC meeting on 16 September 2010 Portugal made a proposal. For climate correction factor comitology necessary Implementation of WFD end of waste 34
Supporting recycling markets by setting end-of-waste criteria COM is currently working on iron and steel scrap aluminium scrap copper scrap paper glass then the more difficult streams, such as compost and aggregates, will follow. RDF (or SRF) is not on the priority list, but there are some attempts to classify RDF as a product (with the consequence that REACH would apply, but not the Waste Incineration Directive). Implementation of WFD Recycling targets 36
Promoting recycling by targets set in the Waste Framework Directive Targets in Art 11(2) WFD to be achieved by 2020 preparation for re-use, recycling of materials such as at least paper, metal, plastic, glass from households + option for similar wastes to be increased to a minimum of overall 50% preparation for re-use, recycling and backfilling of 70% construction & demolition waste COM is preparing a decision on the calculation of the targets TAC meeting on 16 September 2010 Member States options to calculate the 50% target Source: European Commission, presentation minimum of overall minimum of overall minimum of overall minimum of overall 50% 50% 50% 50% paper, glass, metal, plastic paper, glass, metal, plastic + other household or similar waste streams all household waste All waste from households + all similar waste streams = all municipal waste
Monitoring Recycling targets Definition of municipal waste: Household and similar waste, based on Eurostat as Eurostat statistics will be used as far as possible. Implementation of the WFD Life Cycle Thinking The Commission prepares guidelines on LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and the waste hierarchy Presenting the methodology of the LCA approach Giving examples based on the work carried out by the JRC CEWEP: LCA on WtE, peer-review in 2010 TU Copenhagen
Bio-waste COM: Green paper on the management of bio-waste (public consultation, deadline was 15.3.2009). COM initiated an Impact Assessment for a possible bio-waste directive. Undertaken by ARCADIS + EUNOMIA. COM decided not to propose a bio-waste directive (communication published on 18 th May 2010) as demanded by some MS and the European Parliament. COM: No policy gap. Aim at zero landfilling of untreated bio-waste. COM: Also energy efficient incineration can contribute to improved overall waste mgt. Warning: Avoid overcapacity for incineration. CEWEP: Source separation +, clean waste for composting (high quality criteria necessary), however remaining waste should be turned into energy. No one size fits all approach! On the horizon 2010: Review of Commission s waste and resource strategies 2011: Report on waste generation and prevention 2014: Review of the targets of the WFD Report on waste prevention and decoupling objectives for 2014 Review of Energy Efficiency provisions, R1 Formula?
For more information on Waste-to-Energy: CEWEP Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants Boulevard Clovis 12A, B-1000 Brussels Tel. +32 2 770 63 11 Fax +32 2 770 68 14 info@cewep.eu www.cewep.eu