EAG245 Soil Mechanics [Mekanik Tanah]

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UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA KSCP Examination 2016/2017 Academic Session August 2017 EAG245 Soil Mechanics [Mekanik Tanah] Duration : 3 hours [Masa : 3 jam] Please check that this examination paper consists of THIRTEEN (13) pages of printed material including appendix before you begin the examination. [Sila pastikan bahawa kertas peperiksaan ini mengandungi TIGA BELAS (13) muka surat yang bercetak termasuk lampiran sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan ini.] Instructions : This paper consists of SIX (6) questions. Answer FIVE (5) questions. [Arahan : Kertas ini mengandungi ENAM (6) soalan. Jawab LIMA (5) soalan.] In the event of any discrepancies, the English version shall be used. [Sekiranya terdapat percanggahan pada soalan peperiksaan, versi Bahasa Inggeris hendaklah diguna pakai.] 2/-

-2-1. [a] From the results of laboratory tests carried out on the unsaturated clay, the void ratio is 1.2 and the specific gravity of the soil is found to be 2.65. Daripada keputusan ujikaji makmal yang dijalankan terhadap lempung tak tepu, nisbah lompang adalah 1.2 dan graviti tentu tanah tersebut adalah 2.65. [i] Draw the 3-phase diagram of the unsaturated clay and derive the necessary equation. (Assumed Vs = 1) Lakarkan gambar rajah 3-fasa lempung tak tepu dan terbitkan persamaan yang diperlukan. (Andaikan Vs = 1) [ii] Determine the bulk unit weight of the soils for the 70% and 90% degree of saturation Tentukan berat unit tanah tersebut bagi tahap ketepuan 70% dan 90%. [b] Soils are naturally complex and multiphase materials which consist of solid, water and gases elements. Each element influences the behaviour of the soil mass as a whole especially in the fine grained soil. Tanah merupakan bahan semulajadi kompleks dan berbilang fasa yang mengandungi pepejal, air dan udara. Setiap satu elemen tersebut mempengaruhi kelakuan tanah secara menyeluruh terutama terhadap tanah berbutir halus. 3/-

-3 - [i] List the four states that fine grained soil can exist and with the help of sketches explain the effects of water content at the point of transition from each state. Senaraikan empat keadaan tanah berbutir halus yang boleh terjadi dan dengan berbantukan lakaran jelaskan kesan-kesan kandungan air pada titik peralihan daripada setiap keadaan. [6 marks/markah] [c] A fall cone test was carried out on the clay obtain at the Queens Front construction site in Penang. The result of the test is given in Table 1. Ujian 'Fall Cone" telah dijalankan terhadap lempung yang diperolehi dari tapak pembinaan Queens Front di Pulau Pinang. Keputusan ujian tersebut diberikan di Jadual 1. Table 1 / Jadual 1 Penetration (mm) 9 14 18 31 Water content (%) 44.1 53.5 58 64 [i] Determine the liquid limit of the soil. Tentukan had cecair tanah tersebut. [ii] If the plastic limit of the soil is 27.5%, determine the plasticity index of the soil. Jika had plastik tanah tersebut adalah 27.5%, tentukan indeks keplastikan tanah tersebut. [2 marks/markah] 4/-

-4-2. The sieve analysis of soil taken from a new housing development site at Balik Pulau, Pulau Pinang is given in Table 2. Analisis ayakan tanah yang diperolehi dari tapak pembangunan perumahan baru di Balik Pulau, Pulau Pinang diberikan di Jadual 2. Table 2/Jadual 2 US Sieve No. Sieve Size (mm) % Finer 4 4.75 89.8 10 2.00 70.2 20 0.850 62.5 40 0.425 49.8 100 0.15 28.7 200 0.075 4.0 Pan - [a] Plot the grain size distribution curve from the sieve analysis given in Table 2. Plot lengkung agihan saiz butiran daripada analisis ayakan yang diberikan di Jadual 2. [6 marks/markah] [b] Calculate the Uniformity coefficient, Cu and Coefficient of Curvature, Cc of the soil. Kirakan pekali keseragaman, Cu dan pekali kelengkugan, Cc tanah tersebut. [c] Classify the soil by using the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). (Refer to the Attachment) Kelaskan tanah tersebut dengan menggunakan Unified Soil Classification System (USCS).(Rujuk Lampiran) [6 marks/markah] 5/-

-5 - [d] Based on the result obtained in c, describe the drainage condition of the soil with the help of sketches. Berdasarkan kepada keputusan yang diperolehi di c, jelaskan keadaan aliran tanah tersebut dengan berbantukan lakaran. 3. Continuous water resource is very important for urban water supply and in order to meet population growth demand, a ground water resource has been proposed for water supply. The site investigation has been conducted for this project, and a confined aquifer was found 30 meter below the ground level as shown in Figure 1. The ground water table was found at 10 meter from ground level. Sumber air tanpa gangguan adalah sangat penting bagi bekalan air dan untuk memastikan bekalan yang cukup berdasarkan perkembangan populasi, sumber air bawah tanah telah dicadangkan sebagai bekalan air. Penyiasatan tapak telah dijalankan bagi projek ini, dan akuifer tertutup telah dijumpai pada kedalaman 30 meter dari permukaan tanah seperti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1. Air bawah tanah mula dijumpai pada kedalaman 10 meter dari aras permukaan. 12 m Figure 1 / Rajah 1 6/-

-6 - [a] There are several factors affecting soil permeability and soil saturation is one of it. Between Soil A and Soil B, which soil would have a higher permeability? Discuss the mechanism that contribute to a higher soil permeability of your chosen answer. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi ketelapan tanah dan kelembapan tanah adalah salah satunya. Antara Tanah A dan Tanah B, tanah yang manakah akan mempunyai ketelapan yang lebih tinggi? Bincangkan mekanisma yang menyumbang kepada ketelapan tanah yang tinggi bagi jawapan yang telah anda pilih. [3 marks/markah] [b] The type of soil play important roles in estimating the range of soil hydraulic conductivity. Between clay and sand layer, which layer would have a higher soil hydraulic conductivity? Discuss the mechanism that contribute to a higher soil hydraulic permeability of your chosen answer. Jenis tanah memainkan peranan penting dalam membuat anggaran kepelbagaian kekonduksian hidraulik tanah. Antara lapisan tanah lempung dan lapisan pasir, lapisan yang manakah akan mempunyai kekonduksian hidraulik yang lebih tinggi? Bincangkan mekanisma yang menyumbang kepada kekonduksian hidraulik tanah yang tinggi bagi jawapan yang telah anda pilih. [3 marks/markah] [c] During soil investigation, a soil sample was taken from the aquifer and it is found that the soil is a little bit fine in texture. Suggest the suitable permeability test and justify your selection. 7/-

-7 - Semasa penyiasatan tanah dilakukan, sampel tanah telah diambil daripada akuifer dan tanah tersebut didapati mempunyai tekstur yang agak halus. Cadangkan ujian kebolehtelapan yang sesuai dengan justifikasi pemilihan ujian tersebut. [2 marks/markah] [d] Prove that the hydraulic gradient, i of aquifer layer is sin α. Buktikan kecerunan hidraulik, i bagi lapisan akuifer adalah sin α. [2 marks/markah] [e] Find the flow rate in m 3 /sec/m length through the aquifer layer if given hydraulic conductivity is 0.005 cm/sec. Cari kadar aliran dalam m 3 /sec/m panjang melalui lapisan akuifer sekiranya diberi kekonduksian hidraulik adalah 0.005 cm/sec. [6 marks/markah] [f] Given the hydraulic conductivity of sand is 7 x 10-3 cm/sec. The viscosity of water at 25 C is 0.0789 x 10-4 g.sec.cm 2. Calculate the absolute permeability of the sand. Diberikan kekonduksian hidraulik bagi pasir adalah 7 x 10-3 cm/sec. Kelikatan air pada 25 C is 0.0789 x 10-4 g.sec.cm 2. Kira kebolehtelapan mutlak bagi pasir. 8/-

-8-4. A compaction work is conducted for a hospital project in a 49 hectare area. Table 3 shows result of the standard compaction for the sample taken from the site. Kerja pemadatan dilakukan bagi projek hospital meliputi kawasan seluas 49 hektar. Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan ujian pemadatan piawai bagi sampel yang diambil daripada tapak pilihan. Table 3/ Jadual 3 Bulk Unit Weight (kn/m 3 )/ Berat Unit Pukal (kn/m 3 ) Water Content (%)/ Kandungan Air (%) 28.0 32.0 35.0 40.0 33.0 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 [a] Soil compaction is a common practice done before actual construction work takes place. Explain TWO (2) effects if soil compaction was not properly conducted and which soil type is unsuitable to conduct compaction. Pemadatan tanah merupakan amalan biasa dilakukan sebelum kerja pembinaan sebenar bermula. Terangkan DUA (2) kesan sekiranya pemadatan tanah tidak dilakukan dengan betul dan nyatakan tanah jenis apakah yang tidak sesuai untuk dilakukan pemadatan tanah. [b] During the compaction work, the compaction quality was controlled using insitu test. Based on the test result, the dry unit weight of the current compacted soil is 27.0 kn/m 3. If the soil needs to be compacted at least 95% of standard compaction, is the current compaction already reached the satisfactory density. 9/-

-9 - Semasa kerja pemadatan, kualiti pemadatan dikawal melalui ujian di tapak. Berdasarkan daripada ujian, berat unit kering semasa bagi tanah yang dipadatkan ialah 27.0 kn/m 3. Sekiranya tanah tersebut perlu dipadatkan sekurang-kurangnya 95% pemadatan piawai, adakah pemadatan semasa telah mencapai ketumpatan yang memuaskan. [10 marks/markah] [c] Explain TWO (2) method to obtain dry unit weight by field test. Terangkan DUA (2) kaedah bagi mendapatkan berat unit kering melalui ujian tapak. [6 marks/markah] 5. A soil profile from the construction site at Batu Kawan, Industrial Zone as shown in Figure 2 had been determined from the borehole data profiling and result of laboratory test. Sampel tanah daripada tapak pembinaan di Zon Penindustrian Batu Kawan seperti yang ditunjukkan di Rajah 2 adalah ditentukan daripada data lubang gerek dan keputusan ujian makmal. [i] Draw the phase diagram for each of the soil profiles from depth of 0-5m and 5-9 m and derive the equations describing the weight-volume relationship of the soil. Lukisan gambarajah fasa bagi setiap profil tanah pada kedalaman 0-5 m dan 5-9 m dan terbitkan persamaan yang perlu yang menjelaskan hubungkait antara berat dan isipadu tanah tersebut. [10 marks/markah] 10/-

-10 - [ii] Calculate and plot the variation of Total stress (σ), pore water pressure (u) and effective stress (σ ) with depth at 5 m and 9 m. Tentukan dan plot perubahan tegasan jumlah (σ), tekanan air liang (u) and tegasan berkesan (σ ) dengan kedalaman pada 5 m dan 9 m. [10 marks/markah] Ground surface 5m e = 0.5 Gs = 2.7 Dry Sand 4 m e = 1.0 Gs = 2.75 Clay Figure 2/Rajah 2 6. [a] Starting from a phase diagram and the other basic theory of the consolidation, define the relationship between the consolidation settlement with the other basic parameters. Bermula dari gambarajah fasa tanah dan teori asas proses pengukuhan tanah, berikan perhubungan antara pengenapan pengukuhan dengan parameter asas pengukuhan yang lain. [5 marks/markah] [b] The following results were obtained from a set of consolidation test on a specimen of a clay sample taken from a 4 m thick clay layer on one construction site which are overlaid and underlaid by a thick layer of coarse sand. 11/-

-11 - Data di bawah diperolehi dari satu set ujian pengukuhan di makmal ke atas satu spesimen tanah lempung yang diambil dari satu lapisan tanah lempung di suatu tapak bina setebal 4 m. Tanah lempung tersebut dilapisi oleh lapisan pasir kasar yang tebal di bahagian atas dan bawah. Stress kn/m 2 / Tegasan kn/m 2 Void ratio at the end of test/ Nisbah Lompang di akhir ujian 400 0.96 800 0.72 The initial thickness of the tested sample was 19.2 mm with a moisture content of 20%. The sample takes 10 minutes to achieve 30 % of consolidation. Tebal asal spesimen adalah 19.2 mm dan kandungan lembapan sebesar 20 %. Sampel ini mengambil masa 10 minit untuk mencapai 30 % pengukuhan. [i] Estimate the total consolidation settlement of the clay layer. Anggarkan jumlah pengenapan pengukuhan yang akan berlaku keatas lapisan tanah lempung di tapak bina diatas perubahan tegasan di atas. [5 marks/markah] [ii] Estimate the time to achieve 50 % and 90 % consolidation. Anggarkan masa untuk mencapai 50 % and 90 % pengukuhan. [5 marks/markah] [iii] Suggest a method to accelerate the consolidation process of the above clay layer. Use sketches to support your answers. Cadangkan satu kaedah untuk mempercepatkan proses pengukuhan di atas. Gunakan lakaran untuk menyokong jawapan anda. [5 marks/markah] 12/-

-12-13/-

-13 - APPENDIX/LAMPIRAN - ooooooo -